D07 - Wood

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Planar shear (rolling shear) characteristics of structural panels determined by these test methods are essential for the rigorous design of various glued wood-panel structural components, such as box beams, folded plate roofs, and stressed skin panels. Planar shear also may govern the design at low span-depth ratios encountered in floors subjected to high concentrated loads, concrete forms at high pouring pressures, and bulk storage structures.  
3.2 The modulus of rigidity determined from Test Method A is a composite of the entire specimen acting as a unit. For plywood panels for which the ratio between the shear moduli of the plies with grain oriented parallel and perpendicular to the shear forces is known, the rolling shear modulus of the perpendicular plies can be calculated.  
3.3 Veneer produced by slicing or rotary peeling may contain fine checks or separations parallel to the grain on the knife side of the veneer that are produced as the knife is forced through the wood. These checks are termed “knife checks” to distinguish them from occasional checks that may be formed on the opposite side of the veneer by forces at the compression bar, and from checks caused by drying. Knife checks can have a significant effect on rolling shear properties in plywood panels and may be of significance in other veneer containing panels. Test Method A requires (when applicable) the testing of matching specimens having knife checks oriented both open and closed wherever possible (see Fig. 1).  
3.4 To control or define other variables influencing rolling shear, these test methods require determination of moisture content, specific gravity, and elapsed time-to-failure. Conditioning of test material in controlled atmospheres, determination of depth of knife checks (when applicable), and determination of percent of wood and plywood glueline failure (when applicable) are recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods determine the shear properties of structural panels associated with shear distortion of the planes parallel to the edge planes of the panels. Both shear strength and modulus of rigidity may be determined. Primarily, the tests measure the planar shear (rolling shear) strength developed in the plane of the panel.  
1.2 Structural panels in use include, but are not limited to, structural plywood, oriented strand board (OSB), and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
1.3 Two test methods are included:  
1.3.1 Test Method A—Planar shear loaded by plates.  
1.3.2 Test Method B—Planar shear induced by five-point bending.  
1.3.3 The choice of method will be dictated by the purpose of the test and equipment available.  
1.3.4 Test Method A, Planar Shear Loaded by Plates—This test method uses a rectangular panel section adhered between steel plates with protruding knife edges to create load at the panel faces. This test method has been used to develop shear properties of plywood and oriented strand board for the purpose of confirming design values. This test method does not produce pure shear, but the specimen length is prescribed so that the secondary stresses have a minimum effect. The method determines shear strength and modulus of rigidity.  
1.3.5 Test Method B, Planar Shear Induced by Five-Point Bending—Planar shear stress is induced on the panel while loaded in bending using two continuous spans. This test method determines planar shear strength consistent with panel applications under transverse loading. This test method is able to determine shear strength at any moisture condition.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. When there are values given in parentheses, these are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this stan...

ABSTRACT
This practice presents the two standard methods for determining the strength values of clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of working stresses for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Method A provides for the use of the results of surveys of wood density involving extensive sampling of forest trees, in combination with the data obtained from standard strength tests. The average strength properties are obtained from wood density survey data through linear regression equations establishing the relation of specific gravity to the several strength properties. Method B, on the other hand, provides for the establishment of tables of strength values based on standard tests of small clear specimens in the unseasoned condition for use when data from density surveys are not available. Separate tables are employed to present the data on woods grown in the United States and on woods grown in Canada. Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values, information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into working stresses, presently available data with appropriate provisions for their application and use, and methods for estimating some useful mechanical properties by relating them to other properties are presented herein as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of strength values for clear wood of different species in the unseasoned condition, unadjusted for end use, applicable to the establishment of design values for different solid wood products such as lumber, laminated wood, plywood, and round timbers. Presented are:  
1.1.1 Procedures by which test values obtained on small clear specimens may be combined with density data from extensive forest surveys to make them more representative,  
1.1.2 Guidelines for the interpretation of the data in terms of assigned values for combinations of species or regional divisions within a species to meet special marketing needs, and  
1.1.3 Information basic to the translation of the clear wood values into design values for different solid wood products for different end uses.  
1.1.4 For species where density survey data are not as yet available for the re-evaluation of average strength properties, the presently available data from tests made under the sampling methods and procedures of Test Methods D143 or Practice E105 are provided with appropriate provision for their application and use. Because of the comprehensive manner in which the density survey is undertaken, it follows that the re-evaluated strength data are intended to be representative of the forest stand, or rather large forest subdivisions.  
1.1.5 Some useful mechanical properties (tensile strengths parallel and perpendicular to grain, modulus of rigidity for a longitudinal-transverse plane, and transverse modulus of elasticity) have not been extensively evaluated. Methods are described for estimating these properties by their relation to other properties.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification provides procedures for testing and establishing the structural capacities of proprietary rim board products and assemblies for use in light-frame wood construction using I-joist or structural composite lumber joist framing. This specification also establishes several procedures used to test rim board products and assemblies, to judge their acceptability, and to establish allowable design capacities.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification provides procedures for testing and establishing the structural capacities of proprietary rim board products and assemblies for use in light-frame wood construction using I-joist or structural composite lumber joist framing. This specification does not apply to commodity rim board products.  
1.2 This specification was developed in light of currently manufactured panel, structural composite lumber, and pre-fabricated I-joist rim board products as defined in 3.2. Materials that do not conform to the definitions of 3.2 are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.3 Fire safety, sound transmission, building envelope performance, and cutting/notching attributes of rim board products and assemblies fall outside the scope of this specification.  
1.4 This specification primarily considers end use in dry service conditions, such as most protected framing members, where the equilibrium moisture content for solid-sawn lumber is less than 16 %.  
1.5 This specification provides methods to establish “allowable stress” design resistances for use with the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS). Derivation of design resistances from the test data in accordance with “load and resistance factor design” or “limit states design” are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.6 Quality control requirements are outside the scope of this Specification.  
1.7 The performance of a rim board product will be affected by the constituent wood species, geometry, adhesive, and production parameters. Therefore, rim board products produced by each individual manufacturer shall be evaluated to determine their product properties, regardless of the similarity in characteristics to products produced by other manufacturers.  
1.8 Where a manufacturer produces product in more than one facility, each production facility shall be evaluated independently. For additional production facilities, any revisions to the full qualification program in accordance with this specification shall be approved by an accredited, independent qualifying agency.  
1.9 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are applicable to specimens with or without specific conditioning regimens. Tests are permitted to be performed on specimens that are not at moisture equilibrium, such as under production conditions in a plant, or on specimens that have been conditioned to specified moisture content or durability conditioning prior to testing.  
4.2 These test methods can be used as follows:  
4.2.1 To standardize the determination of strength properties for the material and joint being tested.  
4.2.2 To investigate the effect of parameters that may influence the structural capacity of the joint, such as joint profile, adhesive type, moisture content, temperature, and strength-reducing characteristics in the assembly.  
4.3 These test methods do not intend to address all possible exposure or performance expectations of end joints. The following are some performance characteristics not considered:  
4.3.1 Long-term strength and permanence of the wood adhesive.  
4.3.2 Time dependent mechanical properties of the joint.  
4.3.3 Elevated temperature performance of the joint.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides test methods for evaluating the structural capacity and integrity of end joints in structural wood products.  
1.2 Off-line test methods include: (1) Axial Tension, (2) Bending, and (3) Cyclic Delamination.  
1.3 In-line test methods include: (1) Tension Proofload and (2) Bending Proofload.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods cover tests on small clear specimens of wood that are made to provide the following:  
4.1.1 Data for comparing the mechanical properties of various species,  
4.1.2 Data for the establishment of correct strength functions, which in conjunction with results of tests of timbers in structural sizes (see Test Methods D198 and Test Methods D4761), afford a basis for establishing allowable stresses, and  
4.1.3 Data to determine the influence on the mechanical properties of such factors as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height of timber in the tree, change of properties with seasoning or treatment with chemicals, and change from sapwood to heartwood.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of various strength and related properties of wood by testing small clear specimens.  
1.1.1 These test methods represent procedures for evaluating the different mechanical and physical properties, controlling factors such as specimen size, moisture content, temperature, and rate of loading.  
1.1.2 Sampling and collection of material is discussed in Practice D5536. Sample data, computation sheets, and cards have been incorporated, which were of assistance to the investigator in systematizing records.  
1.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. When a weight is prescribed, the basic inch-pound unit of weight (lbf) and the basic SI unit of mass (Kg) are cited.  
1.2 The procedures for the various tests appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Photographs of Specimens  
5  
Control of Moisture Content and Temperature  
6  
Record of Heartwood and Sapwood  
7  
Static Bending  
8  
Compression Parallel to Grain  
9  
Impact Bending  
10  
Toughness  
11  
Compression Perpendicular to Grain  
12  
Hardness  
13  
Shear Parallel to Grain  
14  
Cleavage  
15  
Tension Parallel to Grain  
16  
Tension Perpendicular to Grain  
17  
Nail Withdrawal  
18  
Specific Gravity and Shrinkage in Volume  
19  
Radial and Tangential Shrinkage  
20  
Moisture Determination  
21  
Permissible Variations  
22  
Calibration  
23  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice details the standard procedures for establishing the allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber (glulam). Allowable properties include: stress indexes; stress modification factors associated with slop of grain; stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain; horizontal shear; compression perpendicular to the grain; radial tension and compression stresses in curved members; grade adjustment factors; modulus of elasticity; and modulus of rigidity. This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered. It does not cover the requirements for production, inspection and certification, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for establishing allowable properties for structural glued laminated timber. Included are the allowable stresses for bending, tension and compression parallel to the grain, horizontal shear, compression perpendicular to the grain, and radial tension and compression in curved members. Also included are modulus of elasticity and modulus of rigidity.  
1.2 This practice is limited to the calculation of allowable properties subject to the given procedures for the selection and arrangement of grades of lumber of the species considered.  
1.3 Requirements for production, inspection and certification are not included, but in order to justify the allowable properties developed using procedures in this practice, manufacturers must conform to recognized manufacturing standards. Refer to ANSI A190.1 and CSA O122.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in SI units are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide identifies the variables to consider when evaluating the performance of repetitive-member wood assemblies for parallel framing systems. This guide discusses general approaches to quantifying an assembly adjustment including limitations of methods and materials when evaluating repetitive-member assembly performance, and does not address the techniques for modeling or testing of such.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies variables to consider when evaluating repetitive-member assembly performance for parallel framing systems.  
1.2 This guide defines terms commonly used to describe interaction mechanisms.  
1.3 This guide discusses general approaches to quantifying an assembly adjustment including limitations of methods and materials when evaluating repetitive-member assembly performance.  
1.4 This guide does not detail the techniques for modeling or testing repetitive-member assembly performance.  
1.5 The analysis and discussion presented in this guideline are based on the assumption that a means exists for distributing applied loads among adjacent, parallel supporting members of the system.  
1.6 Evaluation of creep effects is beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.7 This guide does not purport to suggest or establish appropriate safety levels for assemblies, but cautions users that designers often interpret that safety levels for assemblies and full structures should be higher than safety levels for individual structural members.  
Note 1: Methods other than traditional safety factor approaches, such as reliability methods, are increasingly used to estimate the probability of failure of structural elements. However, the extension of these methods to assemblies or to complete structures is still evolving. For example, complete structures will likely exhibit less variability than individual structural elements. Additionally, there is a potential for beneficial changes in failure modes (that is, more ductile failure modes in systems). These considerations are beyond the scope of this guide.  
1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method determines the corner impact damage that could be used to measure the relative corner impact resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method shall be used to measure the relative corner impact resistance and other damage that may occur during the rough handling of wood-base panels or composite materials. This test method is suitable for all wood-base panels such as plywood, oriented strand board, hardboard, particleboard and medium density fiberboard as well as other composite panel products.  
1.2 This test method covers determination and evaluation of the effects of panels being dropped from various heights with a predetermined amount of dead load and angle of impact to simulate an equivalent field application.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers a repository of terms and classifications essential for the business of Subcommittee D07.03.  
1.2 Terms and classifications for inclusion in this terminology standard when needed for general use in the conduct of the standards over which Subcommittee D07.03 has jurisdiction.  
1.3 The terms in this standard pertain to cellulosic boards or panel products derived from wood and the woody tissue of such plants as bagasse, flax, and straw. They fall into two general groups: (1) those manufactured from lignocellulosic fibers and fiber bundles where in manufacture the interfelting of the fibers and a natural bond are characteristics, and (2) those boards manufactured from a wide range in size and shape of particles ranging from fine elements approaching fibers in size to large flakes which are blended with synthetic resin adhesive and consolidated into boards characterized by the resin bond and usually known as resin-bonded particleboards or more commonly as particleboards.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers procedures for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). Parameters required for the derivation of reference resistance are presented. These parameters include the distribution percentile, coefficient of variation, data confidence factor, and reliability normalization factor. The shape and scale parameters of the two-parameter Weibull distribution shall be established to define the distribution of the material resistance. The data confidence factor accounts for uncertainty associated with data sets. This factor, which is a function of coefficient of variation, sample size, and reference percentile, is applied as a multiplier on the distribution estimate. The reliability normalization factor is used to adjust the distribution estimate to achieve a target reliability index. The reliability normalization factor is the ratio of the computed resistance factor to the specified resistance factor, adjusted by a scaling factor.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the format conversion procedure for computing the reference resistance of wood-based materials and structural connections for use in load and resistance factor design (LRFD). The format conversion procedure is outlined in Section 4. The reference resistance derived from this specification applies to the design of structures addressed by the load combinations in ASCE 7-16.  
1.2 A commentary to this specification is provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 Guidance for users considering test-based derivation of reference resistance is provided in Appendix X2.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful as a screening procedure for selecting fungicides or formulations for more rigorous field evaluation.
SCOPE
1.1 This (laboratory) test method is used for determining the minimum concentration of fungicide, or formulation of fungicides, that is effective in preventing biodeterioration by sapstain fungi and molds in selected species of wood under optimum laboratory conditions.  
Note 1: From the results of this test, commercial treating solution concentrations cannot be estimated without further field tests.  
1.2 The requirements for test materials and procedures are discussed in the following order:    
Section  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Apparatus  
6  
Reagents  
7  
Wood  
8  
Test Fungi  
9  
Culture Media  
10  
Preparation of Inoculum  
11  
Preparation of Test Chambers  
12  
Treatment of Samples  
13  
Inoculation and Incubation  
14  
Evaluation of the Test  
15  
Report  
16  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The localized crushing behavior of wood or wood-base products beneath a fastener where the fastener does not bend provides a material property that is used in theoretical models for connections where crushing or fastener bending, or both, occur. These theoretical models are used to establish design values for wood and wood-base connections. The tests are appropriate when studying the effects of such variables as fastener diameter, fastener hole size, moisture content, specific gravity, and grain direction on the dowel-bearing strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides the basic procedure for evaluating dowel-bearing strength of wood and wood-based products. The bearing test results are used to determine the static load resistance and deformation characteristics of connections in wood and wood-base products resulting from the application of a load transmitted by a fastener inserted into a predrilled hole, or driven without drilling. Methods are given for preparing specimens with predrilled holes larger than the fastener diameter and specimens with holes produced by inserting fasteners in holes smaller than the fastener diameter. The methods apply to fasteners such as dowels, bolts, nails, spikes, drift pins, screws, lag screws, and staples.  
1.2 This test method also provides the basis for determining the compression behavior of wood products beneath a laterally loaded fastener where the thickness of the product and the diameter of the fastener are such that minimal bending of the fastener occurs during testing.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is most useful for determining the moduli of rigidity of orthotropic materials for which moduli of rigidity cannot be computed from elastic moduli and Poisson's ratios. The shear modulus determined by this method appears in the equation governing the bending of a plate. This is the modulus that is needed in discussing the deflection and buckling of plates.
Note 2: Test Methods D2718 describes a plate method for determination of modulus of rigidity of structural panels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the shear modulus of wood-based structural panels associated with shear distortion in the plane of the panels. The method is applicable to all types of wood-based structural panels. The grain direction or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers shall be parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the test specimen. If the plies, laminations, or layers are of different material or elastic properties, the method gives the effective shearing modulus. Wood-based structural panels in use include plywood, oriented strand board, and composites of veneer and of wood-based layers.  
Note 1: This test method is primarily designed for material in which the grain or orientation of the individual plies, laminations, or layers is parallel or perpendicular to the edge of the specimen. It may be used, however, for plywood specimens in which the grain is at 45° to the specimen edges if a four-ply panel with all plies of the same thickness is used. The controlling condition is that the EI (modulus of elasticity × moment of inertia) values along both diagonals shall be equal.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the dimensions and materials for the manufacture of round wood dowels (pegs) used in the fabrication of connections in wood construction. The round wood dowels shall have diameters from 1/2 in. (12.5 mm) to 2 in. (51 mm). Diameters shall not be more than 2% oversize, nor less than 1% undersize, and shall not vary, along a wood dowel length (other than deliberate chamfer) more than 1%. Wood dowels shall be fabricated to ensure that the wood fibers are aligned with the longitudinal axis of the dowel. They shall be fabricated from any species of wood that has an oven dry specific gravity of at least 0.57; from wood that has been air-dried or kiln-dried to approximately constant weight before fabrication; and from clear, straight-grained timber free from any form of decay. Furthermore, wood dowels shall be protected with a treatment of paraffin wax, or similar sealing substance capable of inhibiting the absorption of moisture from the atmosphere.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers standardizing the dimensions and materials for the manufacture of round wood dowels (pegs) used in the fabrication of connections in wood construction. The referencing of this specification in design, construction, and purchase order documents is intended to provide some assurance that the round wood dowels to be used in an assembly meet minimum materials-quality standards and that dimensions for fabrication and finish can be relied on to ensure connection performance. This specification provides regulatory agencies with a set of standards by which to judge the acceptability of round wood dowels encountered in the field and in fabricators’ shops.  
1.2 This specification only addresses the standardization and manufacture of round wood dowels. Other types of wood dowels, such as sawn or cleaved pegs, are outside the scope of this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 Safety Hazards—There are no known hazards with the use of this specification. The products manufactured to this specification should not be brittle or difficult to install with proper tools.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice covers procedures of sampling for obtaining small, clear wood specimens which, when tested in accordance with Test Methods D143 and, in conjunction with full-size product tests, will provide mechanical properties for use in deriving design properties for lumber, panels, poles, house logs, and other products.  
4.2 Data obtained by testing specimens sampled in accordance with these methods also provide information on the influence on mechanical properties of such factors as density, locality of growth, position in cross section, height in the tree, and moisture content.  
4.3 Cruciform sampling is of principal value when information is desired on the influence on mechanical properties of height in the tree; of age or radial position in the tree; of rate of growth; the change from sapwood to heartwood; the relationships between mechanical properties and factors such as specific gravity; and making general comparisons between species for purposes of rating or selecting species for specific end-use products. Cruciform sampling does not provide unbiased estimates of mean values, percentile or other descriptive statistics, or a means of associating statistical confidence with estimates of descriptive statistics.  
4.4 Double sampling is used when it is desired to improve or update existing estimates of mechanical property values that are the basis for establishing allowable design stresses for stress-graded lumber, plywood, poles and piling, and other wood products. The method involves predicting one property by carefully observing a well-correlated auxiliary property that is presumably easier or cheaper to measure. A sample estimate of the auxiliary property is obtained with a high degree of precision by representatively sampling the population. A smaller independent sample or a subsample of the large sample is used to establish a relationship between the auxiliary property and the property for which an estimate is desired. As applied to sampling a f...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice offers two alternative physical sampling procedures: cruciform sampling and random sampling. The choice of procedure will depend upon the intended use for the test results, the resources available for sampling and testing, and the availability of existing data on the mechanical properties and specific gravity of the species of interest.  
1.2 A third procedure, double sampling, is included primarily by reference. This procedure applies the results of cruciform or random samples through correlation to improve or update property values.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to provide a relative measurement of the combustibility of fire-retardant-treated wood specimens based on their percentage loss in weight under controlled fire exposure conditions (1).3 In addition, other possible data include rate of weight loss, time of flaming and afterglowing, increase in temperature, and maximum vertical flame progress.  
4.2 This test method is not sufficiently large scale to evaluate the suitability of a given treated product for building construction, but it is a convenient method to use for purposes of development or as a quality-control test during manufacture.  
4.3 This test method gives a procedure for sampling and preparation of test specimens from a lot of treated material in which complete penetration is a requirement. A procedure is also given for the sampling of charges at a treating plant for purposes of quality control of the treatment process.  
4.4 This test method has proven useful for evaluating comparative fire performance effectiveness of fire-retardant chemicals and treatment formulations for wood and wood products (2-5).  
4.5 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions are changed, it is possible that this test method will not predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.
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1.1 This test method covers fire-tube test procedures for fire tests for combustible properties of wood treated to reduce flammability. This test method relates to properties of treated wood, as such, rather than to the performance of a fabrication used as an element of construction. Performance under this test method shall be as prescribed in requirements applicable to materials intended for specific uses.  
1.2 This test method is a fire-test-response standard.  
1.3 The SI values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the procedure for testing and evaluating duration of load and creep effects of wood and wood-based materials relative to an accepted duration of load adjustment model. This specification is proposed for use for products that are covered by a consensus standard such as lumber, structural composite lumber and structural use panels. The procedure covered in this specification, however, is not intended to evaluate performance of products under impact loading.
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1.1 This specification provides a procedure for testing and evaluating duration of load and creep effects of wood and wood-based materials relative to an accepted duration of load adjustment model. This specification was created for products that are currently covered by a consensus standard (for example, lumber, structural composite lumber, and structural-use panels). This procedure is intended to demonstrate the engineering equivalence to the duration of load and creep effects of visually graded lumber as specified in Practice D245 for a product under evaluation used in dry service conditions. This procedure is not intended to evaluate the performance of products under impact loading. Quantification of specific duration of load or creep factors is beyond the scope of this specification. For further guidance regarding the applicability of this specification refer to X1.1 in the Commentary.  
1.2 Use of the procedure in this specification to determine equivalence to the Practice D245 duration of load relationship is limited to solid wood and wood-based products whose long term load behavior is similar to that of solid wood. Equivalence demonstrated in this specification is dependent upon evaluation of a product's 90-day (minimum) creep-rupture performance. In this evaluation, three criteria must be satisfied: (1) adequate strength over a 90-day period, (2) decreasing creep rate, and (3) limited fractional deflection. A summary of the development of these criteria and the underlying assumptions behind them is provided in the Commentary in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.3 Long term degradation phenomena not described by a creep-rupture model are not addressed in this specification (see Commentary X1.2.4).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The flexural properties established by this test method provide:  
6.1.1 Data for use in development of grading rules and specifications;  
6.1.2 Data for use in development of design values for structural members;  
6.1.3 Data on the influence of imperfections on mechanical properties of structural members;  
6.1.4 Data on strength properties of different species or grades in various structural sizes;  
6.1.5 Data for use in checking existing equations or hypotheses relating to the structural behavior;  
6.1.6 Data on the effects of chemical or environmental conditions on mechanical properties;  
6.1.7 Data on effects of fabrication variables such as depth, taper, notches, or type of end joint in laminations; and  
6.1.8 Data on relationships between mechanical and physical properties.  
6.2 Procedures are described here in sufficient detail to permit duplication in different laboratories so that comparisons of results from different sources will be valid. Where special circumstances require deviation from some details of these procedures, these deviations shall be carefully described in the report (see Section 11).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of lumber and wood-based products in structural sizes by various testing procedures.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections    
Flexure  
4 – 11  
Compression (Short Specimen)  
13 – 20  
Compression (Long Specimen)  
21 – 28  
Tension  
29 – 36  
Torsion  
37 – 44  
Shear Modulus  
45 – 52  
1.3 Notations and symbols relating to the various testing procedures are given in Appendix X1.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The dynamic modulus of elasticity provided by these test methods is a fundamental property for the configuration tested.  
5.1.1 The rapidity and ease of application of these test methods facilitate their use as a substitute for static measurements.  
5.1.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity is often used for surveys, for segregation of lumber for test purposes, for quality assessment of engineered wood products, and to provide indication of environmental or processing effect.  
5.2 The modulus of elasticity, whether measured statically or dynamically, is often a useful predictor variable to suggest or explain property relationships.  
5.3 Results from these test methods can be related to other measurements of modulus of elasticity, such as static methods (see Annex A1 and Appendix X4).  
5.4 These methods use calculations that assume specimens are prismatic in cross-section and are uniform in modulus of elasticity and density.  
5.4.1 As a result of the above assumptions, the obtained values of modulus of elasticity are dependent on how the specimen is stressed (see Commentary).  
5.4.2 Transverse vibration and longitudinal stress wave modulus of elasticity are correlated but not necessarily equal.  
5.4.3 These methods provide a means to establish a model to predict one dynamic modulus of elasticity from another dynamic method or a static method (that is, D198, D4761, etc.).  
5.4.4 The methods can also be used to estimate the Class I or Class II modulus of elasticity from the Class III method, or the Class I from the Class II method.  
5.5 Testing specified to be undertaken in accordance with this Method shall include any requirements regarding the following for each Class:  
5.5.1 Grades and species permitted to be combined to form the training and validation test sample.  
5.5.2 Selection and positioning of manufacturing or growth characteristics to be included or permitted in the test sample.  
5.5.3 Moisture content conditioning undertaken prior t...
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1.1 These test methods cover the non-destructive determination of the following dynamic properties of wood and wood-based materials from measuring the fundamental frequency of vibration:  
1.1.1 Flexural (see Refs (1-3))2 stiffness and apparent modulus of elasticity (Etv) properties using simply or freely supported beam transverse vibration in the vertical direction, and  
1.1.2 Axial stiffness and apparent longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Esw) using stress wave propagation time in the longitudinal direction.  
1.2 The test methods can be used for a broad range of wood-based materials and products ranging from logs, timbers, lumber, and engineered wood products.  
1.2.1 The two flexural methods can be applied to flexural products such as glulam beams and I-joists.  
1.2.2 The longitudinal stress wave methods are limited to solid wood and homogeneous grade glulam (for example, columns but not products with distinct subcomponents such as wood I-joists).  
1.3 The standard recognizes three implementation classes for each of these test methods.  
1.3.1 Class I—Defines the fundamental method to achieve the highest degree of repeatability and reproducibility that can be achieved under laboratory conditions.
Note 1: Testing should follow Class I methods to develop training and validation data sets for method conversion models (see Annex A2).  
1.3.2 Class II—Method with permitted modifications to the Class I method that can be used to address practical issues found in the field, and where practical deviations from the Class I protocol are known and their effects can be accounted.
Note 2: Practical deviations include, for example, environmental and test boundary conditions. Class II methods allow for corrections to test results to account for quantifiable effect such as machine frame deflections.  
1.3.3 Class III—Method permitting the broadest range of application, with permitted modifications to suit a wider ra...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Machining tests are made to determine the working qualities and characteristics of different species of wood and of different wood-based panel materials under a variety of machine operations such as are encountered in commercial manufacturing practice. The tests provide a systematic basis for comparing the behavior of different products with respect to woodworking machine operations and of evaluating their potential suitability for certain uses where these properties are of prime importance.
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for planing, routing/shaping, turning, mortising, boring, and sanding, all of which are common wood-working operations used in the manufacture of wood products. These tests apply, in different degrees, to two general classes of materials:  
1.1.1 Wood in the form of lumber, and  
1.1.2 Wood-base panel materials such as plywood and wood-base fiber and particle panels.  
1.2 Because of the importance of planing, some of the variables that affect the results of this operation are explored with a view to determining optimum conditions. In most of the other tests, however, it is necessary to limit the work to one set of fairly typical commercial conditions in which all the different woods are treated alike.  
1.3 Several factors enter into any complete appraisal of the machining properties of a given wood or wood-base panel. Quality of finished surface is recommended as the basis for evaluation of machining properties. Rate of dulling of cutting tools and power consumed in cutting are also important considerations but are beyond the scope of these test methods.  
1.4 Although the methods presented include the results of progressive developments in the evaluation of machining properties, further improvements are anticipated. For example, by present procedures, quality of the finished surface is evaluated by visual inspection, but as new mechanical or physical techniques become available that will afford improved precision of evaluation, they should be employed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics of round timber construction poles to be used either treated or untreated.  
1.2 This test method covers basic principles for establishing recommended design stress values for round timber construction poles that are applicable to the quality described.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Limitations have been established on formaldehyde emission levels for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and for similar industrial products. This test method is used in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD Rules and Regulations 24 CFR 3280 for manufactured housing, California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation 93120, EPA TSCA Title VI 40 CFR Section 770, and by Minnesota Statutes Section 144.495 for housing units and building materials. This test method provides a means of testing small-size samples to determine formaldehyde emission potential.  
3.2 This test method incorporates a desiccator, with the desiccant removed, having a 250 mm (10 in.) inside diameter and a volume of approximately 10.5 L (641 in.3) with the desiccator lid in place. Conditions controlled in the procedure are as follows:  
3.2.1 Conditioning of panel products prior to testing,  
3.2.2 Specified number, size, and edge sealing of wood specimens to be placed in the desiccator,  
3.2.3 Test desiccator temperature, and  
3.2.4 Samples from the 25 mL distilled water collection medium in the petri dish bottom are analyzed for formaldehyde at the end of a 2-h period in the closed desiccator.  
3.3 This test method employs a single set of environmental conditions to assess formaldehyde emission potential from certain wood products. When the relationship between desiccator test values and large-chamber test values are to be determined, the values for the specific wood panel product type shall be plotted. This test method does allow a comparison of formaldehyde levels from different products for the same use.  
3.3.1 Care must be exercised in the extension of the results to actual formaldehyde emission from products under actual use conditions.
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1.1 This test method covers a small scale procedure for measuring formaldehyde emission potential from wood products under defined test conditions. The formaldehyde level is determined by collecting air-borne formaldehyde in a small distilled water reservoir within a closed desiccator. The quantity of formaldehyde is determined by a modification of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. Other analytical procedures may be used to determine formaldehyde emission potential provided that such methods give similar results to the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and the analytical procedure employed must be noted. Procedures based on acetylacetone and pararosaniline have been found to give similar results to chromotropic acid in other test methods used in determining formaldehyde emission potential from wood products (see Test Method E1333).  
1.2 Wood products typically evaluated by this test method are made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and include particle-board, hardwood plywood, and medium-density fiberboard. This test method is used for product quality control and is a small bench test method that correlates with the large-scale acceptance test for determining formaldehyde levels from wood products, Test Method E1333. Alternative conditioning intervals may give better correlation, such as seven day conditioning that parallels Test Method E1333. The general desiccator testing procedure may be modified for different conditioning times to accommodate its use in manufacturing quality control. However, the test results must be properly qualified and the conditioning time employed must be noted.  
Note 1: If modifications are made to the conditioning period for quality control purposes, it is important that the modification is consistently applied. Otherwise, the results may not be comparable.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provide...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Density and specific gravity are cornerstone terms that help define many useful properties of wood and wood-based materials. These terms designate concepts that have distinct definitions though they relate to the same characteristic (mass in a unit volume). Generally, in the US and Canada, density of wood is measured in terms of specific gravity, or relative density. In the wood-based composites industry and internationally the term density is often preferred.  
5.2 The basic density and basic specific gravity of wood are used in the forestry industry for calculating the oven-dry weight of wood fiber contained in a known wood volume of various wood species. Thus, it serves as an indicator of the amount of wood pulp that could be produced, the workability of the material or its shipping weight. This information is referenced in various resources, including Wood Handbook.5 Note that specific gravity varies within a tree, between trees, and between species. Since the specific gravity of wood cell wall substance is practically constant for all species (approximately 1.53), it is apparent that individual specific gravity value is indicative of the amount of wood cell wall substance present. It affords a rapid and valuable test method for selection of wood for specific uses. In US and Canadian building codes, the oven-dry specific gravity is correlated to various strength characteristics of wood products (for example, compression perpendicular to grain, shear strength and fastener holding capacity).  
5.3 It is often desirable to know the density or specific gravity of a living tree, a structural member already in place, a log cross section, a segment of a research element, or the earlywood or latewood layer. Therefore, it is possible that specimens will be large or small, regular or irregular in shape, and at a variety of moisture contents. These test methods give procedures that include all of these variables and provides for calculation of density and specific gr...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the density and specific gravity (relative density) of wood and wood-based materials to generally desired degrees of accuracy and for specimens of different sizes, shapes, and moisture content conditions. The test method title is indicative of the procedures used or the specific area of use.    
Section  
Test Method A—Volume by Measurement  
8  
Test Method B—Volume by Water Immersion  
9  
Test Method C—Flotation Tube  
10  
Test Method D—Forstner Bit  
11  
Test Method E—Increment Core  
12  
Test Method F—Chips  
13  
Test Method G—Full-Size Members  
14  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method measures the formaldehyde concentration in air and emission rate from wood products containing formaldehyde by the use of a large chamber under specific test conditions of temperature and relative humidity, or conditions designed to simulate product use. This method employs a single set of environmental conditions but different product loading ratios to assess formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from certain wood products. The conditions controlled in the procedure are the conditioning of specimens prior to testing, exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber, test chamber temperature and relative humidity, number of air changes per hour, and air circulation within the chamber. At the end of a specified time period in the test chamber, the air is sampled, and the concentration of formaldehyde in the air and emission rate are determined.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance and Use:  
4.1.1 Limitations on formaldehyde concentrations in air have been established for some building products permanently installed in manufactured and conventional homes. This test method provides a standard means of testing typical product sizes, such as 1.2 m by 2.4 m (4 ft by 8 ft) sheets, at product loadings consistent with product end use.  
4.2 Summary of Test Method:  
4.2.1 This test method incorporates a chamber of 22 m3  (800 ft3) minimum size to evaluate formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from building products over a specified duration of time. This test method employs a single set of environmental conditions but different product loading ratios to assess formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from certain wood products. Conditions controlled in the procedure are as follows:
4.2.1.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,
4.2.1.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber,
4.2.1.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,
4.2.1.4 Number of air changes per hour, and
4.2.1.5 Air circulation within the chamber.
4.2.1.6 At the end of a 16 to 20-h period in the test chamber, the air is sampled and the concentration of formaldehyde in air and emission rate are determined.
Note 3: Care must be exercised in the extension of the results to formaldehyde concentrations in air and emission rates from products under different conditions of air change rate or loading ratio, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentration in air and emission rate from wood products containing formaldehyde under conditions designed to simulate product use (see 11.5 and Note 9). The concentration in air and emission rate is determined in a large chamber under specific test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The general procedures are also intended for testing product combinations at product-loading ratios and at air-exchange rates typical of the indoor environment  (1).2 The products tested, the loading ratios and the air exchange rates employed are described in the test report.  
1.2 This test method determines the average formaldehyde concentration in air and emission rate from a number of large size samples. The average concentration and emission rate reported, thus, will not provide information on higher or lower emitting panels in the test lot.  
1.3 This method is primarily used for testing newly manufactured panel products that are shipped for testing either seal-wrapped in polyethylene or with waster sheets, or with both. When this test method is used for evaluating other than newly manufactured panel products (after original application, installation or use), the method of packaging and shipping the product for testing shall be described in the test report.  
1.4 The quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample taken from the chamber is determined by an adaptation of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) chromotropic acid test procedure. If ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The test methods presented herein are intended to provide both a factual and comparative means of appraising the suitability of finish flooring. The procedures developed simulate some conditions of use that may require either maintenance beyond that considered normal or replacement of the floor surface material.  
3.2 It is important for some of the evaluations that the substrate to be used beneath the finish flooring be duplicated because the type and degree of support will have a direct influence on the value obtained from test. For example, in some present-day construction, low-density materials are used for sound-deadening immediately below the finish flooring. The way this substrate distributes loading and absorbs energy will have an influence on evaluations such as those in rolling and concentrated loads.  
3.3 The test methods presented herein may be used to compare different finish floorings as to their resistance to severe and ordinary service loads and also may serve as the means to set specification limits. The properties obtained by these test methods are needed in addition to such basic material properties as stiffness, strength, hardness, and dimensional stability.  
3.4 All tests may not be required for any specific investigation. There may be an interrelation between two tests, and when it has been demonstrated what the interrelation is, a complete evaluation is only required as a final stage of a study. In each instance, therefore, it is necessary to determine which evaluations shall be made to fulfill the objectives.
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1.1 These test methods cover procedures for measuring the performance of finish flooring under the following service loadings and conditions:    
Section  
Loading Tests  
Concentrated Loading  
7  
Floor Surface Indentation from Small Area Loads  
12  
Falling-Ball Indentation  
18  
Rolling Load  
23  
Mechanical Tests  
Abrasion Resistance  
28  
Coefficient of Friction  
33  
Moisture Tests  
Surface Wetting  
38  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Computer simulation is known to be a very powerful analytical tool for both practitioners and researchers in the area of wood products and their applications in structural engineering. Complex structural systems can be analyzed by computer with the computer generating the system components, given the probability distribution of each component. Frequently the components are single boards for which a compatible set of strength and stiffness properties are needed. However, the entire structural simulation process is dependent upon the adequacy of the standard uniform number generator required to generate random observations from prescribed probability distribution functions.  
4.2 The technological capabilities and wide availability of microcomputers has encouraged their increased use for simulation studies. Tests of random number generators in commonly available microcomputers have disclosed serious deficiencies (1).3 Adequacy may be a function of intended end-use. This practice is concerned with generation of sets of random numbers, as may be required for simulations of large populations of material properties for simulation of complex structures. For more demanding applications, the use of packaged and pretested random number generators is encouraged.
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1.1 This practice gives a minimum testing procedure of computer generation routines for the standard uniform distribution. Random observations from the standard uniform distribution, RU, range from zero to one with every value between zero and one having an equal chance of occurrence.  
1.2 The tests described in this practice only support the basic use of random number generators, not their use in complex or extremely precise simulations.  
1.3 Simulation details for the normal, lognormal, 2-parameter Weibull and 3-parameter Weibull probability distributions are presented.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.See specific warning statement in 5.5.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Upper limits for the formaldehyde emission rates have been established for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrial products. This test method is intended for use in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD 24 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes for housing units and building materials. This method may also be used for monitoring products for compliance to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation for composite wood products and the Environmental Protection Agency Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products, EPA TSCA Title VI 40 CFR Section 770. This test method provides a means of testing smaller samples and reduces the time required for testing.  
4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by this small-scale method may differ from expected in full-scale indoor environments. Variations in product loading, temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.  
4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02 to 1 m3  in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentration in air using the following controlled conditions:  
4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,  
4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber,  
4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,  
4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and  
4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.
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1.1 This test method measures the formaldehyde concentrations in air emitted by wood product test specimens under defined test conditions of temperature and relative humidity. Results obtained from this small-scale chamber test method are intended to be comparable to results obtained from testing larger product samples by the large chamber test method for wood products, Test Method E1333. The results may be correlated to values obtained from Test Method E1333. The quantity of formaldehyde in an air sample from the small chamber is determined by a modification of NIOSH 3500 chromotropic acid test procedure. As with Test Method E1333, other analytical procedures may be used to determine the quantity of formaldehyde in the air sample provided that such methods give results comparable to those obtained by using the chromotropic acid procedure. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and the analytical procedure employed must be accurately described.  
1.2 The wood-based panel products to be tested by this test method are characteristically used for different applications and are tested at different relative amounts or loading ratios to reflect different applications. This is a test method that specifies testing at various loading ratios for different product types. However, the test results and test report must be properly qualified and must specify the make-up air flow, sample surface area, and chamber volume.  
1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing are products relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde release characteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be considered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scale chamber testing.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the...

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with the standards for unused round timber piles to be used either treated or untreated. This specification, however, does not cover preused piles unless the piles have the quality and design stresses equal to or greater than those prescribed herein. The piles shall be made of sound wood, free of decay, insect attacks, marine borer attack, and Limnoria damage. The piles shall also be cut above the ground swell and have a tapered tip.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the physical characteristics of unused round timber piles to be used either treated or untreated.  
1.2 This specification is not intended for preused piles unless the piles have the quality specified by this specification and design stresses equal to or greater than those derived from Method D2899.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Need for Lumber Grading:  
3.1.1 Individual pieces of lumber, as they come from the saw, represent a wide range in quality and appearance with respect to freedom from knots, cross grain, shakes, and other characteristics. Such random pieces likewise represent a wide range in strength, utility, serviceability, and value. One of the obvious requirements for the orderly marketing of lumber is the establishment of grades that permit the procurement of any required quality of lumber in any desired quantity. Maximum economy of material is obtained when the range of quality-determining characteristics in a grade is limited and all pieces are utilized to their full potential. Many of the grades are established on the basis of appearance and physical characteristics of the piece, but without regard for mechanical properties. Other grades, called structural or stress grades, are established on the basis of features that relate to mechanical properties. The latter designate near-minimum strength and near-average stiffness properties on which to base structural design.  
3.1.2 The development of this practice is based on extensive research covering tests of small clear specimens and of full-sized structural members. Detailed studies have included the strength and variability of clear wood, and the effect on strength from various factors such as density, knots (See Terminology D9), and other defects, seasoning, duration of stress, and temperature.  
3.2 How Visual Grading is Accomplished—Visual grading is accomplished from an examination of all four faces and the ends of the piece, in which the location as well as the size and nature of the knots and other features appearing on the surfaces are evaluated over the entire length. Basic principles of structural grading have been established that permit the evaluation of any piece of stress-graded lumber in terms of a strength ratio for each property being evaluated. The strength ratio of stress-graded lumber is the hypothet...
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1.1 This practice (1, 2)2 covers the basic principles for establishing related unit stresses and stiffness values for design with visually-graded solid sawn structural lumber. This practice starts with property values from clear wood specimens and includes necessary procedures for the formulation of structural grades of any desired strength ratio.  
1.2 The grading provisions used as illustrations herein are not intended to establish grades for purchase, but rather to show how stress-grading principles are applied. Detailed grading rules for commercial stress grades which serve as purchase specifications are established and published by agencies which formulate and maintain such rules and operate inspection facilities covering the various species.  
1.3 The material covered in this practice appears in the following order:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Significance and Use  
3  
Basic Principles of Strength Ratios  
4  
Estimation and Limitation of Growth Characteristics  
5  
Allowable Properties for Timber Design  
6  
Modification of Allowable Properties for Design Use  
7  
Example of Stress-Grade Development  
8  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trad...

ABSTRACT
This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation and evaluation of allowable properties of specified populations of stress-graded structural lumber. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. The population shall be clearly defined where it may be necessary to specify the following: (1) grade name and description, (2) geographical area over which sampling will take place, (3) species or species group, (4) time span for sampling (5) lumber size, and (6) moisture content. Two statistical techniques are described under this practice, namely: parametric and nonparametric analysis. The sampling methods include: (1) random sampling, (2) sampling with unequal probabilities, and (3) sequential sampling. Selection and method of determining sample size are detailed. The results of the tests performed shall be presented as (1) a set of summarizing statistics, and (2) an appendix of unadjusted individual test specimen results. The procedures and requirements for analysis of results are detailed and includes the following: (1) adjustment factors used to reduce the test statistics to the level of allowable properties, (2) formula for calculating apparent modulus of elasticity, sample mean, sample standard deviation, and confidence interval for the mean (3) sample nonparametric percent point estimate, (4) nonparametric lower tolerance limit, (5) parametric point estimate, (6) lower parametric tolerance limit, and (7) histogram and empirical cumulative distribution function. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling and analysis procedures for the investigation of specified populations of wood and wood-based structural products referred to in this standard as products. Appropriate product standards should be referenced for presentation requirements for data. Depending on the interest of the user, the population from which samples are taken may range from the products produced at a specific manufacturing site to all the products produced in a particular grade from a particular geographic area, during some specified interval of time. This practice generally assumes that the population is sufficiently large so that, for sampling purposes, it may be considered infinite. Where this assumption is inadequate, that is, the population is assumed finite, many of the provisions of this practice may be employed but the sampling and analysis procedure must be designed to reflect a finite population. The statistical techniques embodied in this practice provide procedures to summarize data so that logical judgments can be made. This practice does not specify the action to be taken after the results have been analyzed. The action to be taken depends on the particular requirements of the user of the product.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This practice does not purport to address the adjustment factors needed to adjust test data to standardized mechanical and environmental conditions (that is, temperature, moisture, test span, or load duration). Additionally, it provides a basis for statistical estimates that will typically require further adjustment to determine design values for use with an accepted design methodology (that is, allowable stress, limit states, or load and resistance factor design). It shall be the responsibility of the user to seek out the appropriate adjustments in specific product standards.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac...

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of treated or untreated cellulosic material for its resistance to subterranean termites. This test should be considered as a screening test for treated material and further evaluation by field methods is required. Different kinds of equipment and materials to be used in the evaluation of the cellulosic material include containers, glass or clean plastic, tray, enamel, stainless steel, paper towels, and volatile chemicals. Southern yellow pine (SYP) sapwood with no visible defects and smoothed surfaces shall be evaluated by using reagents like benzalkonium chloride solution and distilled water. Other wood species may be used, but in each separate test using other species as the major test wood, five SYP sapwood blocks should be used as additional controls to permit the correlation of test results among laboratories. A block evaluation with corresponding rating system shall be performed by visualization method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the laboratory evaluation of treated or untreated wood for its resistance to subterranean termites. This test is considered as a screening test for treated material and further evaluation by field methods is required.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—See 7.1.4.)  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedures described in this practice are intended to be used to establish design capacity (both strength and stiffness) values based on testing of OSB that, at a minimum, satisfies the relevant performance requirements of PS 2.  
4.2 Review and reassessment of values derived from this practice shall be conducted on a periodic basis. If a change is found to be significant, retesting or reevaluation, or both, in accordance with the procedures of this practice shall be considered.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the basis for code recognition of design capacities for OSB structural-use panels. Procedures are provided to establish or re-evaluate design capacities for OSB structural-use panels in flatwise and axial applications. Design capacities for OSB structural-use panels in edgewise applications, such as rim board, are outside the scope of this standard. Procedures for sampling and testing are also provided. Design values stated as capacity per unit dimension are to be regarded as standard. Design capacities developed in accordance with this practice are applicable to panels intended for use in dry in-service conditions.
Note 1: This practice is based on ICC-ES Acceptance Criteria AC-182. Relative to the scope of AC-182, this practice is limited to OSB panels.
Note 2: While this practice makes reference to PS 2, this practice applies similarly to products certified to other standards such as CAN/CSA O325.
Note 3: OSB produced under PS 2 is rated with the “Exposure 1” bond classification. Exposure 1 panels covered by PS 2 are intended for dry use applications where the in-service equilibrium moisture content conditions are expected to be less than 16 %. Exposure 1 panels are intended to resist the effects of moisture due to construction delays, or other conditions of similar severity. Guidelines on use of OSB are available from manufacturers and qualified agencies.
Note 4: PS 2-10 replaced the use of nominal thicknesses with a classification term known as Performance Category, which is defined in PS 2 as “A panel designation related to the panel thickness range that is linked to the nominal panel thickness designations used in the International Building Code (IBC) and International Residential Code (IRC).” Therefore, the PS 2 Performance Category should be considered equivalent to the term “nominal thickness” used within this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification provides the test methodology and procedures to demonstrate that the fire performance of wood-based floor framing members is equivalent to unprotected 2 by 10 dimension lumber or equal-sized structural composite lumber (SCL) floor joists used in interior floor assemblies. This specification is applicable to floor framing members with or without applied treatments or materials used to increase fire resistance, including fire-resistive paints, coatings, or chemical treatments, and including mechanically attached or adhered fire protection materials. It is applicable to any wood-based residential floor framing member product including, but not limited to, prefabricated wood I-joists, open-web wood joists, and trusses with wood flanges and wood or metal web members. In addition, specific requirements for the evaluation of fire-resistive paints, coatings, or chemical treatments used with these floor framing members are included.
Note 1: This specification provides a method of comparing the fire performance of floor framing members to benchmarked performance of unprotected 2 by 10 dimension lumber or equal-sized SCL floor joists. It has been successfully used to evaluate the performance of prefabricated wood I-joists and wood trusses with various forms of fire protection. While the principles of this specification are generally applicable to all floor framing members, the development of the specification did not consider additional requirements or modifications which may be necessary for the evaluation of floor framing members of other materials, such as steel joists or trusses.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides a measure of the bond quality of the fibers, or particles, at the surface of wood-base fiber and particle panel materials including particleboard, medium-density fiberboard (MDF) and oriented strand board (OSB). Surface bond strength is a measure of the strength and resistance to delamination of the bond between overlay materials and panel surfaces and is an important consideration when these overlay materials, such as wood veneers, saturated papers, or plastic overlays, are to be bonded to the panel surface during secondary manufacturing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a measure of the cohesive bond strength of the fibers, or particles, on the surface of wood-base fiber and particle panels (for example, particleboard and medium-density fiberboard) in the direction perpendicular to the plane of the panel.  
1.1.1 To determine the internal cohesive bond strength of wood-base fiber and particle panels, use Section 11 of Test Methods D1037.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice documents cyclic performance benchmarks for shear walls constructed with wood structural panel (WSP) sheathing attached to dimension lumber framing using common or galvanized box nails as defined in 3.2.8.  
5.2 Procedures described in this practice provide a method to evaluate an alternative shear wall system’s SEPs to demonstrate equivalent in-plane lateral seismic performance to the reference shear wall system.  
5.3 The procedures described in this practice do not address all factors to be considered for recognition of an alternative shear wall system. Such factors, as described in 1.4, vary by the end-use application and shall be addressed outside the scope of this standard through an evaluation of the acceptability of the alternative shear wall system in accordance with requirements of building codes and standards, as applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes a method for alternative shear wall systems to compare seismic equivalency parameters (SEP) derived from cyclic in-plane racking tests to performance targets derived from tests of light-frame shear walls constructed with wood structural panel (WSP) sheathing attached to dimension lumber framing using nails.  
1.2 This practice considers only the performance of shear walls subject to cyclic lateral loading, parallel to the plane of the shear wall. Design of walls with openings and performance for other wall functions, such as out-of-plane bending, combined shear and uplift, and so forth are not considered.  
1.3 This practice is applicable only to shear walls where all vertical-load-supporting elements are intact at the end of the in-plane lateral load test and remain capable of supporting gravity loads. Wall assemblies whose vertical-load-supporting elements buckle or otherwise become incapable of supporting gravity loads during the lateral load test are outside the scope of this practice. In addition, for bearing wall systems, this practice assumes that the shear wall system under evaluation has documented design procedures to ensure that vertical-load-supporting elements have adequate resistance to the combined effect of compression loads caused by overturning and gravity loads.  
1.4 This practice does not address height limitations, detailing requirements, wall openings, derivation of design values for strength and stiffness, or other requirements and limitations that may be necessary for an alternative shear wall system. These requirements shall be provided elsewhere, such as by a suitable product standard for the alternative shear wall system.  
1.5 This practice assumes that the stiffness or deformation of the alternative shear wall system can be estimated, and that design loads within a structure will be distributed among seismically equivalent wall systems based on their relative stiffness.  
1.6 This practice is not intended to preclude other rational means of evaluating seismic performance.  
1.7 This practice assumes that the alternative shear wall system may be used alone or in combination with wood-frame shear walls sheathed with wood structural panels.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)...

ABSTRACT
This specification presents the standard procedures for establishing the performance rating of wood-plastic composite (WPC) deck boards and guardrail systems (guards or handrails). The purpose of this specification is to establish the basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications where combustible construction is allowed. The general requirements foe these products shall be dictated by their performance in the following test methods: flesural tests; temperature and moisture effects; ultraviolet resistance test; freeze-thaw resistance test; biodeterioration tests; and fire performance tests. Deck boards shall additionally examined by: creep-recovery test; determination of unadjusted allowable load; mechanical fastener holding tests; and slip resistance test. In the same manner, guards and handrails shall additionally be analyzed through concentrated load tests, and one- and two-family dwelling requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers procedures to establish a performance rating for wood-plastic composite and plastic lumber for use as exterior deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails. The purpose of this specification is to establish a basis for code recognition of these products or systems in exterior applications.
Note 1: While wood-plastic composites contain wood or other cellulosic materials, the presence of wood or other cellulosic materials in plastic lumber is not required by this specification. Due to non-wood materials in wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber the structural, physical, fire, and other attributes may not be similar to those of wood.
Note 2: The products addressed in this standard are considered combustible. No fire response characteristic is required in this specification except for flame spread index as determined in accordance with Test Method E84.  
1.1.1 The plastic component of wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber covered by this specification shall consist primarily of thermoplastics.  
1.2 Deck boards, stair treads, guards, and handrails covered by this specification are permitted to be of any code compliant shape and thickness (solid or non-solid).  
1.3 Wood-plastic composites and plastic lumber are produced in a broad range of fiber and/or resin formulations. It is recognized that the performance requirements in this specification are valid for any material or combination of materials used as deck boards, stair treads, guards, or handrails.  
1.4 Details of manufacturing processes are beyond the scope of this specification.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 Table of Contents:    
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
General Requirements  
4  
Sampling  
4.1  
Sample Size  
4.2  
Conditioning  
4.3  
Flexural Tests  
4.4  
Temperature and Moisture Effects  
4.5  
Ultraviolet (UV) Resistance Test  
4.6  
Freeze-Thaw Resistance Test  
4.7  
Biodeterioration Tests  
4.8  
Fire Performance Tests  
4.9  
Deck Board Performance Requirements  
5  
General  
5.1  
Flexural Performance Tests  
5.2  
Determination of the Unadjusted Allowable Load  
5.3  
Creep-Recovery Test  
5.4  
Mechanical Fastener Holding Tests  
5.5  
Slip Resistance Test  
5.6  
Guard and Handrail Performance Requirements  
6  
General  
6.1  
Guardrail System Test Requirements  
6.2  
One- and Two-Family Dwelling Requirements...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Many physical and mechanical properties of wood and wood-based materials change in response to the environmental equilibrium moisture content, and any comparison of these properties must take moisture content into account. A consistent base for comparison among different test samples and different laboratories is necessary. Shrinkage and dimensional change in particular are dependent on moisture content, and tests involving their measurement must be conducted with good equilibrium moisture content control. Conditioning can also be important in industrial settings where there are optimum moisture content levels for many products and processes, and conformance to these levels can reduce losses in quality and yield.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers standard procedures for conditioning and equilibrating wood and wood-based materials to constant moisture content. The procedures apply to solid wood, wood-based fiber and particulate materials and panels, and wood products containing adhesives. They are intended for use in research and development activities, testing laboratories, quality control, and for all other classes of producers and users. This guide includes background material on the importance of moisture content control, important definitions and technical data, possible types of apparatus, procedures, and the importance of conditioning time. Users should recognize that the necessary degree of precision and bias varies with the intentions of the users. Some research and testing, for example, might require very close control of moisture content, whereas control in an industrial storage facility might not require such close control. This guide offers procedures that include these different requirements.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values of temperature in degrees Fahrenheit given in Table X1.2 are mathematical conversions that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the procedure section, Section 6, of this guide. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to be used by developers of standards and other documents in the field of renewable resources and green building to evaluate whether the attributes of a specific forest management system meet the intent of sustainable forest management.  
5.2 In addition to the attributes addressed by this document, some users may wish to impose other evaluation criteria intended to satisfy goals beyond maintaining sustained-yield and sustainable forest management. While these issues are not specifically addressed in this guide, some are discussed in Appendix X1, Commentary.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a list of criteria and indicators that have been shown to be useful in achieving the goals of a sustainable forest management plan. This guide lists a set of criteria considered to be important for the following tasks:  
1.1.1 To describe, assess, and evaluate progress toward sustainability of forest management at the national, regional, or individual forest level.  
1.1.2 To inform the policy debate at regional, national, and international levels.  
1.1.3 To evaluate the attributes of a forest management certification or evaluation system with a specific combination of forest management principles, practices, or adaptations, where such practices are evaluated against a set of prescribed standards. Although this guide provides a qualitative list of criteria for evaluation of forest conditions, it does not purport to recommend any specific forest management certification or evaluation system or subset of overall attributes. The guide does not replace forest certification or verification standards.  
1.2 This guide will require compilation of information from multiple sources across various governmental and nongovernmental agencies. For this guide to be useful, it is recommended that the information collected is in alignment with that which is already collected for other purposes; otherwise these indicators may be too great an effort to combine in a timely fashion.
Note 1: Although this document provides general guidance applicable to forests and forest products from many countries, its initial application is expected to focus on North America.  
1.3 This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment such as that provided by foresters, forest scientists, and wood technologists.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end joints in the studs shall resist the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of an adhesive used in end-jointed lumber as compared with the elevated temperature performance of solid wood.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature performance of adhesives used in end-jointed lumber.  
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.  
1.3 The wall assembly shall sustain the applied load during a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or more.  
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of adhesives used in end-jointed lumber to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but it does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 End-jointed lumber studs used in fire resistance-rated assemblies shall be able to support the superimposed design load for the specified time under an elevated temperature exposure, when a wall assembly is exposed to a standard fire specified in Test Methods E119. Light-weight wood assemblies utilize gypsum wallboard or other types of membrane protection to accomplish a requisite fire resistance rating for the assembly. However, wood studs and the end joints in the studs shall resist the developed elevated temperature environment for the duration of the rating. This practice provides a method for evaluating the elevated temperature performance of an assembly constructed with end-jointed studs having fire performance comparable to an assembly constructed with solid-sawn studs.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to be used to evaluate the elevated temperature performance of end-jointed lumber studs.  
1.2 A symmetric wall assembly containing end-jointed lumber studs is exposed to a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119.  
1.3 End-jointed lumber studs are deemed qualified if the wall assembly resists a standard fire exposure specified in Test Methods E119 for a period of 60 min or more. Qualification of end-jointed lumber studs are restricted to the joint configuration and adhesive tested.  
1.4 This practice is used to evaluate the performance of end-jointed lumber studs to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment under actual fire conditions.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a procedure for evaluating metal devices used for wood-to-wood, wood-to-concrete, wood-to-concrete masonry, and wood-to-steel joist, beam, and girder connections. It describes test methods for evaluating the capacities of joist hangers subject to vertical and torsional loading. Also, this specification provides a method of assigning allowable loads to joist hangers based on measured strength and deformation characteristics. Test specimens consisting of a length of joist supported by joist hangers attached to two headers are subjected to a vertical load by a suitable testing machine, while the vertical load and corresponding deflection of the joist are measured and recorded to provide load-slip data.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a procedure for evaluating metal devices used for wood-to-wood, wood-to-concrete, wood-to-concrete masonry, and wood-to-steel connections. This method is intended for use with devices used to connect joists, beams, and girders together. These devices are commonly described as joist hangers.  
1.2 This specification describes test methods for evaluating the capacities of joist hangers subject to vertical and torsional loading.  
1.3 This specification provides a method of assigning allowable loads to joist hangers based on measured strength and deformation characteristics. Information obtained by the provisions of this specification is applicable to design when using the Allowable Stress Design method.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Methods E119 and E1529, and other standard fire resistance test methods specify that throughout exposures to fire and the hose stream, a constant superimposed axial load be applied to a load-bearing test specimen to simulate a maximum load condition. These test methods specify that this superimposed load shall be as nearly as practicable the maximum allowable axial design load allowed by design under nationally recognized structural design criteria. For this practice, the nationally recognized structural design criteria is the National Design Specification (NDS) for Wood Construction  
4.1.1 Alternatively, the standard fire resistance test methods shall be conducted by applying an axial load that is less than the maximum allowable axial design load as addressed by the NDS and this practice, but these tests shall be identified in the test report as being conducted under restricted load conditions.  
4.1.2 The superimposed axial load, as well as the superimposed axial load as a percentage of the maximum allowable axial design load for the stud and as a percentage of the maximum allowable design load for the plate, shall be calculated using the Allowable Stress Design (ASD) method in the NDS and this practice shall be included in the test report.
Note 1: The NDS should be used to ensure calculation of the superimposed load is in compliance with all applicable provisions of that document. Appendix X1 describes how to calculate the superimposed load in accordance with the NDS.  
4.2 This practice describes procedures for calculating the superimposed axial load to be applied in standard fire resistance tests of wood-frame wall assemblies.  
4.3 Statements in either the fire resistance test method standard or the nationally recognized structural design standard supersede any procedures described by this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating the superimposed axial load required to be applied to load-bearing wood-frame walls throughout standard fire-resistance and fire and hose-stream tests.  
1.2 The calculations determine the maximum load allowed by design for wood-frame wall assemblies under nationally recognized structural design criteria.  
1.3 This practice is only applicable to those wood-frame assemblies for which the nationally recognized structural design criteria are contained in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS).2  
1.4 The system of units to be used is that of the nationally recognized structural design criteria. For the NDS, the units are inch-pound.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Test Methods E119, E1529, and other standard fire resistance test methods specify that throughout the fire-resistance test, a constant superimposed load shall be applied to a load-bearing test specimen to simulate a maximum allowable load condition. This superimposed load shall be the maximum load allowed by design under nationally recognized structural design criteria for the tested floor configuration (that is, joist selection, spacing, and span).  
4.1.1 For this practice, the nationally recognized structural design criteria to be used to determine the maximum load condition are those for the allowable stress design (ASD) method in the NDS (National Design Specification for Wood Construction).
Note 1: The NDS should be used to ensure calculation of the superimposed load is in compliance with all applicable provisions of that standard. Appendix X1 describes how to calculate the superimposed load in accordance with the NDS.  
4.1.2 Alternatively, the standard fire resistance test methods shall be permitted to be conducted by applying a load less than the maximum allowable load in 4.1.1 for the tested configuration; however, these tests shall be identified in the test report as being conducted under restricted loading conditions.  
4.2 This practice describes procedures for calculating the superimposed load to be applied in standard fire resistance tests of wood floor-ceiling assemblies. Practice D6513 provides a similar methodology for calculating the superimposed load on wood-frame walls.  
4.3 Statements in either the fire resistance test method standard or the nationally recognized structural design standard supersede any procedures described by this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating the superimposed load required to be applied to load-bearing wood-frame floor-ceiling assemblies throughout standard fire-resistance tests.  
1.2 These calculations determine the maximum superimposed load to be applied to the floor-ceiling assembly during the fire resistance test. The maximum superimposed load, calculated in accordance with nationally-recognized structural design criteria, shall be designed to induce the maximum allowable stress in the wood floor-ceiling fire test configuration being tested.  
1.3 This practice is only applicable to those wood-frame floor-ceiling assemblies for which the nationally recognized structural design criteria are contained in the National Design Specification for Wood Construction (NDS).  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice establishes the procedure to determine adjustment factors that account for the isolated effects of fire-retardant treatment on plywood roof sheathing. These effects are established relative to performance of untreated plywood. This practice uses data from reference thermal-load cycles designed to simulate temperatures in sloped roofs of common design to evaluate products for 50 iterations.  
5.2 This practice applies to material installed using construction practices recommended by the fire retardant chemical manufacturers that include avoiding exposure to precipitation, direct wetting, or regular condensation. This practice is not meant to apply to buildings with significantly different designs than those described in 1.3.  
5.3 Test Method D5516 caused thermally induced strength losses in laboratory simulations within a reasonably short period. The environmental conditions used in the laboratory-activated chemical reactions that are considered to be similar to those occurring in the field. This assumption is the fundamental basis of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating adjustment factors that account for the effects of fire-retardant treatment on bending strength of plywood roof sheathing. The adjustment factors calculated in accordance with this practice are to be applied to design values for untreated plywood in order to determine design values for fire-retardant-treated plywood used as sheathing in roof systems. The methods establish the effect of treatment based upon matched bending strength testing of materials with and without treatment after exposure at elevated temperatures.
Note 1: This analysis focuses on the relative performance of treated and untreated materials tested after equilibrating to ambient conditions following a controlled exposure to specified conditions of high temperature and humidity. Elevated temperature, moisture, load duration, and other factors typically accounted for in the design of untreated plywood must also be considered in the design of fire-retardant-treated plywood roof sheathing, but are outside the scope of the treatment adjustments developed under this practice.  
1.2 It is assumed that the procedures will be used for fire-retardant-treated plywood installed using appropriate construction practices recommended by the fire retardant chemical manufacturers, which include avoiding exposure to precipitation, direct wetting, or regular condensation.  
1.3 This practice uses thermal load profiles reflective of exposures encountered in normal service conditions in a wide variety of continental United States climates. The heat gains, solar loads, roof slopes, ventilation rates, and other parameters used in this practice were chosen to reflect common sloped roof designs. This practice is applicable to roofs of 3 in 12 or steeper slopes, to roofs designed with vent areas and vent locations conforming to national standards of practice, and to designs in which the bottom side of the sheathing is exposed to ventilation air. These conditions may not apply to significantly different designs and therefore this practice may not apply to such designs.  
1.4 Information and a brief discussion supporting the provisions of this practice are in the Commentary in the appendix. A large, more detailed, separate Commentary is also available from ASTM.2  
1.5 The methodology in this practice is not meant to account for all reported instances of fire-retardant plywood undergoing premature heat degradation.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fire-retardant-treatments are used to reduce the flame-spread characteristics of wood. Chemicals and redrying conditions employed in treatments are known to modify the strength properties of the wood product being treated. This practice establishes the procedures for determining adjustment factors that account for the isolated effects of fire-retardant treatment on design properties of lumber. These effects are established relative to performance of untreated lumber.  
5.2 The effect of fire-retardant treatments on the strength of lumber used in roof framing applications is time related. In this practice, the cumulative effect on strength of annual thermal loads from all temperature bins is increased 50 times to establish treatment adjustment factors for fire-retardant treated lumber roof framing.  
5.3 The procedures of Test Method D5664 employ an elevated temperature intended to produce strength losses in a short period of time. Although the exposure is much more severe than that which occurs in an actual roof system, the chemical reactions that occur in the laboratory test are considered to be the same as those occurring over long periods of time in the field.  
5.4 Treatment adjustment factors developed under this practice apply to lumber installed in accordance with construction practices recommended by the fire-retardant chemical manufacturer which include avoidance of direct wetting, precipitation or frequent condensation. Application of this practice is limited to roof applications with design consistent with 1.3.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for calculating adjustment factors that account for the effects of fire-retardant treatment on design properties of lumber. The adjustment factors calculated in accordance with this practice are to be applied to design values for untreated lumber in order to determine design values for fire-retardant-treated lumber used at ambient temperatures [service temperatures up to 100 °F (38 °C)] and as framing in roof systems.
Note 1: This analysis focuses on the relative performance of treated and untreated materials tested after equilibrating to ambient conditions following a controlled exposure to specified conditions of high temperature and humidity. Elevated temperature, moisture, load duration, and other factors typically accounted for in the design of untreated lumber must also be considered in the design of fire-retardant-treated lumber, but are outside the scope of the treatment adjustments developed under this practice.  
1.2 These adjustment factors for the design properties in bending, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain, horizontal shear, and modulus of elasticity are based on the results of strength tests of matched treated and untreated small clear wood specimens after conditioning at nominal room temperatures [72 °F (22 °C)] and of other similar specimens after exposure at 150 °F (66 °C). The test data are developed in accordance with Test Method D5664. Guidelines are provided for establishing adjustment factors for the property of compression perpendicular to grain and for connection design values.  
1.3 Treatment adjustment factors for roof framing applications are based on thermal load profiles for normal wood roof construction used in a variety of climates as defined by weather tapes of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE).2 The solar loads, moisture conditions, ventilation rates, and other parameters used in the computer model were selected to represent typical sloped roof designs. The thermal loads in this practice are applicable to roof slopes of 3 in 12 or steeper, to roofs designed with vent areas and vent locations conforming to national standards of practice and to designs in which the bottom side of the roof sheathing is exposed to ventilation air. For designs that do not have one or more of these base-line features, the applic...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Voluntary forest certification systems have become an important factor in promoting sustainable forest management. The standards in use are highly variable, however. Even within a family of standards with a common label there is the potential for wide variations in practices. This prevents producers and consumers from using a certification label to characterize products according to a specific set of qualities or values. This practice creates a framework to differentiate products based on a set of qualities and values identified as important in the market for wood products. (A) See Appendix X3 for discussion of additional concepts related to sub-categorization of certified sources.(B) For the purposes of categorizing products under this practice, distributors and retailers can rely on “on-product” labels for chain of custody or a certified procurement system if they are not engaged in significant value-added processing or remanufacture. In lieu of an on‐product label, a certificate of compliance indicating conformance with the applicable chain of custody or certified procurement system is permitted.  
5.2 This practice is intended to be used by producers, distributors, retailers, or consumers who wish to understand where a product fits within three categories. At a minimum, the user will need to know the geographic origin of the wood going into a product and whether it is labeled or otherwise certified to a procurement system or chain of custody based on a voluntary forest management or certification standard. Producers who want to use this practice must be able to identify the geographic origin of the wood to at least the level needed to support the claims to consumers associated with a given category and described in 6.1.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth minimum criteria and evaluation requirements for products employing the use of different systems to trace wood fiber to sources operating under different forest management or forest certification systems.  
1.2 The purpose of this practice is to provide wood products manufacturers, distributors, and retailers with a system to provide clear, objective information to communicate to consumers regarding product conformance to different wood fiber tracing systems within specific forest management or forest certification programs. It provides a structure that segregates the different types of labels and tracing systems in use among major forest certification standards and other voluntary and regulatory standards governing the production of forest products.
Note 1: The principles in this practice apply internationally, provided that the required information is available to support categorization. For example, products certified to the globally recognized forest certification standards will meet the “Certified Sources” category regardless of their origin, and documented risk assessments (noted in Appendix X5) provide the basis upon which raw materials sourced from Canada and the United States can be deemed to meet the “Legal Sources” category. To categorize raw materials sourced outside of Canada and the United States as “Legal Sources,” it is recommended that the adopting entity develop supplemental provisions to address country-specific issues as needed.  
1.2.1 This practice provides an objective basis to differentiate among:
1.2.1.1 Non-controversial (that is, legal) sources of forest products,
1.2.1.2 Responsible sources of forest products (that is, non-controversial sources together with certified procurement systems or from forests managed using responsible practices), and
1.2.1.3 Certified sources of forest products (that is, non-controversial sources together with certified chain of custody).  
1.2.2 This practice is intended to provide a framework to help wood product vendors identify the competent and reliable evidence needed to substantiate product claims as required by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission’s Guides for ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in wood.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the percentage of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 580 to 600°C), of wood or wood products.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Hot alkali extracts low molecular weight carbohydrates consisting mainly of hemicellulose and degraded cellulose in wood. This solubility of wood is an indication of the degree of fungal decay, or degradation by heat, light, oxidation, and so forth. The more decay or degradation, the higher the solubility.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the solubility of wood in a hot dilute alkali solution. A1 % solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is used. One application is in determining the degree of fungus decay that has taken place in a given wood sample. As the wood decays, the percentage of alkali-soluble material increases in proportion to the decrease in pulp yield caused by the decay.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Cold water removes a part of such extraneous materials as tannins, gums, sugars, and coloring matters. Hot water removes these plus the starches.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods3 cover the determination of the water solubility of wood. Two methods are given, as follows:  
1.1.1 Method A—Cold-Water Solubility—This method provides a measure of the tannins, gums, sugars, and coloring matter in the wood.  
1.1.2 Method B—Hot-Water Solubility—This method provides a measure of the tannins, gums, sugars, coloring matter, and starches in the wood.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
10.1 Full-scale bending testing is an effective way to determine flexural properties of structural glued laminated timber (glulam) beams. However, testing of large glulam members is cost prohibitive. Mathematical models, when confirmed by full-scale test results, are useful tools to assign flexural properties for glulam. This practice provides guidelines for sampling and testing full-scale glulam beams to determine their flexural properties and to validate mathematical models intended for use in assigning flexural design values.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for full scale testing of structural glued laminated timber (glulam) to determine or verify characteristic values used to calculate flexural design properties. Guidelines are given for: (1) testing individual structural glued laminated timber lay-ups (with no modeling), (2) testing individual glulam combinations (with limited modeling), and (3) validating models used to predict characteristic values.  
1.2 This practice is limited to procedures for establishing flexural properties (Modulus of Rupture, MOR, and Modulus of Elasticity, MOE). Some of the principles for sampling and analysis presented may be applicable to other properties. However, other properties may require additional testing considerations that are beyond the scope of this practice.  
1.3 This practice is not intended to supersede the provisions of Practice D3737, but provides an alternative method for establishing characteristic values. Lay-up combinations developed in accordance with Practice D3737 are not required to be governed by this standard.
Note 1: The models described by Practice D3737 have been developed and modified based on more than 50 years of experience and many test programs. In some cases, however, it may be desirable to develop a new model based on other input properties or using lumber materials or grades not covered by that standard.  
1.4 Details of production, inspection, and certification are beyond the scope of this document. However, for test results to be representative of production, quality control systems shall be in place to ensure consistent quality. Manufacturing shall conform to recognized manufacturing standards such as ANSI A190.1 or CSA O122.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.