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ASTM D8278-19

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants

Standard Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes criteria for digital contact thermometers (DCT) for use in test methods that measure flow properties of materials within the scope of Committee D02. The DCT criteria are based on the design and sensing characteristics of the liquid-in-glass thermometers that are used successfully in Committee D02 test methods.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2019
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.07 - Flow Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D8278-19 - Standard Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and LubricantsASTM D8278-19 - Standard Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants
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ASTM D8278-19 - Standard Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D8278 −19
Standard Specification for
Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring
1
Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2983 Test Method for Low-Temperature Viscosity of Au-
tomaticTransmission Fluids, Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubri-
1.1 This specification establishes criteria for digital contact
cants using a Rotational Viscometer
thermometers (DCT) for use in test methods that measure flow
D3829 Test Method for Predicting the Borderline Pumping
properties of materials within the scope of Committee D02.
Temperature of Engine Oil
The DCT criteria are based on the design and sensing charac-
D4539 Test Method for Filterability of Diesel Fuels by
teristics of the liquid-in-glass thermometers that are used
Low-Temperature Flow Test (LTFT)
successfully in Committee D02 test methods.
D4684 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils at Low Temperature
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D5481 Test Method for Measuring Apparent Viscosity at
standard.
High-TemperatureandHigh-ShearRatebyMulticellCap-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
illary Viscometer
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D5853 Test Method for Pour Point of Crude Oils
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D6371 Test Method for Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
and Heating Fuels
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D6821 Test Method for LowTemperatureViscosity of Drive
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Line Lubricants in a Constant Shear Stress Viscometer
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D6896 Test Method for Determination of Yield Stress and
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Apparent Viscosity of Used Engine Oils at Low Tempera-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
ture
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D7279 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
and Opaque Liquids by Automated Houillon Viscometer
D7962 Practice for Determination of Minimum Immersion
2. Referenced Documents
Depth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measure-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: ment Drift
D8210 Test Method for Automatic Determination of Low-
D97 Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent Temperature Viscosity of Automatic Transmission Fluids,
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos- Hydraulic Fluids, and Lubricants Using a Rotational
ity) Viscometer
D2162 Practice for Basic Calibration of Master Viscometers E563 Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
and Viscosity Oil Standards as a Reference Temperature
D2500 Test Method for Cloud Point of Petroleum Products
E644 Test Methods for Testing Industrial Resistance Ther-
and Liquid Fuels mometers
E1750 Guide for Use of Water Triple Point Cells
E2877 Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers
3
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
2.2 ISO Standard:
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
ISO 17025 General requirements for the competence of
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
testing and calibration laboratories
Current edition approved July 1, 2019. Published July 2019. DOI: 10.1520/
D8278-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D8278−19
3. Terminology variables when measuring the temperature of small static
samples due to differences in temperature probe thermal
3.1 Definitions:
conductivity. Therefore, a DCT that is suitable for use in a
3.1.1 digital contact thermometer (DCT), n—an electronic
stirred constant temperature bath will likely result in tempera-
device consisting
...

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ASTM D7962-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determination of Minimum Immersion Depth and Assessment of Temperature Sensor Measurement Drift

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5.1 This practice provides a means for the users of ASTM Committee D02 standards to monitor the drift in sensed temperature of liquid-in-glass thermometer (LiG), and digital contact thermometers (DCT). Digital contact thermometers are sometimes referred to as portable electronic thermometers (PET) or simply digital thermometers.  
5.2 This practice is not suitable for determining the accuracy or calibration of a temperature-measuring device as the error in the ice bath temperature can be greater than 0.02 °C. For greater accuracy, the user should use Practice E563 to prepare the ice bath.  
5.3 The ice point is a common practical industrial reference point of thermometry. The ice point is relatively simple to realize and provides a readily available natural fixed-point reference temperature.  
5.4 This practice only checks the measurement drift at a single temperature. It will not detect a change in measurement response with change in temperature. Temperature-measuring devices should be recalibrated at set intervals. See device supplier for recommendations.  
5.5 This practice provides a technique to determine minimum immersion depth of the sensing probe of the thermometer using an ice bath. The minimum immersion depth determined by this practice may change when the differential temperature differs significantly from the conditions described. A greater differential will likely increase the minimum immersion depth.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes two procedures for use with temperature measurement devices. Methodology is described for determining minimum immersion depth for thermal sensors, in particular RTDs or similar temperature sensors. Included is a procedure for consistently preparing a reference bath for the purpose of monitoring measurement drift of thermal sensors such as liquid-in-glass or digital contact thermometers.  
1.2 This practice focuses on temperature measurement drift in a laboratory. If the user requires greater measurement accuracy, then they should follow the instructions in Practice E563.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8164-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Digital Contact Thermometers for Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricant Testing

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5.1 The information in the examples of this guide are intended to be a starting point for determining the appropriate DCT criteria for a test method that measures a temperature-dependent property of a product within the scope of Committee D02. The criteria examples noted in this guide are based on the liquid-in-glass (LiG) thermometer design components, which are the bulb length, immersion depth, precision of measurement, thermometer position, and so forth. The parameters such as sensor length, immersion depth, and sheath diameter are especially critical when measuring the temperature of small static samples. This is due in part to the difference in thermal conductivity of a LiG vs. a DCT, however other aspects of the devices can contribute to unequal results. For example a DCT that is suitable for use in a stirred constant temperature bath will likely result in measurement errors when used to measure the temperature of a small static sample. This difference can be a degree or more when the sample temperature differs from room temperature by 40 °C or more using a 7 mm probe. This error is due to the difference in thermal conductivity and specific heat value of a DCT and LiG thermometer, however other aspects of the two different devices can contribute unequal results. One way to counter this is by reducing DCT sheath diameter, insulating the sheath above the immersion level, and using a probe that has a small immersion depth as determined by Practice D7962. For more guidance on selecting an appropriate DCT, see Guide E2877.  
5.2 When replacing a LiG thermometer with a DCT noted in this guide and the test method does not list any DCT criteria, it is incumbent on the user to verify the suitability of the DCT they have selected. This can be done by comparing measurements made with the selected DCT to those of a LiG thermometer and following the test procedure. Comparative measurements are especially important when measuring the temperature of a small static sample wh...
SCOPE
1.1 The intent of this guide is to suggest an initial configuration and provide guidance when establishing the appropriate criteria needed for a DCT to correctly measure the temperature in a laboratory test method for products within the scope of this committee. This guide includes examples of the approximate digital contact thermometer (DCT) criteria that was found suitable for measuring temperature in the test methods utilized by Committee D02.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D8278-20(Specification)
Standard Specification for Digital Contact Thermometers for Test Methods Measuring Flow Properties of Fuels and Lubricants

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1.1 This specification establishes criteria for digital contact thermometers (DCT) for use in test methods that measure flow properties of materials within the scope of Committee D02. The DCT criteria are based on the design and sensing characteristics of the liquid-in-glass thermometers that are used successfully in Committee D02 test methods.  
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ASTM D6744-06(2017)e1(Test Method)
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5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a steady-state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity of carbon materials in thicknesses of less than 25 mm. The test method is useful for homogeneous materials having a thermal conductivity in the approximate range 1−4  m2 ·K/W) over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W/(m·K).
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ASTM E839-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Sheathed Thermocouples and Sheathed Thermocouple Cable

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.  
5.2 The usefulness and purpose of the included tests are given for the category of tests.  
5.3 Warning—Users should be aware that certain characteristics of thermocouples might change with time and use. If a thermocouple’s designed shipping, storage, installation, or operating temperature has been exceeded, that thermocouple’s moisture seal may have been compromised and may no longer adequately prevent the deleterious intrusion of water vapor. Consequently, the thermocouple’s condition established by test at the time of manufacture may not apply later. In addition, inhomogeneities can develop in thermoelements because of exposure to higher temperatures, even in cases where maximum exposure temperatures have been lower than the suggested upper use temperature limits specified in Table 1 of Specification E608/E608M. For this reason, calibration of thermocouples destined for delivery to a customer is not recommended. Because the emf indication of any thermocouple depends upon the condition of the thermoelements along their entire length, as well as the temperature profile pattern in the region of any inhomogeneity, the emf output of a used thermocouple will be unique to its installation. Because temperature profiles in calibration equipment are unlikely to duplicate those of the installation, removal of a used thermocouple to a separate apparatus for calibration is not recommended. Instead, in situ calibration by comparison to a similar thermocouple known to be good is often recommended.
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1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.  
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1.3.2 Sheath Properties:  
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4.1 The oxygen consumption principle, used for the measurements described here, is based on the observation that, generally, the net heat of combustion is directly related to the amount of oxygen required for combustion (1).7 Approximately 13.1 MJ of heat are released per 1 kg of oxygen consumed. Test specimens in the test are burned in ambient air conditions, while being subjected to a prescribed external heating source.  
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4.3 The primary measurements are oxygen concentration and exhaust gas flow rate. Additional measurements include the specimen ignitability, the smoke obscuration generated, the specimen mass loss rate, the effective heat of combustion and the yields of combustion products from the test specimen.  
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1.1 This practice deals with methods to construct, calibrate, and use full scale oxygen consumption calorimeters to help minimize testing result discrepancies between laboratories.  
1.2 The methodology described herein is used in a number of ASTM test methods, in a variety of unstandardized test methods, and for research purposes. This practice will facilitate coordination of generic requirements, which are not specific to the item under test.  
1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from the test methods using this technique are those associated with heat release from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Other fire-test-response characteristics also are determined.  
1.4 This practice is intended to apply to the conduction of different types of tests, including both some in which the objective is to assess the comparative fire performance of products releasing low amounts of heat or smoke and some in which the objective is to assess whether flashover will occur.  
1.5 This practice does not provide pass/fail criteria that can be used as a regulatory tool, nor does it describe a test method for any material or product.  
1.6 For use of the SI system of units in referee decisions, see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.
Note 1: This is the standard caveat described in section F2.2.2.1 of the Form and Style for ASTM Standards manual for fire-test-response standards. In actual fact, this practice does not provide quantitative measures.  
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ASTM E452-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.  
5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E1363-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Temperature Calibration of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermomechanical analyzers are employed in their various modes of operation (penetration, expansion, flexure, etc.) to characterize a wide range of materials. In most cases, the value to be assigned in thermomechanical measurements is the temperature of the transition (or event) under study. Therefore, the temperature axis (abscissa) of all TMA thermal curves must be accurately calibrated either by direct reading of a temperature sensor or by adjusting the programmer temperature to match the actual temperature over the temperature range of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the temperature calibration of thermomechanical analyzers from −50 °C to 1500 °C. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
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Standard Test Method for Elapsed Time Calibration of Thermal Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most thermal analysis experiments are carried out under increasing temperature conditions where temperature is the independent parameter. Some experiments, however, are carried out under isothermal temperature conditions where the elapsed time to an event is measured as the independent parameter. Isothermal Kinetics (Test Methods E2070), Thermal Stability (Test Method E487), Oxidative Induction Time (OIT) (Test Methods D3895, D4565, D5483, E1858, and Specification D3350) and Loss-on-Drying (Test Methods E1868) are common examples of these kinds of experiments.  
5.2 Modern scientific instruments, including thermal analyzers, usually measure elapsed time with excellent precision and accuracy. In such cases, it may only be necessary to confirm the performance of the instrument by comparison to a suitable reference. Only rarely will it may be required to correct the calibration of an instrument's elapsed time signal through the use of a calibration factor.  
5.3 It is necessary to obtain elapsed time signal conformity only to 0.1 times the repeatability relative standard deviation (standard deviation divided by the mean value) expressed as a percent for the test method in which the thermal analyzer is to be used. For those test methods listed in Section 2 this conformity is 0.1 %.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the calibration or performance confirmation of the elapsed-time signal from thermal analyzers.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Performance Validation of Thermomechanical Analyzers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular thermomechanical analyzer apparatus.  
5.2 This test method may be used to determine and validate the performance of a particular method based upon thermomechanical analyzer temperature or length change measurements.  
5.3 This test method may be used to determine the repeatability of a particular apparatus, operator, or laboratory.  
5.4 This test method may be used for specification and regulatory compliance purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for validating temperature and length change measurements of thermomechanical analyzers (TMA) and analytical methods based upon the measurement of temperature and length change. Performance parameters include temperature repeatability, linearity, and bias; and dimension change repeatability, detection limit, quantitation limit, linearity, and bias.  
1.2 Validation of apparatus performance and analytical methods is a necessary requirement for quality initiatives. Results may also be used for legal purposes.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    8 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off