ASTM D5875-95(2000)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers cable-tool drilling and sampling procedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
1.2 Several sampling methods exist for obtaining samples from drill holes for geoenvironmental purposes and subsequent laboratory testing. Selection of a particular drilling procedure should be made on the basis of sample types needed and geohydrologic conditions observed at the study site.
1.3 Drilling procedures for geoenvironmental exploration often will involve safety planning, administration and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
Note 1--This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Designation: D 5875 – 95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Guide for
Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling Methods for
Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installation of
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5875; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers cable-tool drilling and sampling 2.1 ASTM Standards:
procedures used for geoenvironmental exploration and instal- D 420 Guide for Site Characterization for Engineering De-
lation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices. sign and Construction Purposes
1.2 Several sampling methods exist for obtaining samples D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
fromdrillholesforgeoenvironmentalpurposesandsubsequent Fluids
laboratory testing. Selection of a particular drilling procedure D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by
should be made on the basis of sample types needed and Auger Borings
geohydrologic conditions observed at the study site. D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
1.3 Drilling procedures for geoenvironmental exploration Sampling of Soils
often will involve safety planning, administration and docu- D 1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Geotechnical Sam-
mentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address pling of Soils
exploration and site safety. D 2113 Practice for Diamond Core Drilling for Site Inves-
tigation
NOTE 1—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical
D 2487 Test Method for Classification of Soils for Engi-
site characterizations that are addressed in a separate guide.
neering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
information only. 2
D 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 2
Samples
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D 4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 2
ing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
Well)
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
D 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting of Rock
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
Core Samples
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
D 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
D 5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Ground Water
document means only that the document has been approved
Wells, Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and
through the ASTM consensus process. 2
Other Devices for Environmental Activities
D 5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explora-
tions of Soil and Rock
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rockand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published February 1996. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5875 – 95 (2000)
D 5521 Development of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in The total length of this assembly is used to determine drilling
Granular Aquifers depth by referencing the position of the top of the string to a
D 5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental datum near the ground surface.
Purposes 3.2.12 drive shoe—a forged- or machined-steel collar either
D 5782 Guide for the Use of Casing Advancement Drilling a threaded- or drop-type attached to the upper joint of casing to
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal- protect the casing threads during driving operations.
lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices 3.2.13 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or primary
D 5783 Guide for the Use of Direct-Rotary Drilling with filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
Water-Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Explo- gravel pack is usually granular material, having specified
ration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring
Monitoring Devices device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter
D 5784 Guide for the Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for pack or gravel envelope is to act as: a non-clogging filter when
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of the aquifer is not suited to natural development or, a formation
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices stabilizer when the aquifer is suitable for natural development.
3.2.13.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
3. Terminology
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
3.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance pre-packed screen may be used.
with Terminology D 653 with the addition of the following: 3.2.14 grout shoe—a drillable “plug” containing a check
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: valve that is positioned within the lowermost section of a
3.2.1 bailer—a long, narrow bucket, made from a piece of casing column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill
large-diameter pipe with a dart valve in the bottom, used to the annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or
remove cuttings from the borehole. another casing.
3.2.2 bentonite—the common name for drilling-fluid addi- 3.2.14.1 Discussion—The composition (or mix) of the drill-
tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of able “plug” should be known and documented. A grout shoe
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products would probably only be installed in a cable-tool drilled hole if
have chemical additives which may affect water-quality analy- the hole was to be continued on by a rotary-type drilling rig.
ses. 3.2.15 grout packer—a reusable inflatable or expandable
3.2.3 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly-shaped par- annular plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually posi-
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried tioned immediately above the discharge end of the pipe.
and separated into a specific size range. 3.2.16 intermittent sampling devices—usually barrel-type
3.2.4 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disc-shaped samplers that are driven below the bottom of a borehole with
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac- drill rods or with a wireline system to lower, drive, and retrieve
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the the sampler following completion of an increment of drilling.
water-quality analysis). The user is referred to the following standards relating to
3.2.5 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D , suggested sampling methods and procedures: Practice D 1452,
u 60 10
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer Test Method D 1586, Practice D 3550, and Practice D 1587.
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is 3.2.17 in-situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used to
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the obtain mechanical- or chemical-test data, that are typically
cumulative particle-size distribution curve. pushed, rotated or driven below the bottom of a borehole
3.2.6 collar—the section of a drill tool between the wrench following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
square and the pin or box joint. some in-situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
3.2.7 dart valve—atypeofvalveusedonabailer,thatopens transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and etc.) may
when the bailer drops through the cuttings at the bottom of the require lowering and setting of the device(s) in pre-existing
borehole. boreholes by means of a suspension line or a string of lowering
3.2.8 drill bit—the steel tool on the lower end of the string rods or pipes. Centralizers may be required to correctly
of tools which does the actual drilling; shaped to perform the position the device(s) in the borehole.
operations of penetration, reaming, crushing, and mixing. 3.2.18 jars—a tool composed of two connected links or
3.2.9 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub- reins with vertical play between them (see Fig. 1 (4)). Drilling
surface by mechanical means. Also known as a borehole or jars have a stroke of 9- to 18-in. whereas, fishing jars have a
boring. stroke of 18- to 36-in. (7 mm). Jars permit a sudden upward
3.2.10 drill stem—a steel tool composed of a round bar of load or shock to loosen a string of tools stuck in the borehole.
steelwithapinjointatitsupperendandaboxjointatitslower 3.2.19 sand pump—bailer made of tubing with a hinge-flap
end that is placed below the jars in a string of drilling tools to valve and a plunger that works inside the barrel. It is used in
furnish the necessary weight to the tool string. sand and gravel where the dart-valve bailer will not pick up the
3.2.11 drill string—the complete cable-tool drilling assem- materials adequately.
bly including bit, drill rods and connector assemblies (subs).
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09. end of the text.
D 5875 – 95 (2000)
FIG. 1 Diagram of a Cable Tool Drilling System
3.2.20 spear—a fishing tool used when the drilling line or 3.2.22 subsurface water-quality monitoring device—an
sand line breaks leaving the drilling tools or bailer in the hole instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
with the line on top of the lost tools.
analysis of the chemical, biological or radiological character-
3.2.21 swivel socket—a socket that permits the tool string to
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure-
spin or turn during the drilling action (sometimes referred to as
ments.
a “rope socket”).
D 5875 – 95 (2000)
3.2.23 wrench square—a square section on any drilling tool beam, that is driven by the pitman and crank, imparts a
by which the joints are set up or broken. reciprocating motion to the drilling line (see Fig. 3 (6)).
NOTE 4—All cable-tool rigs have the capacity to lift and drop heavy
4. Significance and Use
drive clamps for installing large-diameter casing in unconsolidated mate-
4.1 Cable-toolrigs(alsoreferredtoaschurnrigs,water-well
rials.
drilling rigs, spudders, or percussion rigs) are used in the oil
5.2 Water-well drilling rigs have been converted (for the
fields and in the water-well industry. The Chinese developed
purpose of geoenvironmental-engineering explorations) by
the percussion method some 4000 years ago.
replacing the jars and stem, and replacing the chopping bit (see
4.2 Cable-tool drilling and sampling methods may be used
Fig. 1 (3)) with a drive barrel, (see Fig. 4) that is used for
in support of geoenvironmental exploration and for installation
sampling purposes. If the bit becomes stuck in the borehole it
of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices in both uncon-
cannormallybefreedbyupwardblowsofthedrillingjars(jars
solidated and consolidated materials. Cable-tool drilling and
can also be used in the same mode to extract casing). The
sampling may be selected over other methods based on its
primary function of the drilling jars is to transmit the energy
advantages,someofwhichareitshighmobility,lowwateruse,
from the bull wheel to the drill stem and the sample barrel.The
low operating cost, and low maintenance. Cable-tool drilling is
stroke of the drilling jars is 9 to 18 in. (0.23 to 0.46 m) and
the most widely available casing-advancement method that is
distinguishes them from fishing jars that have a stroke 18 to 36
restricted to the drilling of unconsolidated materials and softer
in. (0.46 to 0.91 m). Jars are often not used when hard-rock
rocks.
drilling (6, 7).
4.2.1 The application of cable-tool drilling and sampling to
5.3 The swivel socket connects the drill string to the cable
geoenvironmental exploration may involve sampling uncon-
and, in addition, the weight of the socket supplies part of the
solidated materials. Depth of drill holes may exceed 3000 ft
weight of the drill tools. The socket also imparts part of the
(914 m) and may be limited by the length of cable attached to
upward energy to the jars when their use becomes necessary.
the bull reel. However, most drill holes for geoenvironmental
The socket transmits the rotation of the cable to the tool string
exploration rarely are required to go that deep. Rates for
and bit (drive barrel) so that the drive is completed on the
cable-tool drilling and sampling can vary from a general
downstroke, thereby assuring that a round, straight hole will
average of as much as 25 to 30 ft/h (7.6 to 9 m/h) including
result.Theelementsofthetoolstringarecoupledtogetherwith
setting 8 in. (2.4 m) diameter casing to considerably less than
right-hand threaded tool joints of standard API (American
that depending on the type(s) of material drilled, and the type
Petroleum Institute) design and dimension (7).
and condition of the equipment and rig used.
5.4 The wire cable that carries and rotates the drilling tool is
NOTE 2—As a general rule, cable-tool rigs are used to sample the
called the drill line. It is a ⁄8-in. (16-mm) to 1-in. (25-mm)
surficial materials, and to set surface casing in order that rotary-core rigs
left-hand lay cable that twists the tool joint on each u
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