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ASTM F3278-17

(Specification)

Standard Performance Specification for Hand-Held Metal Detectors Used in Safety and Security

Standard Performance Specification for Hand-Held Metal Detectors Used in Safety and Security

SCOPE
1.1 This performance specification applies to all hand-held metal detectors (HHMDs) used to find metal contraband concealed or hidden on people or other objects with accessible surfaces. This performance specification describes baseline performance requirements, which includes metal object detection performance, safety (electrical, mechanical, fire), electromagnetic compatibility, environmental conditions and ranges, and mechanical durability. The requirements for metal detection performance are unique and, therefore, test methods for these parameters are provided, including the design of test objects. An agency or organization using this performance specification is encouraged to add their unique operationally-based requirements to those requirements listed in this baseline performance specification.  
1.2 This performance specification describes the use of spherical test objects, instead of actual threat objects or exemplars of threat objects, to test the detection performance of hand-held metal detectors. Spherical test objects are used because the detectability of spherical test objects is not orientation dependent, whereas this is not true for non-spherical test objects. This orientation-dependent detectability of non-spherical test objects may allow a HHMD to be incorrectly attributed a higher performance capability than that HHMD is capable of providing. To aid agencies wishing to add specific threat objects to their detection performance requirements, included in Annex A1 is the analysis of the probability of detection for different orientations of agency-specific threat objects.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2017
ICS
13.320 - Alarm and warning systems
Technical Committee
F12 - Security Systems and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F12.60 - Controlled Access Security, Search, and Screening Equipment
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F3278-19 - Standard Performance Specification for Hand-Held Metal Detectors Used in Safety and Security
Effective Date
01-Apr-2019
Referred By
ASTM F3356-19a - Standard Practice for Conformity Assessment of Metal Detectors Used in Safety and Security
Effective Date
01-Oct-2017

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ASTM F3278-17 - Standard Performance Specification for Hand-Held Metal Detectors Used in Safety and SecurityASTM F3278-17 - Standard Performance Specification for Hand-Held Metal Detectors Used in Safety and Security
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ASTM F3278-17 - Standard Performance Specification for Hand-Held Metal Detectors Used in Safety and Security
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F3278 −17
Standard Performance Specification for
1
Hand-Held Metal Detectors Used in Safety and Security
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 This performance specification applies to all hand-held
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
metal detectors (HHMDs) used to find metal contraband
concealed or hidden on people or other objects with accessible
2. Referenced Documents
surfaces. This performance specification describes baseline
performance requirements, which includes metal object detec-
2
2.1 ISO Standards:
tion performance, safety (electrical, mechanical, fire), electro-
ISO 17025:2005General Requirements for the Competence
magnetic compatibility, environmental conditions and ranges,
of Testing and Calibration Laboratories
and mechanical durability. The requirements for metal detec-
ISO 10012:2003Measurement Management Systems–Re-
tion performance are unique and, therefore, test methods for
quirements for Measurement Processes and Measuring
these parameters are provided, including the design of test
Equipment
objects. An agency or organization using this performance
ISO 14117:2012 Active Implantable Medical De-
specification is encouraged to add their unique operationally-
vices–Electromagnetic Compatibility–EMC Test Proto-
basedrequirementstothoserequirementslistedinthisbaseline
cols for Implantable Cardiac Pacemakers, Implantable
performance specification.
Cardioverter Defibrillators, and Cardiac Resynchroniza-
1.2 This performance specification describes the use of
tion Devices
spherical test objects, instead of actual threat objects or
ISO 14708-1:2000Implants for Surgery–Active Implant-
exemplars of threat objects, to test the detection performance
able Medical Devices–Part 1: General Requirements for
of hand-held metal detectors. Spherical test objects are used
Safety,MarkingandforInformationtobeProvidedbythe
because the detectability of spherical test objects is not
Manufacturer
orientation dependent, whereas this is not true for non-
ISO 14708-2:2012Implants for Surgery–Active Implant-
spherical test objects. This orientation-dependent detectability
able Medical Devices–Part 2: Cardiac Pacemakers
of non-spherical test objects may allow a HHMD to be
ISO 14708-3:2008Implants for Surgery–Active Implant-
incorrectly attributed a higher performance capability than that
able Medical Devices–Part 3: Implantable Neurostimu-
HHMDiscapableofproviding.Toaidagencieswishingtoadd
lators
specific threat objects to their detection performance
ISO 14708-4:2008Implants for Surgery–Active Implant-
requirements, included in Annex A1 is the analysis of the
able Medical Devices – Part 4: Implantable Infusion
probability of detection for different orientations of agency-
Pumps
specific threat objects.
ISO 14708-5:2010Implants for Surgery–Active Implant-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
able Medical Devices–Part 5: Circulatory Support De-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
vices
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ISO 14708-6:2010Implants for Surgery–Active Implant-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
able Medical Devices–Part 6: Particular Requirements
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
forActive Implantable Medical Devices Intended to Treat
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
Tachyarrhythmia (Including Implantable Defibrillators)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ISO 14708-7:2013Implants for Surgery–Active Implant-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
able Medical Devices–Part 7: Particular Requirements
for Cochlear Implant Systems
1
This performance specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
F12 on Security Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F12.60 on Controlled Access Security, Search, and Screening
2
Equipment. Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. DOI: 10.1520/ Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
F3278-17. Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

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F3278−17
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5.1 A complex set of variables affect metal detection and detection sensitivity. Some physical characteristics of metal objects that influence detection are material composition, shape, surface area, surface and internal electrical and magnetic properties, and finish. The orientation of a test object can greatly influence detection as can the direction and speed or changes in speed while passing through the detection zone. Nearby large metal objects and metal moving in near proximity to a metal detector also affect operation, as do temperature and humidity, and can be a cause for nuisance alarms. Additionally, most currently manufactured walk-through metal detectors have some means for programming the operation of the detector for special conditions or requirements; these variables and the effect they have on the operation of in-plant detectors must be considered if a test program is to be effective. This practice is intended to minimize the impact of these variables on the operation of in-plant detectors by systematically testing the installed detectors in the operating environment with the test object(s) specified by the regulatory authority requirements.  
5.2 This practice may be used to determine the critical test object from a group of test objects, its critical orientation, and the critical test path through the detection zone. This information may allow the use of a single test object for setting the operational sensitivity of the detector and performing periodic performance evaluations necessary to ensure a high probability that all test objects in the group are detectible within the capabilities of the detector.  
5.3 The detection sensitivity map(s) generated by this practice provides baseline metal detection data for the specified test objects and can serve as a foundation for in-plant walk-through metal detector set-up and performance evaluation testing. The detection sensitivity map(s) may be incorporated into a detector performance test log in suppo...
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the weakest detection path through the portal aperture and the worst-case orthogonal orientation of metallic test objects. It results in detection sensitivity maps, which model the detection zone in terms related to detection sensitivity and identify the weakest detection paths. Detection sensitivity maps support sensitivity adjustment and performance evaluation procedures (see Practices C1269 and C1309).  
Note 1: Unsymmetrical metal objects possessing a primary longitudinal component, such as handguns and knives, usually have one particular orientation that produces the weakest detection signal. The orientation and the path through the detector aperture where the weakest response is produced may not be the same for all test objects, even those with very similar appearance.
Note 2: In the case of multiple specified test objects or for test objects that are orientation sensitive, it may be necessary to map each object several times to determine the worst-case test object or orientation, or both.  
1.2 This practice is one of several developed to assist operators of walk-through metal detectors with meeting the metal detection performance requirements of the responsible regulatory authority. (See Appendix X2)  
1.3 This practice is neither intended to set performance levels, nor limit or constrain operational technologies.  
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4.1 This guide is intended for use by the designers, evaluators, and users of walk-through metal detectors to be installed to screen persons entering or leaving a controlled access area. This guide is not meant to constrain design liberty but is to be used as a guide in the selection of location and installation of walk-through metal detectors.
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1.1 Some facilities require that personnel entering designated areas be screened for concealed weapons and other metallic materials. Also, personnel exiting designated areas are often screened for metallic shielding material and other types of metallic contraband. Walk-through metal detectors are widely used to implement these requirements. This guide describes various elements to be considered when planning to install walk-through metal detectors.  
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1.1 This standard applies to all hand-worn or glove-type metal detectors used to find metal contraband concealed or hidden on people or other objects with hand-accessible surfaces. Hand-worn metal detectors (HWMDs) are significantly different in design compared to the more common hand-held metal detector (HHMD). For example, the HWMD generates a much more localized magnetic field than does the HHMD and the useful field of the HWMD is normal to the plane of the hand whereas the useful field of the HHMD is multi-directional.  
1.2 This standard describes baseline-performance requirements, which includes metal object detection performance, safety (electrical, mechanical, fire), electromagnetic compatibility, environmental conditions and ranges, and mechanical durability. The requirements for metal detection performance are unique and, therefore, test methods for these parameters are provided, including the design of test objects. An agency or organization using this standard is encouraged to add their unique operationally-based requirements to those requirements listed in this baseline-performance standard.  
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This specification establishes the acceptance requirements and performance testing procedures for all hand-held metal detectors (HHMDs) used to find metal contraband concealed or hidden on people or other objects with accessible surfaces. It covers baseline performance requirements, including metal object detection performance, safety (electrical, mechanical, fire), electromagnetic compatibility, environmental conditions and ranges, and mechanical durability. This performance specification describes the use of spherical test objects, instead of actual threat objects or exemplars of threat objects, to test the detection performance of HHMDs. The spherically shaped test objects are constructed of either aluminum or steel. Their diameters and the metal used for the different classification of HHMD performance are covered by this specification, along with the electrical conductivity and magnetic relative permeability of the metals used in the construction of the test objects. The specification also defines the distance between the measurement plane and the detector plane for the different HHMD size classes, as well as the x-axis scan range.
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1.1 This standard applies to all hand-held metal detectors (HHMDs) used to find metal contraband concealed or hidden on people or other objects with accessible surfaces. This standard describes baseline performance requirements, which includes metal object detection performance, safety (electrical, mechanical, fire), electromagnetic compatibility, environmental conditions and ranges, and mechanical durability. The requirements for metal detection performance are unique and, therefore, test methods for these parameters are provided, including the design of test objects. An agency or organization using this standard is encouraged to add their unique operationally-based requirements to those requirements listed in this baseline performance specification.  
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SCOPE
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This specification establishes baseline performance requirements and additional optional capabilities for handheld point chemical vapor detectors (HPCVD) intended for homeland security applications. It provides HPCVD designers, manufacturers, integrators, procurement personnel, end users/practitioners, and responsible authorities a common set of parameters to match capabilities and user needs. The document specifies chemical detection performance requirements, system requirements, environmental requirements, manuals and documentation, product marking, and packaging.
SCOPE
1.1 General:  
1.1.1 This document presents baseline performance requirements and additional optional capabilities for handheld point chemical vapor detectors (HPCVD) for homeland security applications. This document is one of several that describe chemical vapor detectors (for example, handheld and stationary) and chemical detection capabilities including: chemical vapor hazard detection, identification, and quantification. An HPCVD is capable of detecting and alarming when exposed to chemical vapors that pose a risk as defined by the Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals (AEGL).  
1.1.2 This document provides the HPCVD baseline requirements, including performance, system, environmental, and documentation requirements. This document provides HPCVD designers, manufacturers, integrators, procurement personnel, end users/practitioners, and responsible authorities a common set of parameters to match capabilities and user needs.  
1.1.3 This document is not meant to provide for all uses. Manufacturers, purchasers, and end users will need to determine specific requirements including, but not limited to, use by HAZMAT teams, use in explosive atmospheres, use with personal protective equipment (PPE), use by firefighters and law enforcement officers, special electromagnetic compatibility needs, extended storage periods, and extended mission time. These specific requirements may or may not be generally applicable to all HPCVDs.  
1.2 Operational Concepts—HPCVDs are used to detect, identify, classify, or quantify, or combinations thereof, chemical vapor hazards that pose 30-min Acute Exposure Guideline Level-2 (AEGL-2) dangers. The HPCVD should not alarm to environmental background chemical vapors and should provide low false positive alarm rates and no false negatives. Uses of an HPCVD include search and rescue, survey, surveillance, sampling, and temporary fixed-site monitoring. An HPCVD should withstand the rigors associated with uses including, but not limited to, high- and low-temperature use and storage conditions; shock and vibration; radio frequency interference; and rapid changes in operating temperature, pressure, and humidity.  
1.3 HPCVD Chemical Detection Capabilities—Manufacturers document and verify, through testing, the chemical detection capabilities of the HPCVD. Test methods for assessing chemical detection capabilities are available from the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense and are listed in Appendix X3.  
1.4 HPCVD System and Environmental Properties—Manufacturers document and verify, through testing, the system and environmental properties of the HPCVD. Example test methods for assessing the system and environmental properties are listed in Appendix X4.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in 29 CFR 1910.1000, Subpart Z, designates that certain gases and vapors present in work place atmospheres must be controlled so that their concentrations do not exceed specified limits. Other countries have similar regulations.  
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5.3 A partial list of chemicals for which this practice is applicable is presented in Appendix X1 with current National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) recommended exposure limit (REL) values (2) and typical measurement ranges for the selected chemicals as obtained from various manufacturer’s specifications. This list is for guidance purposes only; the user of this practice is responsible for determining the applicability of commercially available tubes to specific exposure limits.  
5.4 This practice may be used for either personal or area monitoring.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the detection and measurement of time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of toxic gases or vapors using length-of-stain colorimetric dosimeter tubes. A list of some of the gases and vapors that can be detected by this practice is provided in Appendix X1. This list is given as a guide and should be considered neither absolute nor complete.  
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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