ASTM C1383-23
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method
Standard Test Method for Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used as a substitute for, or in conjunction with, coring to determine the thickness of slabs, pavements, decks, walls, or other plate structures. There is a certain level of systematic error in the calculated thickness due to the discrete nature of the digital records that are used. The absolute systematic error depends on the plate thickness, the sampling interval, and the sampling period.
4.2 Because the wave speed can vary from point-to-point in the structure due to differences in concrete age or batch-to-batch variability, the wave speed is measured (Procedure A) at each point where a thickness determination (Procedure B) is required.
4.3 This test method is a pplicable to plate-like structures with lateral dimensions at least six times the thickness. These minimum lateral dimensions are necessary to prevent other modes3 of vibration from interfering with the identification of the thickness mode frequency in the amplitude spectrum. As explained in Note 12, the minimum lateral dimensions and acceptable sampling period are related.
4.4 The maximum and minimum thickness that can be measured is limited by the details of the testing apparatus (transducer response characteristics and the specific impactor). The limits shall be specified by manufacturer of the apparatus, and the apparatus shall not be used beyond these limits. If test equipment is assembled by the user, thickness limitations shall be established and documented.
4.5 This test method is not applicable to plate structures with overlays, such as a concrete bridge deck with an asphalt or portland cement concrete overlay. The method is based on the assumption that the concrete plate has the same P-wave speed throughout its depth.
4.6 Procedure A is performed on concrete that is air dry as high surface moisture content may affect the results.
4.7 Procedure B is applicable to a concrete plate resting on a subgrade of soil, gravel, permeable asphalt concrete, or lea...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the thickness of concrete slabs, pavements, bridge decks, walls, or other plate-like structures using the impact-echo method.
1.2 The following two procedures are covered in this test method:
1.2.1 Procedure A: P-Wave Speed Measurement—This procedure measures the time it takes for the P-wave generated by a short-duration, point impact to travel between two transducers positioned a known distance apart along the surface of a structure. The P-wave speed is calculated by dividing the distance between the two transducers by the travel time.
1.2.2 Procedure B: Impact-Echo Test—This procedure measures the frequency at which the P-wave generated by a short-duration, point impact is reflected between the parallel (opposite) surfaces of a plate. The thickness is calculated from this measured frequency and the P-wave speed obtained from Procedure A.
1.2.3 Unless specified otherwise, both Procedure A and Procedure B must be performed at each point where a thickness determination is made.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendatio...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1383 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of
1
Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1383; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
thickness of concrete slabs, pavements, bridge decks, walls, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
other plate-like structures using the impact-echo method.
1.2 The following two procedures are covered in this test
2. Referenced Documents
method:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2.1 Procedure A: P-Wave Speed Measurement—This pro-
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
cedure measures the time it takes for the P-wave generated by
gregates
a short-duration, point impact to travel between two transduc-
C597 Test Method for Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Through
ers positioned a known distance apart along the surface of a
Concrete
structure. The P-wave speed is calculated by dividing the
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
distance between the two transducers by the travel time.
1.2.2 Procedure B: Impact-Echo Test—This procedure mea-
3. Terminology
sures the frequency at which the P-wave generated by a
3.1 Definitions:
short-duration, point impact is reflected between the parallel
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
(opposite) surfaces of a plate. The thickness is calculated from
to Terminology C125 and Terminology E1316.
this measured frequency and the P-wave speed obtained from
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Procedure A.
3.2.1 acoustic impedance, n—the product of P-wave speed
1.2.3 Unless specified otherwise, both Procedure A and
and density that is used in computations of characteristics of
Procedure B must be performed at each point where a thickness
stress wave reflection at boundaries.
determination is made.
3.2.2 P-wave, n—the dilatational (longitudinal or primary)
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
stress wave that causes particle displacement parallel to the
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
direction of wave propagation: this wave produces normal
standard.
stresses (tensile or compressive) as it propagates.
1.4 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes
3.2.3 P-wave speed, n—the speed with which the P-wave
that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
propagates through a semi-infinite solid.
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered
3.2.3.1 Discussion—The P-wave speed is the same as the
as requirements of the standard.
compressional pulse velocity measured according to Test
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Method C597.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3,4
3.2.4 apparent P-wave speed in a plate , n—a wave speed
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
that is equal to 0.96 of the P-wave speed:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Sansalone, M. and Streett, W.B., Impact-Echo: Nondestructive Evaluation of
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Concrete and Masonry, Bullbrier Press, Ithaca, NY and Jersey Shore, PA, 1997.
4
C09.64 on Nondestructive and In-Place Testing. Sansalone, M., Lin, J. M., and Streett, W. B., “A Procedure for Determining
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2023. Published February 2024. Originally P-wave Speed in Concrete for Use in Impact-Echo Testing Using P-wave Speed
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2022 as C1383 – 15(2022). Measurement Technique,” ACI Journal, Vol. 94, No. 6, November–December 1997,
DOI: 10.1520/C1383-23. pp. 531–53
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1383 − 15 (Reapproved 2022) C1383 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the P-Wave Speed and the Thickness of
1
Concrete Plates Using the Impact-Echo Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1383; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the thickness of concrete slabs, pavements, bridge decks, walls, or other
plate-like structurestructures using the impact-echo method.
1.2 The following two procedures are covered in this test method:
1.2.1 Procedure A: P-Wave Speed Measurement—This procedure measures the time it takes for the P-wave generated by a
short-duration, point impact to travel between two transducers positioned a known distance apart along the surface of a structure.
The P-wave speed is calculated by dividing the distance between the two transducers by the travel time.
1.2.2 Procedure B: Impact-Echo Test—This procedure measures the frequency at which the P-wave generated by a short-duration,
point impact is reflected between the parallel (opposite) surfaces of a plate. The thickness is calculated from this measured
frequency and the P-wave speed obtained from Procedure A.
1.2.3 Unless specified otherwise, both Procedure A and Procedure B must be performed at each point where a thickness
determination is made.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 The text of this standard references refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.64 on
Nondestructive and In-Place Testing.
Current edition approved June 1, 2022Dec. 15, 2023. Published June 2022February 2024. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20152022 as
C1383 – 15.C1383 – 15(2022). DOI: 10.1520/C1383-15R22.10.1520/C1383-23.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C1383 − 23
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
C597 Test Method for Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125 and Terminology E1316.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 acoustic impedance, n—the product of P-wave speed and density that is used in computations of characteristics of stress
wave reflection at boundaries.
3.2.2 P-wave, n—the dilatational (longitudinal or primary) stress wave that causes particle displacement parallel to the direction
of wave propagation: this wave produces normal stresses (tensile or compressive) as it propagates.
3.2.3 P-wave speed, n—the speed with which the P-wave propagates through a semi-infinite solid.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—
The P-wave speed is the same as the compressional pulse velocity measured according to Test Method C597.
3,4
3.2.4 apparent P-wave speed in a plate , n—a wave speed that is equal to 0.96 of the P-wave speed:
C 5 0.96 C (1)
p, plate p
where:
C = the apparent P-wave speed in a plate, m/s, and
p, plate
C = the P-wave speed in concrete that is obtained from Procedure A, m/s.
p
3.2.4.1 Di
...
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