ASTM D5405-98
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conducting Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) Tests of Joints Fabricated from Nonbituminous Organic Roof Membrane Material
Standard Test Method for Conducting Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) Tests of Joints Fabricated from Nonbituminous Organic Roof Membrane Material
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory determination of the time-to-failure (creep-rupture) of joints fabricated from nonbituminous organic roof membrane material. The test method covers both T-peel and lap-shear joints subjected to constant tensile load under controlled environmental conditions. The joints, made from either unreinforced or fabric-reinforced membrane material, are prepared in the laboratory or sampled from roofs in service.
1.2 Sheet materials from which the joints are fabricated include vulcanized rubbers, non-vulcanized polymeric sheets, and thermoplastics. The bonding methods for joint formation include the use of liquid-based adhesives, preformed tapes, and thermal and solvent weld processes.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D 5405 – 98
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) Tests of Joints
Fabricated from Nonbituminous Organic Roof Membrane
Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5405; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers laboratory determination of the 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
time-to-failure (creep-rupture) of joints fabricated from nonbi- method, refer to Terminology D 907 and D 1079.
tuminous organic roof membrane material. The test method 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
covers both T-peel and lap-shear joints subjected to constant 3.2.1 creep-rupture test—a test that measures the time-to-
tensile load under controlled environmental conditions. The failure of a specimen subjected to a constant load; progressive
joints, made from either unreinforced or fabric-reinforced specimen deformation may also be measured.
membrane material, are prepared in the laboratory or sampled 3.2.2 failure—rupture of the bond resulting in complete
from roofs in service. separation of its adherends under the test conditions; or,
1.2 Sheet materials from which the joints are fabricated alternatively, rupture of the membrane material away from the
include vulcanized rubbers, nonvulcanized polymeric sheets, bonded section of the test specimen (that is, material rupture).
and thermoplastics. The bonding methods for joint formation 3.2.3 time-to-failure—the period of time beginning when a
include the use of liquid-based adhesives, preformed tapes, and joint specimen is placed under load and ending when failure
thermal and solvent weld processes. occurs.
1.3 The values stated in S.I. units are to be regarded as the
4. Summary of Test Method
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4.1 This test method is a creep-rupture test without mea-
only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the surement of specimen deformation. The time-to-failure, in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the hours, of joints fabricated from nonbituminous organic roof
membrane materials is measured when subject to constant
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- deadweight loads under controlled temperature and humidity
conditions.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents 5. Significance and Use
5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of joints
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 816 Test Methods for Rubber Cements of nonbituminous membranes is their ability to remain bonded
over the membrane’s expected service life. Time-to-failure
D 907 Terminology Relating to Adhesives
D 1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing, Waterproofing, tests provide a means of characterizing the behavior of joints
under constant load over time.
and Bituminous Materials
D 1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives 5.2 Creep is a sensitive index of rheological properties that
depend on material, load, temperature, and time. Time-to-
(T-Peel Test)
failure data that are obtained over a relatively short time period
can evaluate one factor affecting a joint’s ability to withstand
static loading over a relatively long time period.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-8 on Roofing,
5.3 Time-to-failure data for joints of nonbituminous organic
Waterproofing, and Bituminous Materials and is the direct responsibility of
roof membrane specimens can be used for the following: ( 1)
Subcommittee D08.18 on Nonbituminous Organic Roof Coverings.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1998. Published September 1998. Originally
to provide a measure of the load-carrying ability of the joint as
published as D 5405-93. Last previous edition D 5405-93.
a function of time at various levels of load, temperature, and
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
relative humidity; (2) to characterize the joint with regard to
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.04. factors affecting performance, such as surface preparation of
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5405
the adherend, solvent-based adhesive thickness and open time,
environment during adhesive application and cure, and tem-
perature of thermal welding processes; and ( 3) to compare the
effects of different bonding processes or adhesive bonding
materials on joint performance.
5.4 While it is considered that the results obtained by this
laboratory test may afford a measure of the performance of
seams in service, provided that load, temperature, and humidity
conditions are known, no direct correlation has been estab-
lished.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Test Chamber, of sufficient size to hold a minimum of
15 specimens. The height of the chamber shall be sufficient to
allow suspension of the deadweight loads and specimen
deformation during testing. The chamber shall be structurally
capable of supporting the loads anticipated during testing
without appreciable deflection.
NOTE 1—A minimum height of 600 mm (24 in.) is suitable for the
specimen sizes described in this test method if they are not extremely
extensible. A taller chamber may be needed if they are extremely
extensible.
FIG. 1 Schematic of a T-Peel Specimen Clamped Under Load
6.1.1 Temperature and Humidity Control—The control of
temperature and humidity is important, since small changes in
these variables may produce large changes in time-to-failure.
NOTE 4—If each specimen has its own timer device (see 6.5), it is not
The temperature and relative humidity within the chamber
necessary to load all specimens simultaneously.
shall be controlled within 63°C (6 5°F) and 65 % relative
humidity, respectively, over the duration of the test. Any 6.5 Timer Device, for recording the total time over which
deviations from these limits shall be given in the test report. each individual specimen is under load, or for marking the time
The selected temperature and humidity conditions shall be at which failure of each specimen occurs. The sensitivity of the
uniform throughout the enclosed space (63°C or 65°F and 6 timer shall be as follows:
5 % relative humidity). If this uniformity is achieved through
Failure Time Timer Sensitivity
#25 h 0.1 min
mechanical air circulation, it shall not cause the specimens to
>25 and #100 h 0.01 h
sway, vibrate, or be otherwise disturbed.
>100 h 0.1 h
NOTE 2—Suggested test conditions are as follows: (1) normal ambient
NOTE 5—For investigations involving multiple specimens in the cham-
temperature (approximately 23°C or 73°F) and humidity (50 % relative
ber, a computer-controlled timer that records the time-to-failure has been
humidity); and (2) extremes to which the seams may be subjected in
found to be satisfactory. In this case, a micro-electrical circuit connected
service.
to the computer is set up for each specimen. The circuit consists of a wire
loop, of which one segment is a short length of wire (trigger wire) attached
6.2 Specimen and Load Clamping, The chamber shall be
to each grip on the test specimen and set to stop the computer clock when
equipped with a means for clamping the joint specimens
failure occurs. At the point of attachment at the top grip, the trigger wire
vertically to the top of the interior of the chamber, or other
is inserted in an electrical connector. When the specimen fails and the
suitable upper support. Also, a clamp shall be provided to
deadweight on the lower grip falls, the trigger wire is pulled from the
secure the deadweight loads to the bottom of the joint connector, breaking the circuit and stopping the clock.
specimens. Figs. 1 and 2 show a suggested clamping arrange-
7. Vibration Control
ment including the deadweight load.
6.3 Deadweight Loads, of appropriate mass (see Section
7.1 Because the time-to-failure tests are sensitive to vibra-
10).
tion, select a location of the testing apparatus for minimum
disturbance. When a vibration-free location is not available, the
NOTE 3—It is convenient to have available a means of providing
testing apparatus shall be designed so that the specimens are
variable loads that may differ from test to test, depending on the properties
of the joint specimens and test conditions. Hollow pipe nipples containing isolated from vibration. In addition, precautions shall be taken
lead shot and sealed with end caps provide convenient deadweights. The
to avoid vibration caused by the falling deadweights at
mass of the deadweights is adjusted by adding or removing lead shot.
specimen failure. Caution shall be exercised during testing to
avoid vibration due to normal laboratory activities such as
6.4 Load Application Mechanism—This device allows for
placing all of the joint specimens under load simultaneously. opening and closing doors and bench drawers.
An example of such a device is a large tray, suspended on
NOTE 6—A wire cord, attached to the deadweight and also upper
pulleys, which supports the loads attached to the bottom of the
specimen clamp, minimizes vibration at specimen failure. The cord length
specimens. Lowering the tray allows all test specimens and
must be long enough to allow free fall of the deadweight, but short enough
deadweights attached to them to be suspended freely at once. to prevent it from striking the floor of the test chamber.
D 5405
FIG. 3 Configuration and Dimensions of a T-Peel Specimen
preparation includes additional materials such as primers or
sealants is permissible. When adhesives are used, control the
thickness to 620 % of the value selected for the test specimens
(see 8.1.5). Label each specimen with an identification number.
8.1.3 Lap-Shear Specimens—Prepare lap-shear test speci-
mens, 150 by 25 mm. (6 by 1 in.), 62 %, as shown in Fig. 4.
The length of the bonded lap shall be 25 mm (1 in.) 62%. If
specimens having dimensions other than those specified are
tested, they shall be described in the test report. The sheet
surface preparation and bond formation shall be as given in
8.1.2. Label each specimen with an identification number.
8.1.4 Specimen Cure— The temperature and relative hu-
midity conditions under which the test specimens are prepared
and cured shall be selected by the experimenter and described
in the test report. The temperature and relative humidity shall
FIG. 2 Schematic of a Lap-Shear Specimen Clamped Under Load
be maintained within 63°C (65°F) and 65 % relative humid-
ity of the selected values, respectively.
8. Test Specimens 8.1.5 Adhesive Thickness—When a liquid-based adhesive
or tape is used for bond formation, measure the dry-film
8.1 Laboratory Specimens:
adhesive or tape thickness of each specimen using a convenient
8.1.1 The time-to-failure tests are conducted on either
laboratory method. Describe the measurement method in the
T-peel or lap-shear specimens. Test specimen variables that can
test report.
affect time-to-failure include, depending on the seam fabrica-
tion technique, the method of membrane material surface
NOTE 7—One method for controlling the thickness of the liquid-based
preparation, adhesive thickness, adhesive open time, pressure adhesive layer is to use a drawdown bar or similar device during
application of the adhesive to the membrane sheet. Another method is to
applied during bond formation, thermal weld temperature, and
apply the wet liquid-based adhesive to the membrane sheet at a coverage
weld equipment speed. Other variables that can affect time-to-
quantity based on the solids content of the adhesive. In such cases,
failure are time, temperature, and relative humidity of the
measurements should be performed to establish the thickness-coverage
specimen cure.
relation; if necessary, consult with the membrane manufacturer for
8.1.2 T-Peel Specimens—Prepare T-peel test specimens,
assistance in determining coverage quantities that will provide specific
125 by 25 mm (5 by 1 in.), 62 %, as shown in Fig. 3. The
adhesive thicknesses.
length of the bond shall be 75 mm (3 in.)6 2 %. The test
8.2 Field Specimens:
specimens may be cut from a single section prepared by
bonding two large pieces of sheet membrane material. If
specimens having dimensions other than those specified are
tested, they shall be described in the test report. Prior to bond
formation, prepare the surface of the sheet material according
to the membrane manufacturer’s instructions, or using other
methods that shall be described in the test report. Similarly,
form the joint using a process (that is, adhesive tape, or thermal
or solvent weld) in accordance with the membrane manufac-
turer’s instructions, or using other methods that shall be
described in the test report. The use of test specimens whose FIG. 4 Configuration and Dimensions of a Lap-Shear Specimen
D 5405
creep-rupture life of the joint specimen.
8.2.1 T-peel or lap-shear specimens, having the dimensions
given in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively, may be prepared from
11. Procedure
seams sampled from roofs in service. If the specimens have
11.1 Place the specimens in the upper clamps of the
dimensions other than those given in Figs. 1 and 2, the
chamber by gripping 25 mm (1 in.), 610 %, of the free
specimen dimensions shall be given in the test report. In the
(unadhered) specimen end. Take care to avoid eccentric load-
case of lap-shear specimens, when the length of the bond is
ing of the specimen.
greater than that given in Fig. 2, precautions must be taken to
11.2 Attach the lower clamps and selected loads to the
select sufficiently high deadloads so that failure will occur in a
specimens; grip 25 mm. (1.0 in), 610 %, of the free end of the
reasonable testing time.
specimens in the clamps. The initial distances between the
8.2.2 Record all available pertinent information, including,
clamps are thus 50 mm (2 in.) and 100 mm (4 in.) for the T-peel
but not limited to, specimen age and type, type of membrane
and lap-shear specimens, respectively. Avoid pre-loading by
attachment, and location of the roof, in the test report.
preventing the deadweights from being suspended prematurely.
Check the entire assembly of specimen and loading mechanism
9. Number of Test Specimens and Bond Strength
for alignment; make changes, as necessary, in the assembly
9.1 Prepare a sufficient number of speci
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