ASTM C1528-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Related Components—Natural stone is only one component of a building’construction. All related materials and assemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interactive behavior with the stone product.
Applicable Codes—Every stone application shall comply with applicable building codes. EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONES Top
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who design, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers, architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.
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Designation:C1528–08
Standard Guide for
1
Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one of
the most difficult of all building materials to properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stone
product is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stone
selection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application in
which it is required to perform.
This guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,
common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be used
in combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and any
other available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared with
the assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing this
guide.
Past performance is the best test of a dimension stone’s durability. Yet because the physical
properties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactory
performance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Common
physical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
strength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength.Additional tests may also be required depending on
the material and application.
In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improper
application,ratherthantheinherentpropertiesofthestone.Placingstonesinunsuitableenvironments,
faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials are
frequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,
inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis, inappropriate strength mortars,
staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).
Inselectionofnaturaldimensionstoneproducts,theapplicationaswellastheaestheticappealmust
be considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the selection of the proper stone material,
thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance and
durability requirements of the design.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
neers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who de- C97 TestMethodsforAbsorptionandBulkSpecificGravity
sign, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply of Dimension Stone
natural stone products for construction applications. C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consen- Stone
sus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers, C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
architects,geologists,producers,andinstallersofnaturalstone. C120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
2
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection of For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Exterior Dimension Stone. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved May 15, 2008. Published July 2008. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
C1528-08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1528–08
Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity) 6. Exterior Applications
C121 Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate
6.1 This guide is limited to the discussion of exterior
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension
applications of stone. Of these, there are several major catego-
Stone
ries, which are introduced briefly as follows:
C217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate
7. Load-Bearing Masonry
C241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub-
jected to Foot Traffic
7.1 Load-bearing masonry is perhaps the oldest form of
C503 Specifica
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1528–02 Designation:C1528–08
Standard Guide for
1
Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one of
the most difficult of all building materials to properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stone
product is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stone
selection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application in
which it is required to perform.
This guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,
common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be used
in combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and any
other available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared with
the assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing this
guide.
Past performance is the best test of a dimension stone’s durability. Yet because the physical
properties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactory
performance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Common
physical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
strength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength.Additional tests may also be required depending on
the material and application.
In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improper
application,ratherthantheinherentpropertiesofthestone.Placingstonesinunsuitableenvironments,
faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials are
frequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,
inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis, inappropriate strength mortars,
staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).
Inselectionofnaturaldimensionstoneproducts,theapplicationaswellastheaestheticappealmust
be considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the selection of the proper stone material,
thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance and
durability requirements of the design.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who design, select,
specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,
architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C 97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone
C 99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection of Exterior
Dimension Stone.
Current edition approved June 10, 2002. Published August 2002.
Current edition approved May 15, 2008. Published July 2008.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 04.07.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1528–08
C 119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C 120 Test Methods forof Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)
C 121 Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate
C 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension Stone
C 217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Sla
...
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