ASTM D6710-02(2007)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Evaluation of Hydrocarbon-Based Quench Oil
Standard Guide for Evaluation of Hydrocarbon-Based Quench Oil
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The significance and use of each test method will depend on the system in use and the purpose of the test method listed under Section 6. Use the most recent editions of the test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for testing hydrocarbon-based quench oils for quality and aging.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D6710 – 02 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Guide for
Evaluation of Hydrocarbon-Based Quench Oil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6710; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D4052 Test Method for Density and Relative Density of
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
1.1 This guide covers information without specific limits,
D4530 Test Method for Determination of Carbon Residue
for selecting standard test methods for testing hydrocarbon-
(Micro Method)
based quench oils for quality and aging.
D6200 Test Method for Determination of Cooling Charac-
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
teristics of Quench Oils by Cooling Curve Analysis
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6304 Test Method for Determination of Water in Petro-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
leum Products, Lubricating Oils, andAdditives by Coulo-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
metric Karl Fischer Titration
bility of regulatory limitations prior to its use.
2.2 ISO Standards:
2. Referenced Documents
ISO 9950 Industrial Quenching Oils—Determination of
Cooling Characteristics—Nickel-Alloy Probe Test
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Method, 1995-95-01
D91 Test Method for Precipitation Number of Lubricating
Oils
3. Terminology
D92 Test Method for Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Open Cup Tester
3.1.1 Quench Processing:
D94 Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum
3.1.1.1 austenitization, n—heating a steel containing less
Products
than the eutectoid concentration of carbon (about 0.8 mass %)
D95 Test Method for Water in Petroleum Products and
to a temperature just above the eutectoid temperature to
Bituminous Materials by Distillation
decompose the pearlite microstructure to produce a face-
D189 Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Pe-
centered cubic (fcc) austenite-ferrite mixture.
troleum Products
3.1.1.2 dragout—solution carried out of a bath on the metal
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
being quenched and associated handling equipment.
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
3.1.1.3 martempering, n—cooling steel from the austeniti-
ity)
zation temperature to a temperature just above the start of
D482 Test Method for Ash from Petroleum Products
mertensite transformation (M ) for a time sufficient for the
s
D524 Test Method for Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
temperature to equalize between the surface and the center of
Petroleum Products
the steel, at which point the steel is removed from the quench
D664 Test Method forAcid Number of Petroleum Products
bath and air cooled as shown in Fig. 1. (1)
by Potentiometric Titration
3.1.1.4 protective atmosphere, n—any atmosphere that will
D974 Test Method for Acid and Base Number by Color-
inhibit oxidation of the metal surface during austenitization, or
Indicator Titration
it may be used to protect the quenching oil, which may be an
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
inert gas such as nitrogen or argon or a gas used for a heat
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
treating furnace.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
3.1.1.5 quench media, n—anymedium,eitherliquid(water,
oil, molten salt, or lead, aqueous solutions of water-soluble
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
polymers or salt-brines) or gas or combinations of liquid and
ProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD02.L0.06
gas (air at atmospheric pressure, or pressurized nitrogen,
on Nonlubricating Process Fluids.
helium,hydrogen)suchasair-waterspray,usedtofacilitatethe
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D6710–02. DOI:
10.1520/D6710-02R07.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the ASTM website. this standard.
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D6710 – 02 (2007)
FIG. 1 (a) Conventional Quenching Cycle; (b) Martempering
cooling of metal in such a way as to achieve the desired 3.1.2.6 wettability, n—when a heated metal, such as the
physical properties or microstructure. probe illustrated in Fig. 5, is immersed into a quenching
3.1.1.6 quench severity, n—the ability of a quenching oil to medium, the cooling process shown in Fig. 6 occurs by initial
extract heat from a hot metal traditionally defined by the vapor blanket formation followed by collapse, at which point
quenching speed (cooling rate) at 1300°F (705°C) which was the metal surface is wetted by the quenching medium. (4)
related to a Grossmann H-Value or Quench Severity Factor 3.1.3 Quench Oil Classification:
(H-Factor).(2) 3.1.3.1 accelerated quenching oil, n—also referred to as a
3.1.1.7 quenching, n—cooling process from a suitable el- fast or high-speed oil, these are oils that contain additions that
evated temperature used to facilitate the formation of the facilitate collapse of the vapor blanket surrounding the hot
desired microstructure and properties of a metal as shown in metal immediately upon immersion into the quenching oil, as
Fig. 2. shown in Fig. 3.
3.1.1.8 transformation temperature, n—characteristic tem- 3.1.3.2 conventional quenching oil, n—also called slow
peratures that are important in the formation of martensitic oils, these oils typically exhibit substantial film-boiling char-
microstructure as illustrated in Fig. 2;A – equilibrium auste- acteristics, commonly referred to as vapor blanket cooling due
e
nitizationphasechangetemperature;M –temperatureatwhich to relatively stable vapor blanket formation, illustrated mecha-
s
transformation of austenite to martensite starts during cooling; nistically in Fig. 2.
and M– temperature at which transformation of austenite to 3.1.3.3 marquenching oils, n—also referred to as mar-
f
martensite is completed during cooling. quenching oils or hot oils, these oils are typically used at
3.1.2 Cooling Mechanisms: temperatures between 95 to 230°C (203 to 446°F) and are
3.1.2.1 convective cooling, n—after continued cooling, the usually formulated to optimize oxidative and thermal stability
interfacial temperature between the cooling metal surface and by the addition of antioxidants and because they are used at
the quenching oil will be less than the boiling point of the oil, relatively high temperatures, a protective or non-oxidizing
at which point cooling occurs by a convective cooling process environment is often employed, which permits much higher
as illustrated in Fig. 3. use temperatures than open-air conditions.
3.1.2.2 full-film boiling, n—upon initial immersion of hot 3.1.3.4 quenching oil, n—although usually derived from a
steel into a quench oil, a vapor blanket surrounds the metal petroleum oil, they may also be derived from natural oils such
surface as shown in Fig. 3. This is full-film boiling also as vegetable oils or synthetic oils such as poly(alpha olefin).
commonly called vapor blanket cooling. They are used to mediate heat transfer from a heated metal,
3.1.2.3 Leidenfrost temperature, n—the characteristic tem- such as austenitized steel, to control the microstructure that is
perature where the transition from full-film boiling (vapor formed upon cooling and also control distortion and minimize
blanket cooling) to nucleate boiling occurs which is indepen- cracking which may accompany the cooling process.
dent of the initial temperature of the metal being quenched as 3.1.4 Cooling Curve Terminology:
illustrated in Fig. 4. (3) 3.1.4.1 cooling curve, n—a graphic representation of the
3.1.2.4 nucleate boiling—upon continued cooling, the va- temperature(T)versuscoolingtime(t)responseofaprobe.An
por blanket that initially forms around the hot metal collapses example is illustrated in Fig. 3. (5)
and a nucleate boiling process, the fastest cooling portion of 3.1.4.2 cooling curve analysis, n—process of quantifying
the quenching process, occurs as illustrated in Fig. 3. the cooling characteristics of a quenching oil based on the
3.1.2.5 vapor blanket cooling, n—See full-film boiling time-temperatureprofileobtainedbycoolingapreheatedprobe
(3.1.2.2). assembly (Fig. 5).
D6710 – 02 (2007)
FIG. 2 Transformation Diagram for a Low-Alloy Steel with Cooling Curves for Various Quenching Media (A) High Speed Oil (B)
Conventional Oil
FIG. 3 Cooling Mechanisms for a Quenching Oil Superimposed on a Cooling Time-Temperature Curve and the Corresponding Cooling
Rate Curve
3.1.4.3 cooling rate curve, n—the first derivative (dT/dt)of that there may be significant variations of particulate contami-
the cooling time-temperature curve as illustrated in Fig. 3. (5) nationincludingsludgefromoiloxidationandmetalscale.For
uniform sampling, a number of sampling recommendations
4. Significance and Use
have been developed.
5.1.1 Sampling Recommendations:
4.1 The significance and use of each test method will
dependonthesysteminuseandthepurposeofthetestmethod 5.1.1.1 Minimum Sampling Time—The circulation pumps
listed under Section 6. Use the most recent editions of the test
shall be in operation for at least 1 h prior to taking a sample
methods. from a quench system.
5.1.1.2 Sampling Position—For each system, the sample
5. Sampling
shall be taken from the same position each time that system is
5.1 Sampling Uniformity—Flow is never uniform in agi- sampled. The sample shall be taken at the point of maximum
tated quench tanks. There is always variation of flow rate and flow turbulence. The position in the tank where the sample is
turbulence from top to bottom and across the tank.This means taken shall be recorded.
D6710 – 02 (2007)
FIG. 4 Leidenfrost Temperature and its Independence of the Initial Temperature of the Metal Being Quenched
NOTE 1—Measurements are nominal. (From Test Method D6200.)
FIG. 5 Probe Details and Probe Assembly
5.1.1.3 Sampling Valves—If a sample is taken from a new quench oil will have an effect on the test results, in
sampling valve, then sufficient quenching oil should be taken particular the cooling curve. If a sample was taken just after a
and discarded to ensure that the sampling valve and associated large addition of new quench oil, this shall be taken into
piping has been flushed, before the sample is taken. consideration when interpreting the cooling curve of this oil
5.1.1.4 Sampling From Tanks With No Agitation—If sample.
samplesaretobetakenfrombulkstoragetankoraquenchtank 5.1.1.6 Sampling Containers—Samplesshallbecollectedin
withnoagitation,thensamplesshallbetakenfromthetopand newcontainers.Undernocircumstancesshallusedbeverageor
bottomofthebulksystemorquenchtank.Ifthisisnotpossible food containers be used because of the potential for fluid
and the sample can only be taken from the top, then the contamination and leakage.
laboratory report shall state that the results represent a sample
6. Recommended Test Procedures
taken from the top of the bulk system or quench tank and may
not be representative of the total system. 6.1 Performance-Related Physical and Chemical Proper-
5.1.1.5 Effect of Quenching Oil Addition as Make-Up Due ties:
to Dragout—It is important to determine the quantity and 6.1.1 Kinematic Viscosity, (Test Method D445)—The per-
frequency of new quenchant additions, as large additions of formance of a quench oil is dependent on its viscosity, which
D6710 – 02 (2007)
FIG. 6 Actual Cooling Process and Movement of the Wetting Front on a Metal Surface During a Quenching Process
varies with temperature and oil deterioration during continued indirect indicator of oxidative stability. Density (or relative
use. Increased oil viscosity typically results in decreased heat density) is measured at, or converted to, a standard reference
transfer rates. (6) Oil viscosity varies with temperature which temperature,normallyeither15°Cor60/60°F,andtheseshould
affects heat transfer rates throughout the process. be quoted alongside the result.
6.1.1.1 The flow velocity of a quench oil depends on both 6.1.3.1 Test Method D1298 uses a hydrometer plus ther-
viscosityandtemperature.Somequenchoilsareusedathigher mometer for measurement while Test Method D4052 uses a
temperatures, such as martempering oils, also known as digital density meter based on an oscillating U-tube.
hot-oils.Although the viscosity of a martempering oil may not
NOTE 2—Density or relative density are of limited value in the
fluctuate substantially at elevated temperatures, the oil may
assessment of quality of a quenching oil.
become almost solid upon cooling. Thus, the viscosity-
6.2 Aged Fluid Properties—In addition to significant
temperature relationship (viscosity index) of a quench oil may
changes in fluid viscosity, oil degradation by thermal and
be critically important from the dual standpoint of quench
oxidative processes may result in the formation of undesirable
severity and flow velocity.
levelsofvolatileby-products,sludgeformation,metal-staining
6.1.1.2 Typically kinematic viscosity determination by Test
products and particulates, all of which may result in loss of
Method D445 is used. Viscosity measurements are made at
control of the quenching process.
40°C (104°F) for conventional or accelerated oils and also at
6.2.1 Acid Number (Test Methods D664 and D974)—
100°C (212°F) for martempering oils.
Quench oil oxidation results in the formation of carboxylic
6.1.2 Flash Point and Fire Point (Test Method D92)—Use
acids and esters. These by-products are similar to compounds
of a quench oil in an open system with no protective atmo-
thatmaybeusedasrateacceleratingadditives.Theseacidsand
sphere shall be at least 60 to 65°C lower than its actual open
esters significantly affect the viscosity and viscosity-
cup flash point to minimize the potential for fire. General
temperature relationship of the oil, which in turn affect quench
guidelines have been developed fo
...
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