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ASTM D2977-14

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural Purposes

Standard Practice for Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural Purposes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice separates peat material into arbitrary fractions based on particle size. Physical separation of peat material according to particle size provides a useful indicator of the properties of a peat specimen such as pore space, decomposition, etc. It provides a means of determining the amount of foreign matter not in a divided state such as sticks, stones, and glass.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/ and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers measurement of the mass percentage of fractions of a peat material defined in terms of selected ranges of screen sizes.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are being regarded as standard. Units of inch-pound are provided for information only.  
1.3 All measured and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2014
ICS
19.120 - Particle size analysis. Sieving
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.22 - Media for Plant Growth
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM D2977-14 - Standard Practice for Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural Purposes
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D2977 − 14
Standard Practice for
Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural
1
Purposes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2977; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
1.1 This practice covers measurement of the mass percent-
age of fractions of a peat material defined in terms of selected
3. Terminology
ranges of screen sizes.
3.1 Definitions:
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are being regarded
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this
as standard. Units of inch-pound are provided for information
practice, refer to Terminology D653.
only.
1.3 All measured and calculated values shall conform to the
4. Summary of Practice
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
4.1 A representative test specimen of air-dried peat is
Practice D6026.
separatedintofourdesignatedfractionsbymeansofa2.36mm
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
(No. 8) sieve and an 0.85 mm (No. 20) sieve.The fractions are:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(1)foreignmatterremovedmanuallyfromthe2.36mm(No.8)
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sieve, (2) coarse fiber retained on the 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
(3) medium fiber through the 2.36 mm (No. 8) sieve but
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
retainedonthe0.85mm(No.20)sieveandfinefibersandfines
through the 0.85 mm (No. 20) sieve. The mass percentage of
2. Referenced Documents
each fraction is reported on the as-received basis.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
5.1 This practice separates peat material into arbitrary
D2974 Test Methods for Moisture,Ash, and Organic Matter
fractions based on particle size. Physical separation of peat
of Peat and Other Organic Soils
material according to particle size provides a useful indicator
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
of the properties of a peat specimen such as pore space,
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
decomposition, etc. It provides a means of determining the
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
amount of foreign matter not in a divided state such as sticks,
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
stones, and glass.
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
NOTE 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is
Construction Materials Testing
dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the
Data criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent
and objective testing/sampling/inspection/ and the like. Users of this
standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in
itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors;
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.22 on Soil as a Medium
for Plant Growth.
6. Apparatus
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
approvedin1971.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2003asD2977–03,whichwas 6.1 Mechanical Sieve Shaker.
withdrawn February 2012 and reinstated in November 2014. DOI:10.1520/D2977-
6.2 Sieves—2.36 mm (No. 8) and 0.85 mm (No. 20) sieves
14.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or equipped with cover and bottom pan.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
6.3 Balance or Scale, a balance or scale for determining the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. mass of the soil having a minimum capacity of 500 g and
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2977 − 14
NOTE 2—If foreign matter is absent, conversion to the as-received basis
meeting the requirements of Standard D4753 for a balance or
is not necessary.
scale of 0.01 g readability.
7. Preparation of Sample
10. Report: Test Data Sheet(s)/Form(s)
7.1 Air-dry sample in accordan
...

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ASTM D8200-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Creating a Correlation to Compare Particle Size Distribution Results of Proppants by Dynamic Imaging Analyzers and Sieves

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability to correlate results of analyzers to sieve sets enables the use of non-sieve methods to be employed that give comparable results to each other.  
5.2 The use of analyzers for proppant measurement has the benefit of providing particle shape characteristics which are important in the performance of these materials. Shape analysis is currently done by operator’s determination based on a visual observation of a small number of particles per API 19C. Available information from imaging analysis of many particles can be used to assess the proppant shape characteristics as opposed to just a small number.
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1.1 This practice describes procedural steps to create a correlation that can be used to compare results of proppant size distributions between dynamic imaging analyzers (analyzers) and prescribed sieve sets.  
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1.3 This practice may not be applicable to all proppant types and designations. The acceptability of the correlations determined are judged by the operator.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, except sieve designations are typically identified using the ‘alternative’ system in accordance with Practice E11, such as 3 in. and No. 200 instead of the ‘standard’ system of 75 mm and 75 µm, respectively.  
1.5 Observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in Practice D6026 are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.  
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ASTM D2977-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Particle Size Range of Peat Materials for Horticultural Purposes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is primarily used in the horticulture industry to separates peat material into arbitrary fractions based on particle size. Physical separation of peat material according to particle size provides a useful indicator of the properties of a peat specimen such as pore space and degree of decomposition for unprocessed peat. It also provides a means of determining the amount of foreign matter not in a divided state such as sticks, stones, and glass.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Peat materials consist of particles with various sizes. This practice covers the separation of peat particles into coarse, medium, and fine size fractions using the 2.36 mm (No. 8) and 0.850 mm (No. 20) sieves equipped with cover and bottom pan. This practice is applicable for peat materials used in the horticultural industry and can be used to verify the degree of decomposition of peat and to determine the foreign matter content.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; the absolute and the gravitational systems. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using a geohazard netting as a medium to retain rock particles necessitates compatibility between it and the adjacent rock. These test methods measure the opening size of a geohazard netting which may be used to estimate the largest size of rocks or other objects that may pass through the geohazard netting without transferring load to the wire mesh or wire net.  
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1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
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5.1 This test method provides measurements that can be used to describe the bulk properties of a powder or granular material.  
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1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedures for measuring properties of bulk solids, henceforth referred to as Carr Indices.2  
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1.3.3 Calculation of Carr Angle of Difference  
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1.3.6 Calculation of Carr Compressibility  
1.3.7 Measurement of Carr Cohesion  
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1.3.10 Measurement of Carr Dispersibility  
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ASTM D6940/D6940M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Sifting Segregation Tendencies of Bulk Solids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sifting segregation can cause horizontal segregation (for example, center-to-periphery) within bins used to hold and transport bulk solids. This can affect final product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
5.2 By measuring a bulk solid's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other bulk solids with known history, or determine if the given bulk solid may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.  
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5.3.3 Sufficiently Free Flowing Material—This allows the smaller particles to sift through the matrix of larger particles. With cohesive materials, the fine particles are bound to one another and do not enter the voids among the coarse particles.  
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5.4 All four of these conditions must exist for sifting segregation to occur. If any one of these conditions does not exist, the material will not segregate by this mechanism.
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1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for simulating the segregation tendencies of bulk solids by means of the sifting mechanism.  
1.2 Temperature- and humidity-sensitive bulk solids may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
1.3 The maximum particle size should be limited to 3 mm [1/8 in.], to reduce the likelihood of binding the slide gate.  
1.4 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while sifting is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many bulk solids, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6941 covers another common mechanism: fluidization.  
1.5 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the bulk solid and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
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ASTM D6941-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Fluidization Segregation Tendencies of Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fluidization segregation can cause vertical segregation within bins used to hold and transport powders. This can affect product quality or subsequent processes in industrial applications.  
5.2 By measuring a powder's segregation tendency, one can compare results to other powders with known history, or determine if the given powder may have a tendency to segregate in a given process.  
5.3 Fine powders generally have a lower permeability than coarse bulk solids and therefore tend to retain air longer. Thus, when a bin is filled with a fluidizable powder, the coarser particles settle or are driven into the bed while the finer particles remain fluidized near the surface.  
5.4 Fluidization, which serves as a driving force for this mechanism of segregation, is likely to occur when fine powders are pneumatically conveyed into a bin, the bin is filled or discharged at high rates, or if sufficient air flow counter to the flow of powder is present within the bin.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this practice. However, users of this practice should recognize that the framework of Practice D3740 is appropriate for evaluating the quality of an agency performing this practice. Currently there is no known qualifying national authority that inspects agencies that perform this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an apparatus and procedure for creating several specimens of a powder sample that, if the powder is one that segregates by the fluidization mechanism, should be different from one another.  
1.2 A powder sample is fluidized then, after the fluidizing gas is turned off, it is separated into three or more specimens that can be analyzed for parameters of interest. The difference in these parameters between the specimens is an indication of the segregation potential of the powder.  
1.3 Powders must be capable of being fluidized in order to be tested by this practice.  
1.4 Temperature- and moisture-sensitive powders may need to be tested at different temperatures and moisture contents, as would happen in an industrial environment.  
1.5 This standard is not applicable to all bulk solids and segregation mechanisms: while fluidization is a common segregation mechanism experienced by many fine powders, other segregation mechanisms not evaluated by this standard might induce segregation in practice. Practice D6940 covers another common mechanism: sifting.  
1.6 The extent to which segregation will occur in an industrial situation is not only a function of the powder and its tendency to segregate, but also the handling equipment (for example, bin design), process (for example, transfer rates), and environment.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D6683-19(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Bulk Density Values of Powders and Other Bulk Solids as Function of Compressive Stress

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The data from this test can be used to estimate the bulk density of materials in bins and hoppers and for material handling applications such as feeders.  
5.2 The test results can be greatly affected by the sample selected for testing. For meaningful results it is necessary to select a representative sample of the particulate solid with respect to moisture (water) content, particle-size distribution and temperature. For the tests an appropriate size sample should be available, and fresh material should be used for each individual test specimen.  
5.3 Initial bulk density, (ρb)initial, may or may not be used as the minimum bulk density. This will depend on the material being tested. For example, the two are often close to the same for coarse (most particles larger than about 6 mm), free-flowing bulk solids, but not for fine, aeratable powders.  
5.4 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the magnitude of the applied mass increments. Traditionally, the applied mass is doubled for each increment resulting in an applied mass increment ratio of 1. Smaller than standard increment ratios may be desirable for materials that are highly sensitive to the applied mass increment ratio. An example of the latter is a material whose bulk density increases 10% or more with each increase in applied mass.  
5.5 Bulk density values may be dependent upon the duration of each applied mass. Traditionally, the duration is the same for each increment and equal to 15 s. For some materials, the rate of compression is such that complete compression (no change in volume with time at a given applied compressive stress) will require significantly more than 15 s.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an apparatus and procedure for determining a range of bulk densities of powders and other bulk solids as a function of compressive stress.  
1.2 This test method should be performed in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives, and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measure are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1140-17(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining the Amount of Material Finer than 75-μm (No. 200) Sieve in Soils by Washing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve can be separated from larger particles or soil aggregations can be broken down much more efficiently and completely by wet sieving than with dry sieving. Therefore, when accurate determinations of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are desired, these test methods are used on the test specimen prior to dry sieving, or as a determination of the percent of material that is finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. Usually the additional amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve obtained in the dry sieving process is a small amount. If it is large, the efficiency of the washing operation should be checked, as it could be an indication of degradation of the soil (see Note 2).  
5.2 Method A shall be used with non-cohesive soils containing fine material with little or no plasticity. The specimen is soaked in water to facilitate the separation of the fine and coarse fractions prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.3 Method B shall be used with soils, particularly clayey soils, where the fine material demonstrates plastic behavior and tends to adhere to the larger particles. To provide adequate fine grain dispersal, it is necessary to soak the specimen in a dispersing solution prior to washing through the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.  
5.4 To facilitate determination of which method to utilize, the sample may be classified as non-cohesive or having plastic characteristics based upon procedures outlined in Practice D2488 or other means of determining the soil properties.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable ...
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amount of material finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve by washing of material with a maximum particle size of 75 mm (3 in.).  
1.2 The methods used in this standard rely on the use of water or a dispersant to separate and remove materials finer than a 75-μm (No. 200) sieve. During these processes soluble substances, such as salts and other minerals, may also be removed. It is not within the scope of this standard to differentiate between the removal of fine particles and soluble substances. It is recommended that materials containing significant amounts of soluble substances be tested using other methods of separation.  
1.3 Two methods for determining the amount of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve are provided. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority. If no method is specified, the choice should be based upon the guidance given in 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4.  
1.3.1 Method A—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in water prior to wash sieving.  
1.3.2 Method B—Test specimen is dispersed by soaking in a dispersing solution prior to wash sieving.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Except the sieve designations are typically identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Specification E11, such as 3 inch and No. 200, instead of the “standard” of 75-mm and 75-μm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standa...

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ASTM
ASTM D5519-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Particle Size Analysis of Natural and Man-Made Riprap Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Riprap is commonly used to prevent erosion of underlying materials due to the effects of rain runoff, wind, flowing water, or wave action. The particle size distribution (mass of particles) is an important physical characteristic of riprap, as discussed in Guide D6825. These test methods provide a gradation of the material graphically represented as percent finer than the particle mass. If a gradation can be established or accepted on the basis of only maximum and minimum particle sizes, then it may not be necessary to establish the complete gradation in accordance with these test methods.  
5.2 These test methods can be used during evaluation of a potential source, as a means of product acceptance, or for assessment of existing installations. Method D is not recommended as a means of product acceptance.  
5.3 Other characteristics of interest, such as particle shape, particle angularity, or visually evident rock durability characteristics may be determined during the performance of these test methods.  
5.4 Interpretation of test results must consider the representativeness of the sample.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent upon the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the particle size and mass analysis of natural and man-made riprap and related materials, including filter stone or coarse bedding materials.  
1.2 These test methods are generally intended for riprap and related materials. They are applicable for mixtures of stones screened from natural deposits, blast rock, processed materials from quarried rock, or recycled concrete. They are applicable for sizes 3 in. (75 mm) and above, with the upper size limited only by equipment available for handling and determining the mass of the individual particles.  
1.3 Four alternate procedures are provided. There is a wide range in the level of effort and the precision of the test procedures. It is important for specifiers to indicate the test procedure. Test reports should clearly indicate which procedure was used.
Note 1: While conducting these test methods, it may be convenient to collect data on other attributes, such as the amount of slab pieces and deleterious materials.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.4.1 For purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.  
1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5.1 Th...

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ASTM
ASTM D7891-15(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Testing of Powders Using the Freeman Technology FT4 Powder Rheometer Shear Cell

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test can be used to evaluate the following:  
5.1.1 Classification or Comparison of Powders—There are several parameters that can be used to classify powders relative to each other, the most useful being the measured shear stresses, cohesion, flow function and angle of internal friction.  
5.1.2 Sensitivity Analysis—The shear cell can be used to evaluate the relative effects of a range of powder properties and/or environmental parameters such as (but not limited to) humidity, particle size and size distribution, particle shape and shape distribution, moisture content and temperature.  
5.1.3 Quality Control—The test can, in some circumstances, be used to assess the flow properties of a raw material, intermediate or product against pre-determined acceptance criteria.  
5.1.4 Storage Vessel Design—Mathematical models exist for the determination of storage vessel design parameters which are based on the flow properties of powders as generated by shear cell testing, requiring shear testing at a range of consolidating stresses as well as the measurement of the wall friction angle with respect to the material of construction of the storage vessel. The methods are detailed in Refs. (1-3).2
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors (4).
Practice D3740 was developed for agencies engaged in the testing and/or inspection of soil and rock. As such it is not totally applicable to agencies performing this test method. However, users of this test method shou...
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1.1 This method covers the apparatus and procedures for measuring the incipient failure properties of a powder as a function of the normal stress for a given level of consolidation. The method also allows the further determination of the unconfined yield strength, internal friction angles, cohesion, flow function, major principal stress and wall friction angle (with the appropriate wall coupon fitted to the correct accessory).  
1.2 These parameters are most commonly used for the design of storage hoppers and bins using industry standard calculations and procedures. They can also provide relative classification or comparison of the flow behavior of different powders or different batches of the same powder if similar stress and shear regimes are encountered within the processing equipment.  
1.3 The apparatus is suitable for measuring the properties of powders with a maximum particle size of 1 mm. It is possible to test powders which have a small proportion of particles of 1 mm or greater, but they should be present in the bulk sample as no more than 5 % of the total mass in samples with a normal (Gaussian) size distribution.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.5 Units—Th...

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