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ASTM D7478/D7478M-08

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates

Standard Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for two types and two classes of sheathed crates each of which may have two base styles. The crates are designed for net loads not exceeding 30 000 pounds lb [13 607 kg] and to withstand the most severe overseas shipping and storage conditions.
1.2 The crates described by this specification are intended to protect items from atmospheric elements during shipment and storage. They are designed to withstand the rough handling of logistic operations including stacking and outside storage for a prolonged period.
1.3 Class 1 and 2 crates may be used interchangeably as desired. However, the Class 2 crate should be used when weight is a prime consideration, as the lack of diagonals and thinner plywood sheathing results in a lighter crate.
1.4 Demountable crates, Type II, should be used whenever it is expected that the contained item will require reshipping to another destination.
1.5 Sill bases, Style B, are intended for items that project below their mounting points, such as disassembled vehicles.
1.6 If the use of other construction method or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see 5.10), the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle, specified in Practice D 4169 can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of units.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2008
ICS
55.160 - Cases. Boxes. Crates
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.12 - Shipping Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7478/D7478M-08e1 - Standard Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Referred By
ASTM D3951-18 - Standard Practice for Commercial Packaging
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008

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ASTM D7478/D7478M-08 - Standard Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood CratesASTM D7478/D7478M-08 - Standard Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates
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ASTM D7478/D7478M-08 - Standard Specification for Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 7478/D 7478M – 08
Standard Specification for
1
Heavy Duty Sheathed Wood Crates
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7478/D 7478M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversrequirementsfortwotypesand
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
two classes of sheathed crates each of which may have two
base styles.The crates are designed for net loads not exceeding
2. Referenced Documents
30 000 pounds lb [13 607 kg] and to withstand the most severe
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
overseas shipping and storage conditions.
D 996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
1.2 Thecratesdescribedbythisspecificationareintendedto
ments
protect items from atmospheric elements during shipment and
D 3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
storage. They are designed to withstand the rough handling of
D 4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
logistic operations including stacking and outside storage for a
tainers and Systems
prolonged period.
D 4442 TestMethodsforDirectMoistureContentMeasure-
1.3 Class 1 and 2 crates may be used interchangeably as
ment of Wood and Wood-Base Materials
desired. However, the Class 2 crate should be used when
D 6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-
weight is a prime consideration, as the lack of diagonals and
ers and Pallets
thinner plywood sheathing results in a lighter crate.
F 1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,
1.4 Demountable crates, Type II, should be used whenever
and Staples
it is expected that the contained item will require reshipping to
2.2 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
another destination.
Standards:
1.5 Sill bases, Style B, are intended for items that project
3
PS1 Voluntary Product Standard, Structural Plywood
below their mounting points, such as disassembled vehicles.
4
PS20 American Softwood Lumber Standard
1.6 If the use of other construction method or techniques is
5
2.3 Hardwood Plywood and Veneer Association Standard:
acceptable and permitted (see 5.10), the resulting packaging
ANSI/HPVA HP-1 American National Standard for Hard-
systems shall be of equal or better performance than would
wood and Decorative Plywood
result from the use of these specified materials and procedures.
2.4 National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) Stan-
Theappropriatedistributioncycle,specifiedinPracticeD 4169
6
dard:
can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.
Rules for the Measurement and Inspection of Hardwood
1.7 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
and Cypress
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
units.
the ASTM website.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3
Available from APA, The Engineered Wood Association, 7011 South 19th St.,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Tacoma, WA 98466–5399, http://www.apawood.org.
4
Available from American Lumber Standards Committee, Inc., (ALSC), P.O.
Box 210, Germantown, MD 20875–0210, http://www.alsc.org.
1 5
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Available from Hardwood Plywood and VeneerAssociation (HPVA), P.O. Box
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on Shipping 2789, Reston, VA 22090–0789, http://www.hpva.org.
6
Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures. Available from National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA), 6830 Ra-
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2008. Published November 2008. leigh LaGrange Rd., Memphis, TN 38134, http://www.natlhardwood.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 7478/D 7478M – 08
7
2.5 ASME/ANSI Standards: used on the top panels is called top sheathing; that used on the
B18.2.1 Square and Hex Bolts and Screws Inch Series side or end panels is called side or end sheath
...

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Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes

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SCOPE
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wirebound pallet-type wood boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 2500 lb [1134 kg] (see 4.1 and 10.1).  
1.2 Wirebound pallet-type wood box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified (see 4). This specification, however, does not cover wirebound pallet-type wood box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
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1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See for conversion of units.  
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Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

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This specification covers the fabrication of new wire-bound general purpose panelboard shipping boxes for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of materials and supplies. This specification does not include wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Methods other than those detailed here may be used for the construction of the boxes, provided, that the finished products are of equal or better performance than those produced using the recommended procedures. The boxes are grouped into three types according to the load each box can carry, three classes according to shipment specifications, three styles, and two grades. It is recommended that the boxes be made from recycled materials, lumber, wires, and fasteners that meet the requirements of this specification. Each box side and joint should be assembled according to the recommended procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wirebound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for Class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.  
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Standard Practice for Selection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and Box Construction Based on Performance Requirements

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4.2 The user should specify only those attributes and related tests which are required for performance to the users satisfaction including their operations and distribution cycle(s). When using the carriers’packaging rules as the major basis for developing specifications, the reason for the rule and its function and importance should be understood. As previously stated, rules and regulations may be exceeded and should be when the minimum specifications are inadequate for the full effects of the distribution cycle, etc.. If the user decides to employ box compression strength or a rough handling performance protocol as the overriding specification, it should be noted that all minimum standards required by various organizations shall also be met or surpassed if using the related certificate. These minimum standards can be stated in the box drawing so as to ensure adherence to rules and regulations. If a Box Manufacturer’s Certificate (BMC) is printed on the box, then the ECT or Mullen Burst/Basis Weight values shall meet or exceed the minimum requirements for size and weight of the packaged product.  
4.3 See Appendix X7 for several examples of specification determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated fiberboard for the prospective user who wants guidance in selecting attributes of materials and box construction based on performance requirements. These attributes should be part of specifications which establish levels of the qualities a shipping container shall have achieved in order to be acceptable to the purchaser or user. The attributes and qualities should be testable, using standard methods that are recognized by both the buyer and seller. This practice will assist users in developing specifications for corrugated containers through an analysis of performance requirements and subsequent relationships to fiberboard materials and box construction attributes. This practice is meant to complement the box buyer–box manufacturer relationship by having the buyer (user) better understand, discuss, and negotiate needed elements of box design and specification. The full box design process is complex, and it is beyond the scope of this standard.  
1.2 The attributes and their levels should be based on the intended use of the box, including the handling and environment it will encounter. Many packaging rules include detailed descriptions of the materials that may be used and style, closure, or other construction details of allowed shipping containers. These rules are presented as minimum requirements; they may be exceeded for functional reasons, but there is no regulatory reason to do so. Rail and motor freight classifications applicable for surface common carrier transportation have established minimum requirements for certain attributes of corrugated packaging. These may or may not be appropriate for application in the complete distribution system, as they encompass only containerboard or combined corrugated board — not finished boxes — and are not intended to provide for the distribution and storage system beyond the transportation segment.  
1.2.1 The attribute levels contained herein are based on U.S. practice and specifications. Some attributes such as flute dimensions and basis weights may be defined differently in other countries.  
1.3 There are four common methods used for specifying boxes.  
1.3.1 A common approach is to examine boxes cur...

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ASTM
ASTM D6804-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve ergonomic and handling problems associated with large or awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper hand hole design and use.  
4.1.1 Boxes for handling by a single person.  
4.1.2 Boxes that are too large or awkward to be handled well by a single person (4.4.1).  
4.2 Ergonomics:  
4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environment for material handlers who may be required to lift or transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to define and varies with the package in question. Several ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine loading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger and foot protection.  
4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disorders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back problems continue to represent the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.4  
4.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material handler's hands closer to the body. With large or awkward boxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position can solve this problem.  
4.2.4 Maximum weight for lifting is not generally specified by safety organizations. However, when considerations of repetition, movement, and other ergonomics are taken into account, a typical maximum load per single person is often limited to 40 to 50 lb per package.  
4.3 NIOSH:  
4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting.5 This document may be of assistance in developing proper hand holes and their placement for a specific package.  
4.3.2 Hand holes for single person box handling are generally intended for vertical symmetric lifting with some rotation and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes during manual handling of boxed cargo.  
1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure performance. It is not intended to provide specific information on the design of hand holes.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use..  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6055-96(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are designed for use in most cases with the actual equipment to be used in load handling.  
4.2 These test methods may be used in evaluating the shipping unit as to suitability for mechanical handling by standard user-specified load-handling equipment.  
4.3 These test methods will allow the user to determine integrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidance to improve the design of the unit load where deficiencies are found.  
4.4 Damage to products or packages observed during testing may be expected to correlate at least in a qualitative way to damage observed in actual distribution handling systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of unitized loads and large cases and crates, but not individual drums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the contents to endure normal handling, using standard mechanical handling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable to all products containers and loads. These test methods are applicable to common means of material handling, including pull pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipment as follows:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Fork Truck Handling—For testing the ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlings by this test method.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Spade Lift Test—For lifting by spade lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this test method.  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Clamp Handling Test—For lifting by hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated side compression and lifting.  
1.1.4 Test Method D—Push-Pull Handling Test—For testing the ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstand repeated handling by this test method.  
1.1.5 Test Method E—Grabhook Test—For lifting by grabhooks to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks.  
1.1.6 Test Method F—Sling Tests—For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.  
1.2 Additional Test Methods:  
1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mechanical handling and rough handling tests of unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D880; horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D4003.  
1.2.2 Practice D4169 provides a series of options for selecting and running performance tests on all types of shipping containers and systems.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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