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ASTM E1494-92(2002)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials

Standard Practice for Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this practice is to provide criteria for the selection of an encapsulant once the decision to encapsulate an asbestos installation has been made. It is assumed that the users of this practice have already made a decision to encapsulate friable asbestos-containing material and that this decision is appropriate. Test Method D 4240 and Practice E 849 shall be consulted for the measurement of airborne fibrous materials in the environmental air space.
Since existing asbestos-containing materials installed in buildings may have been applied for a variety of purposes in addition to fire-resistance, encapsulant properties and performance characteristics not addressed in this practice may be important for preservation of original qualities of the asbestos-containing material and should be considered.
The results of the test methods described in this practice on nonasbestos-containing materials will not necessarily predict encapsulant performance on friable asbestos-containing building materials. These test methods are designed to characterize the behavior of the encapsulants, rather than to give a definitive indication of their performance on any particular friable asbestos-containg materials.
The test methods described in this practice measure characteristics of encapsulants in order to retain essential properties of the building material intended for encapsulation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers encapsulants intended to reduce or eliminate the release of asbestos fibers from a matrix of friable spray- or trowel-applied asbestos-containing materials.
1.2 This practice includes: (1) a series of laboratory tests to show whether an encapsulant is capable of acceptable performance on a specified asbestos-free model matrix, and (2) a series of determinations to be conducted in the field at each location for which encapsulation has been accepted, to show whether a given encapsulant is acceptable on the specific asbestos-containing matrix.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Sep-1992
ICS
91.100.40 - Products in fibre-reinforced cement
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.07 - Sampling, Analysis, Management of Asbestos, and Other Microscopic Particles
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1494-92(1996) - Standard Practice for Encapsulants for Spray-or-Trowel-Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials
Effective Date
15-Sep-1992
Replaced By
ASTM E1494-92(2010) - Standard Practice for Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM E2356-18 - Standard Practice for Comprehensive Building Asbestos Surveys
Effective Date
15-Sep-1992
Referred By
ASTM E736/E736M-19(2023) - Standard Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-Resistive Materials Applied to Structural Members
Effective Date
15-Sep-1992
Referred By
ASTM E1368-23 - Standard Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abatement Projects
Effective Date
15-Sep-1992

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ASTM E1494-92(2002) - Standard Practice for Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building MaterialsASTM E1494-92(2002) - Standard Practice for Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials
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ASTM E1494-92(2002) - Standard Practice for Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-Applied Friable Asbestos-Containing Building Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation:E1494–92(Reapproved 2002)
Standard Practice for
Encapsulants for Spray- or Trowel-Applied Friable
Asbestos-Containing Building Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E119 Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction
and Materials
1.1 This practice covers encapsulants intended to reduce or
E605 Test Methods for Thickness and Density of Sprayed
eliminate the release of asbestos fibers from a matrix of friable
Fire-Resistive Material (SFRM) Applied to Structural
spray- or trowel-applied asbestos-containing materials.
Members
1.2 This practice includes: (1) a series of laboratory tests to
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
show whether an encapsulant is capable of acceptable perfor-
E736 Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-
mance on a specified asbestos-free model matrix, and (2)a
Resistive Materials Applied to Structural Members
series of determinations to be conducted in the field at each
E849 Practice for Safety and Health Requirements Relating
location for which encapsulation has been accepted, to show
to Occupational Exposure to Asbestos
whether a given encapsulant is acceptable on the specific
2.2 ANSI Standards:
asbestos-containing matrix.
Z9.2 Fundamentals Governing Design and Operations of
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Local Exhaust Systems
standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
Z88.1 Practices for Respiratory Protections
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.3 Other Standards:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1-GP-205M205 Sealer for Application to Asbestos-Fiber
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Releasing Materials
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2.4 OSHA Regulations:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
29 CFR 1910.1001 Asbestos
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of building terms, refer to
D543 Practices for Evaluating the Resistance of Plastics to
Terminology E631.
Chemical Reagents
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D4226 Test Methods for Impact Resistance of Rigid Poly-
3.2.1 bridging encapsulant, n—an encapsulant that forms a
(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Building Products
discrete layer on the surface of an in situ asbestos matrix.
D4240 Test Method forAirborneAsbestos Concentration in
3.2.2 encapsulant, n—for friable asbestos-containing build-
Workplace Atmosphere
ing materials, a water insoluble material that surrounds or
E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of
embeds asbestos in an adhesive matrix to prevent release of
Building Materials
fibers.
3.2.3 matrix, n—a combination of one or more materials
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTME06 on Performance of
that provides a representative specimen of the system combi-
Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommitte E06.21 on Serviceability.
nation.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published September 2002. Originally
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as E1494 – 92 (1996).
DOI: 10.1520/E1494-92R02.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Canadian General Standards Board, Ottawa, Ontario K1A1G6
the ASTM website. Canada.
3 6
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced Available from Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission, 1825 D
on www.astm.org. St. NW, Washington, DC 20006.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1494–92 (2002)
3.2.4 penetrating encapsulant, n—an encapsulant that is 5.1.3.1 A flame spread index of 25 or less and smoke
absorbed by an in situ asbestos matrix without leaving a developed value of 50 or less when tested in accordance with
discrete surface layer. Test Method E84.
3.2.5 substrate, n—a structural building component to 5.1.3.2 The density of the dry spray-applied matrix shall be
3 3
which a surfacing material is applied.
240 to 320 kg/m (15 to 20 lb/ft ) as measured in accordance
with Test Methods E605.
4. Significance and Use
5.1.4 Prior to the application of the encapsulant, the sprayed
fibrous or cementitious test matrix shall cure sufficiently to
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide criteria for the
obtain the specified constant weight that shall be measured and
selection of an encapsulant once the decision to encapsulate an
recorded.
asbestosinstallationhasbeenmade.Itisassumedthattheusers
5.1.5 Panels of the cured spray-applied matrices shall be
of this practice have already made a decision to encapsulate
friable asbestos-containing material and that this decision is mounted in a rack that holds them in an overhead position to
simulate ceiling application (the most severe condition found
appropriate. Test Method D4240 and Practice E849 shall be
consulted for the measurement of airborne fibrous materials in in the field). Encapsulants shall be applied with equipment
equivalent to that used for application under field conditions.
the environmental air space.
4.2 Since existing asbestos-containing materials installed in 5.1.6 After application of encapsulant to the test substrate,
buildings may have been applied for a variety of purposes in allow it to dry according to manufacturer’s instruction. Full
addition to fire-resistance, encapsulant properties and perfor- drying is usually confirmed when there is less than 0.1 %
change in weight of the test specimen over 24 h.
mance characteristics not addressed in this practice may be
important for preservation of original qualities of the asbestos- 5.2 Foralllaboratorytests,applytheencapsulanttoseparate
containing material and should be considered. replicate matrices at both the maximum and minimum rate as
4.3 The results of the test methods described in this practice described in the individual test procedures.
on nonasbestos-containing materials will not necessarily pre- 5.3 Conditioning Cycles for Laboratory Specimens—After
dict encapsulant performance on friable asbestos-containing
drying, condition the treated specimens for three days at 25 6
building materials. These test methods are designed to charac- 2°C (73 6 4°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity prior to
terize the behavior of the encapsulants, rather than to give a
testing, unless otherwise indicated in the individual test
definitive indication of their performance on any particular method.
friable asbestos-containg materials.
4.4 The test methods described in this practice measure 6. Laboratory Test Requirements
characteristics of encapsulants in order to retain essential
6.1 Cohesion and Adhesion Test (Annex A1):
properties of the building material intended for encapsulation.
6.1.1 The cohesion and adhesion test values shall determine
whether or not the encapsulant affects adversely the cohesive
5. Laboratory Test Specimens
and adhesive strength of the specified test matrix when
5.1 Tests shall be conducted on replicate matrices (fibrous
performed in accordance with the test method in Annex A1.
or cementitious) at the following specified thicknesses: 10 and
6.1.2 Acceptance Criterion—The force required to cause
3 1
40 mm ( ⁄8 and 1 ⁄2 in.), respectively.
failure of the encapsulated matrix shall not be less than the
5.1.1 The inorganic fibrous test matrices shall consist of a
adhesion or cohesion force required to cause failure of the
commercially available blend of factory mixed mineral fiber
unencapsulated matrix, and in no case shall the load be less
andinorganicbindersoffireresistivecompositiondesignedfor
than 2.4 kPa (50 lbf/ft ).
spray application. The inorganic cementitious test matrices
6.2 Penetration Test (Annex A2):
shall consist of a commercially available factory mixed blend
6.2.1 The penetration test values shall determine whether or
of lightweight aggregate and inorganic binder of fire-resistive
not the encapsulant shall be classified as a penetrating encap-
composition designed for wet-mixed spray application.
sulant or bridging encapsulant, in accordance with the test
5.1.2 The sprayed fibrous matrix shall have the following
method in Annex A2. Encapsulation coverage rate used to
properties:
prepare specimens for testing shall be the saturation (maxi-
5.1.2.1 A flame spread index of 25 or less and smoke
mum) coverage rate as determined in 7.2.
developed value of 50 or less when tested in accordance with
6.2.2 Acceptance Criterion—If penetration to a depth of 10
Test Method E84.
3 1
mm ( ⁄8 in.) of the 40-mm (1 ⁄2-in.) matrix occurs, the product
5.1.2.2 The density of the dry spray-applied matrix shall be
is classified as a penetrating encapsulant. Products having
3 3
160 to 224 kg/m (10 to 14 lb/ft ) as measured in accordance
lesser penetrations are classified as bridging encapsulants.
with Test Methods E605.
Differingfibrousmatricesasinstalledinthefieldmayaffectthe
5.1.3 The sprayed cementitious matrix shall have the fol-
penetration rate. Determination of penetration as described in
lowing properties:
7.2 and A1.7.2.1 is imperative.
6.3 Fire Resistance Test (Annex A3):
6.3.1 The fire-resistance test is conducted to determine if
Thefollowingmaterialshavebeenfoundsuitableforthispurpose;BlazeShield
significant changes in the fire resistance of asbestos containing
as manufactured by U.S. Mineral Products Co., Stanhope, NJ 07874, or Monokote
materials will occur because of application of the encapsulant.
as manufactured by W.R. Grace and Co., 62 Whittemore Avenue, Cambridge, MA
02140. 6.3.2 Acceptance Criterion:
E1494–92 (2002)
6.3.2.1 Thesprayedmaterialwiththeencapsulatingagentin 7. Field Test Requirements
place shall not fall from the steel deck during the fire test in
7.1 Field tests shall be conducted under inspection or
amounts greater than for the unencapsulated matrix.
observation of the owner of the building in which the encap-
6.3.2.2 If the endpoint of the fire test on the steel deck
sulation application is taking place, or of the building owner’s
protected with the encapsulated sprayed material does not
designated representative.
differ unfavorably from the endpoint of the fire test on the steel
7.2 Coverage (Thickness) Rate, for encapsulants used in the
deck protected with the unencapsulated sprayed material by
field tests shall be at the level required by the matrix system
more than 10 %, the encapsulant shall be deemed not to affect
field installation, as established by spraying a test area (test
the fire-resistance rating of an assembly protected with sprayed
patch) using the specified encapsulant.
material.
7.2.1 For penetrating encapsulants, the coverage rate to
6.4 Surface Burning Characteristics Test (Annex A4):
achieve encapsulation is the saturation (maximum) coverage
6.4.1 The surface burning characteristics test shall deter-
rate for the particular asbestos-containing material. Saturation
minethesurfaceflamespreadandsmokedevelopedforsprayed
is achieved when no further absorption of the encapsulant into
or troweled asbestos-containing materials treated with an
the matrix is observed. Coverage shall be reported as liquid
encapsulating agent.
volume applied per unit area.
6.4.2 Acceptance Criteria:
7.2.2 For bridging encapsulants, the coverage rate to
6.4.2.1 Thesurfaceflamespreadshallnotbegreaterthan25.
achieveencapsulationoccurswhenavoid-freeuniformcoating
6.4.2.2 The smoke developed values shall not be greater
is formed over the surface of the matrix. Application quantity
than 50.
must be sufficient to achieve the manufacturer’s minimum
6.4.2.3 All encapsulants shall be water insoluble after cur-
dry-thickness requirements. Coverage shall be reported as
ing when tested in accordance with Practices D543.
liquid volume per unit area.
6.5 Impact Resistance Test:
6.5.1 The impact resistance test shall measure the resistance
8. Required Field Test
of the encapsulated matrix to impact.
8.1 Cohesion/Adhesion Test:
6.5.1.1 The test shall be conducted using the impact tester
8.1.1 The cohesion/adhesion test shall determine whether
described in Test Methods D4226: a weight of known surface
the encapsulant affects adversely the in situ cohesive and
area and known weight shall be raised a given distance above
adhesive strength of the friable asbestos-containing installation
the steel panel and dropped, giving a known force of impact
and shall be in accordance with Annex A1.
(measured in inch-pounds) that will produce a minimum
8.1.2 The force required to cause failure of the encapsulated
penetration of 7.6 mm ( ⁄10 in.) into the encapsulated matrix.
matrix shall not be less than the adhesion or cohesion force
6.5.2 Acceptance Criterion:
required to cause failure of the unencapsulated matrix; in no
6.5.2.1 Theforcetoproduceaminimumpenetrationintothe
case shall the load-holding capabilities of the unencapsulated
encapsulated matrix of 7.6 mm ( ⁄10 in.) shall not be less than
matrix be less than the load imposed by the applied encapsu-
43 in.·lbf.
lation materials.
This apparatus may be obtained commercially from: Gardner Laboratory, Inc.,
9. Keywords
Bethesda, MD 20014, or Custom Scientific Instruments, Inc., P.O. Box A,
9.1 asbestos; bridging encapsulant; encapsulant; penetrating
Whippany, NJ 07981, or Testing Machines, Inc., 400 BayviewAve.,Amityville, LI,
NY 11701. encapsulant
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TEST METHOD TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF ENCAPSULANT ON COHESION/ADHESION OF FRIABLE
SPRAYOR TROWEL-APPLIED ASBESTOS-CONTAINING BUILDING MATERIALS
A1.1 Scope A1.2 Referenced Documents
A1.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining
A1.2.1 ASTM Standard:
the effect of an encapsulant on the cohesion/adhesion strength
E736 Test Method for Cohesion/Adhesion of Sprayed Fire-
measured perpendicular to the surface of friable spray- or
Resistive Materials Applied to Structural Members
trowel-applied building materials. This test method is appli-
A1.2.2 OSHA Regulations:
cable to both laboratory and field procedures and indicated in
29 CFR 1910.1001 Asbesto
...

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5.3 The results of this test method may be used for comparing the performance of various fiber-reinforced concrete mixtures or in research and development work. They may also be used to monitor concrete quality, to verify compliance with construction specifications, obtain flexural strength data on fiber-reinforced concrete members subject to pure bending, or to evaluate the quality of concrete in service.  
5.4 The results of this standard test method are dependent on the size of the specimen.
Note 5: The results obtained using one size molded ...
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1.1 This test method evaluates the flexural performance of fiber-reinforced concrete using parameters derived from the load-deflection curve obtained by testing a simply supported beam under third-point loading using a closed-loop, servo-controlled testing system.  
1.2 This test method provides for the determination of first-peak and peak loads and the corresponding stresses calculated by inserting them in the formula for modulus of rupture given in Eq 1. It also requires determination of residual loads at specified deflections, the corresponding residual strengths calculated by inserting them in the formula for modulus of rupture given in Eq 1 (see Note 1). It provides for determination of specimen toughness based on the area under the load-deflection curve up to a prescribed deflection (see Note 2) and the corresponding equivalent flexural strength ratio.
Note 1: Residual strength is not a true stress but an engineering stress computed using simple engineering bending theory for linear elastic materials and gross (uncracked) section properties.
Note 2: Specimen toughness expressed in terms of the area under the load-deflection curve is an indication of the energy absorption capability of the particular test specimen, and its magnitude depends directly on the geometry of the test specimen and the loading configuration.  
1.3 This test method utilizes two preferred specimen sizes of 100 mm by 100 mm by 350 mm [4 in. by 4 in. by 14 in.] tested on a 300 mm [12 in.] span, or 150 mm by 150 mm by 500 mm [6 in. by 6 in. by 20 in.] tested on a 450 mm [18 in.] span. A specimen size different from the two preferred specimen sizes is permissible.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may...

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ASTM
ASTM C1666/C1666M-08(2023)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alkali Resistant (AR) Glass Fiber for GFRC and Fiber-Reinforced Concrete and Cement

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1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for alkali resistant (AR) glass fibers intended for use in glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) by spray-up, glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious based products.  
1.2 This specification provides for AR glass fiber types and configurations that can be readily incorporated into concrete mixes, typical physical properties, minimum zirconia content, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 This specification does not address the types of coatings or lubricants used in the manufacturing process of the fibers.  
1.4 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1579-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Evaluating Plastic Shrinkage Cracking of Restrained Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using a Steel Form Insert)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is intended to evaluate the effects of evaporation, settlement, and early autogenous shrinkage on the plastic shrinkage cracking performance of fiber reinforced concrete up to and for some hours beyond the time of final setting (see Terminology C125).  
5.2 The measured values obtained from this test may be used to compare the performance of concretes with different mixture proportions, concretes with and without fibers, concretes containing various amounts of different types of fibers, and concretes containing various amounts and types of admixtures. For meaningful comparisons, the evaporative conditions during test shall be sufficient to produce an average crack width of at least 0.5 mm in the control specimens (2, 3) (see Note 2). In addition, the evaporation rate from a free surface of water shall be within ± 5 % for each test.
Note 2: To achieve evaporation rates that result in a crack of at least 0.5 mm in the control specimens, it may be necessary to use an evaporation rate higher than that discussed in Note 1.  
5.3 This method attempts to control atmospheric variables to quantify the relative performance of a given fresh concrete mixture. Since many other variables such as cement fineness, aggregate gradation, aggregate volume, mixing procedures, slump, air content, concrete temperature and surface finish can also influence potential cracking, attention shall be paid to keep these as consistent as possible from mixture to mixture.
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1.1 This test method compares the surface cracking of fiber reinforced concrete panels with the surface cracking of control concrete panels subjected to prescribed conditions of restraint and moisture loss that are severe enough to produce cracking before final setting of the concrete.  
1.2 This test method can be used to compare the plastic shrinkage cracking behavior of different concrete mixtures containing fiber reinforcement.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7205/D7205M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Bars

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce longitudinal tensile strength and elongation data. From a tension test, a variety of data are acquired that are needed for design purposes. Test factors relevant to the measured tensile response of bars include specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment and gripping, and speed of testing. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Maximum tensile force,  
5.1.2 Ultimate tensile strength,  
5.1.3 Ultimate tensile strain,  
5.1.4 Tensile chord modulus of elasticity, and  
5.1.5 Stress-strain curve.
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1.1 This test method determines the quasi-static longitudinal tensile strength and elongation properties of fiber reinforced polymer matrix (FRP) composite bars commonly used as tensile elements in reinforced, prestressed, or post-tensioned concrete.
Note 1: Additional procedures for determining tensile properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3039/D3039M and D3916.  
1.2 Linear elements used for reinforcing Portland cement concrete are referred to as bars, rebar, rods, or tendons, depending on the specific application. This test method is applicable to all such reinforcements within the limitations noted in the method. The test articles are referred to as bars in this test method. In general, bars have solid cross-sections and a regular pattern of surface undulations or a coating of bonded particles, or both, that promote mechanical interlock between the bar and concrete. The test method is also appropriate for use with linear segments cut from a grid. Specific details for preparing and testing of bars and grids are provided. In some cases, anchors may be necessary to prevent grip-induced damage to the ends of the bar or grid. Suggestions for a grouted type of anchor are provided in Appendix X1.  
1.3 The strength values provided by this method are short-term static strengths that do not account for sustained static or fatigue loading. Additional material characterization may be required, especially for bars that are to be used under high levels of sustained or repeated loading.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7522/D7522M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Pull-Off Strength for FRP Laminate Systems Bonded to Concrete or Masonry Substrates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The pull-off strength of a bonded FRP system is an important performance property that has been used in specifications, particularly those for assessing the quality of an application. This test method serves as a means for uniformly preparing and testing bonded FRP systems, and evaluating and reporting the results.  
5.2 Variations in results obtained using different devices are possible. Therefore, it is recommended that the type of adhesion test device (including manufacturer and model) be mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.  
5.3 This test method is intended for use in both the field and the laboratory.  
5.4 The basic material properties obtained from this test method can be used in the control of the quality of adhesives and in the theoretical equations for designing FRP systems for external reinforcement to strengthen existing structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the apparatus and procedure for evaluating the pull-off strength of wet lay-up or pultruded (shop-fabricated) Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) laminate systems adhesively bonded to a flat concrete substrate. The test determines the greatest perpendicular force (in tension) that an FRP system can bear before a plug of material is detached. Failure will occur along the weakest plane within the system comprised of the test fixture, FRP laminate, adhesive, and substrate.  
1.2 This test method is primarily used for quality control and assessment of field repairs of structures using adhesive-applied composite materials.  
1.3 This test method is appropriate for use with FRP systems having any fiber orientation or combination of ply orientations comprising the FRP laminate.  
1.4 This test method is appropriate for use with flat concrete, concrete masonry, clay masonry, and stone masonry substrates.  
1.5 This test method is not appropriate for use as an “acceptance” or “proof” wherein the FRP system remaining intact at a prescribed force is an acceptable result.  
1.6 Pull-off strength measurements depend upon both material and instrumental parameters. Different adhesion test devices and procedures will give different results and cannot be directly compared.  
1.7 This test method can be destructive. Spot repairs may be necessary. The test method will result in an exposed cut FRP section; repair methods must consider the potential for moisture uptake through this cut section.  
1.8 Prior to the installation of some adhesively bonded FRP systems, the substrate must be patched. This test method is not appropriate for determining the pull-off strength of the FRP from the patch material. An additional test method is required to determine the pull-off strength of the patch from the substrate.  
1.9 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1550-20(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Toughness of Fiber Reinforced Concrete (Using Centrally Loaded Round Panel)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The post-crack behavior of plate-like, fiber-reinforced concrete structural members is well represented by a centrally loaded round panel test specimen that is simply supported on three pivots symmetrically arranged around its circumference. Such a test panel experiences bi-axial bending in response to a central point load and exhibits a mode of failure related to the in situ behavior of structures. The post-crack performance of round panels subject to a central point load can be represented by the energy absorbed by the panel up to a specified central deflection. In this test method, the energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is taken to represent the ability of a fiber-reinforced concrete to redistribute stress following cracking.
Note 1: The use of three pivoted point supports in the test configuration results in determinate out-of-plane reactions prior to cracking, however the support reactions are indeterminate after cracking due to the unknown distribution of flexural resistance along each crack. There is also a change in the load resistance mechanism in the specimen as the test proceeds, starting with predominantly flexural resistance and progressing to tensile membrane action around the center as the imposed deflection is increased. The energy absorbed up to a specified central deflection is related to the toughness of the material but is specific to this specimen configuration because it is also determined by the support conditions and size of the specimen. Selection of the most appropriate central deflection to specify depends on the intended application for the material. The energy absorbed up to 5 mm central deflection is applicable to situations in which the material is required to hold cracks tightly closed at low levels of deformation. Examples include final linings in underground civil structures such as railway tunnels that may be required to remain water-tight. The energy absorbed up to 40 mm is more applicable to situations in ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural toughness of fiber-reinforced concrete expressed as energy absorption in the post-crack range using a round panel supported on three symmetrically arranged pivots and subjected to a central point load. The performance of specimens tested by this method is quantified in terms of the energy absorbed between the onset of loading and selected values of central deflection.  
1.2 This test method provides for the scaling of results whenever specimens do not comply with the target thickness and diameter, as long as dimensions do not fall outside of given limits.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2394-11(2020)e1(Practice)
Standard Practice for Maintenance, Renovation, and Repair of Installed Asbestos Cement Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers has been shown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.  
5.1.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects on the lung are a major health concern from asbestos, as chronic (long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation can result in a lung disease termed asbestosis. Asbestosis is characterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead to severe impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also a major concern from asbestos exposure, as inhalation exposure can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of the thin membranes lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding internal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in humans. EPA has classified asbestos as a Group A, known human carcinogen” (1).4  
5.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily from contaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point sources, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestos containers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” (2).  
5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include asbestosis, a lung scarring disease, and various forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arise decades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers’ family members from dust on the workers’ clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” (3).  
5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting in considerable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos haza...
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1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required. This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by the regulatory, contractual, training, and supervisory provisions of this practice.  
1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities and those used in external infrastructure such as water, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.  
1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products.  
1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.  
1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should b...

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