C27 - Precast Concrete Products

ABSTRACT
This specification covers design requirements, manufacturing practices, and performance requirements for monolithic or sectional precast concrete grease interceptor tanks. This standard describes precast concrete tanks installed to separate fats, oils, grease, soap scum, and other typical kitchen wastes associated with the food service industry. The different materials and manufacturing practices of precast concrete grease interceptor tanks are presented in details. Structural design of grease interceptor tanks shall be by calculation or by performance. The different structural design requirement of grease interceptor tanks includes; concrete strength, reinforcing steel placement, and openings. The different physical design requirements of grease interceptor tanks includes; capacity, shape, compartments, inlet and outlet pipes, baffles and outlet devices, and top slab openings. Testing for watertightness shall be performed using either vacuum testing or hydrostatic testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers design requirements, manufacturing practices, and performance requirements for monolithic or sectional precast concrete grease interceptor tanks.  
1.2 This specification describes precast concrete tanks installed to separate fats, oils, grease, soap scum, and other typical kitchen wastes associated with the food service industry.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the recommended design requirements and manufacturing practices for monolithic or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures with the exception of concrete pipe, box culverts, utility structures, septic tanks, grease interceptor tanks, and items included under the scope of Specification C478/C478M.  
Note 1: Water and wastewater structures are defined as solar heating reservoirs, cisterns, holding tanks, leaching tanks, extended aeration tanks, wet wells, pumping stations, distribution boxes, oil-water separators, treatment plants, manure pits, catch basins, drop inlets, and similar structures.
Note 2: Installation and sealant requirements should receive special consideration due to special features of the application.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers monolithicor sectional precast concrete septic tanks. The following materials shall be used for manufacturing concrete septic tank: cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, steel reinforcement, concrete mixtures, forms, concrete placement, fibers, and sealants. The precast concrete sections shall be cured. Structural design of the septic tanks shall be by calculation or by performance. Concrete strength, reinforcing steel placement, and openings shall also be considered in the design. The physical design requirements include: capacity, shape, compartments, influent and effluent pipes, baffles and outlet devices, and openings in top slab. The following tests shall also be done: proof testing, leakage testing, vacuum testing, and water-pressure testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers design requirements, manufacturing practices, and performance requirements for monolithic or sectional precast concrete septic tanks.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 Material properties determined by this test method are useful for quality control of glass-fiber reinforced concrete, ascertaining compliance with governing specifications, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determinations of dry and wet bulk density, water absorption, and apparent porosity of thin sections of glass-fiber reinforced concrete.  
Note 1: This test method does not involve a determination of absolute specific gravity. Therefore, such pore space as may be present in the specimen that is not emptied during the specified drying or is not filled with water during the specified immersion is considered “impermeable” and is not differentiated from the solid portion of the specimen for the calculations, especially those for percent voids.
Depending upon the pore size distribution and the pore entry radii of the specimen and on the purposes for which the test results are desired, the procedures of this method may be adequate, or they may be insufficiently rigorous. In the event that it is desired to fill more of the pores than will be filled by immersion, various techniques involving the use of vacuum treatment or increased pressure may be used. If a rigorous measure of total pore space is desired, this can only be obtained by determining absolute specific gravity by first reducing the sample to discrete particles, each of which is sufficiently small so that no impermeable space can exist within any of the particles.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers structural cementitious panels and defines minimum performance requirements for structural cementitious sheathing panels with respect to structural performance, dimensional stability performance, dimensional tolerance, noncombustibility, surface burning characteristics, long-term durability, water durability, mold resistance, density, moment capacity, and bending stiffness. Structural cementitious panels are non-combustible, water durable, fiber reinforced inorganic composite panels that can be used as floor, roof, and wall sheathing when fastened to supports spaced in accordance with the appropriate span rating. Qualification procedures and initial testing methods shall be conducted to demonstrate the performance characteristics of the panels. Statistical analysis shall also be performed for sampling and inspection of the panel samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers structural cementitious panels. Structural cementitious panels are non-combustible, water durable, fiber reinforced inorganic composite panels intended for use as structural panels. Structural cementitious panels can be used as floor, roof and wall sheathing when fastened to supports spaced in accordance with the appropriate span rating.  
1.2 This specification defines minimum performance requirements for structural cementitious sheathing panels with respect to structural performance, dimensional stability performance, dimensional tolerance, noncombustibility, surface burning characteristics, long-term durability, water durability, mold resistance, density, moment capacity and bending stiffness.  
1.3 This specification also defines a policy to assure on-going product quality by detecting changes in panel properties that may adversely affect panel performance. Required audits of quality activities by a third party quality assurance agency are also defined.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Flexural properties determined by this test method are useful for quality control of glass-fiber reinforced concrete products, ascertaining compliance with the governing specifications, research and development, and generating data for use in product design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural ultimate strength in bending and the yield strength of glass-fiber reinforced concrete sections by the use of a simple beam of 1.0 in. (25.4 mm) or less in depth using third-point loading.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover sampling and testing of structural cementitious panels. The panels are non-combustible, water durable, fiber reinforced inorganic composite panels intended for use as structural panels when fastened to supports spaced. Water absorption, density, moment capacity, and bending stiffness test methods shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover sampling and testing of structural cementitious panels. Structural cementitious panels are non-combustible, water durable, fiber reinforced inorganic composite panels intended for use as structural panels when fastened to supports spaced in accordance with the span rating in inches.  
1.2 These test methods are utilized in evaluating products cited in Specification C1705/C1705M.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Flexural strengths, as determined by Test Method C947, are used for quality control and design of GFRC products and may be used to verify compliance with specifications and to collect data in research and development programs. It is, therefore, important that coupons be prepared according to a standard practice. The coupons are used to make test specimens for Test Method C947 and for Test Method C1229 to determine the amount of glass fiber reinforcement per unit volume of GFRC for quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers preparation of test coupons to be used in tests of plant manufactured thin-section glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the design, testing, manufacture, selection, and installation of fabricated metal access hatches for utility, water, and wastewater structures including utility vaults, drainage structures, valve vaults, meter vaults, wet wells, pump enclosures, utility trenches, piping trenches, and drainage trenches. It applies to various configurations of access hatches constructed of fabricated metal of various materials and grades for various loading conditions, traffic speeds, or both. It provides engineering design and testing criteria for access hatches to be located in various areas subjected to various loading conditions, traffic speed, frequency, or combinations thereof. It also includes production loading criteria to allow the access hatches to be tested in order to verify the load capacity of the manufactured hatches, as well as hatch loading selection guidelines to allow selection of the proper hatch design loading for the conditions of the actual area of placement. This specification also details requirements with respect to the acceptability of the access hatches, material certification and quality control, repairs, inspection, marking, optional features as part of the access hatch design, and submittal drawings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the design, testing, manufacture, selection, and installation of substantially horizontal fabricated metal access hatches for utility, water, and wastewater structures including utility vaults, drainage structures, valve vaults, meter vaults, wet wells, pump enclosures, utility trenches, piping trenches, and drainage trenches.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to various configurations of access hatches constructed of fabricated metal of various materials and grades for various loading conditions, traffic speeds, or both.  
1.3 Engineering design and testing criteria are provided for access hatches to be located in various areas subjected to various loading conditions, traffic speed, frequency, or combinations thereof.  
1.4 Proof loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be designed by engineering calculation and/or by ultimate strength load testing.  
1.5 Production loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be tested to verify the load capacity of the manufactured hatches.  
1.6 Hatch loading selection guidelines are included to allow selection of the proper hatch design loading for the conditions of the actual area of placement.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Glass fiber contents, determined by this test method, are useful for quality control of GFRC products to ensure that manufacturing equipment has been set up to deliver the correct proportions of glass fiber reinforcement in a GFRC composite.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the fiber content in an uncured, glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) sample panel.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Tensile loads determined by this test method are useful for quality control of GFRC architectural panels manufactured using the steel panel frame support design. In addition, test results may be used to verify compliance with governing specifications, research and development, and generating data for use in product design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the tensile load capacity of glass-fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) bonding pads used for attaching steel anchors to GFRC architectural panels.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The basis for this test as an indicator of the long term behavior of fiber reinforced composites is that elevated temperature and moisture content accelerate the formation of the products of hydration of the cement in the matrix, particularly calcium hydroxide.  
3.1.1 It is known that the interaction of these products of hydration, particularly calcium hydroxide, with the fibers can have a major effect on the long-term properties of the composites.  
3.1.2 The principal mechanism that occurs is that the calcium hydroxide forms within the bundles of filaments that form the glass fiber strand. This gradually bonds the filaments together, which reduces filament pull-out. This causes a reduction in the strain capacity of the composite, thereby reducing the strength of the composite and changing the composite from a ductile material to an increasingly brittle material.  
3.1.3 Accelerating the formation of the hydration products accelerates their interaction with the fibers, hence accelerating the aging of the composite.  
3.2 The data developed from this test are used by researchers and manufacturers to evaluate the long-term performance of different mixtures, reinforcements, mixture components, and to provide data for the development of design procedures for products made from these composites.  
3.2.1 The recorded data also provides screening information as new matrices and reinforcements are developed.  
3.3 The usefulness of the test as an indicator of long term composite performance is valid if the only reactions that are accelerated are those that occur more slowly under natural weathering, hot water can induce effects in some composites, for instance those containing acrylic polymer, that may not occur in natural weathering. This test method may not be a valid indicator of long-term performance of such composites.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a way of accelerating the aging of glass fiber reinforced cementitious composites in order to develop data that will indicate real-life natural weathering performance.  
1.2 The coupons prepared for this test method will be tested using Test Method C947.  
1.3 This test method can be used to age coupons for other test methods.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for alkali resistant (AR) glass fibers intended for use in glass fiber-reinforced concrete (GFRC) by spray-up, glass fiber-reinforced concrete premix, fiber-reinforced concrete, and other cementitious based products.  
1.2 This specification provides for AR glass fiber types and configurations that can be readily incorporated into concrete mixes, typical physical properties, minimum zirconia content, and prescribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these requirements.  
1.3 This specification does not address the types of coatings or lubricants used in the manufacturing process of the fibers.  
1.4 In the case of conflict between a more stringent requirement of a product specification and a requirement of this specification, the product specification shall prevail. In the case of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take precedence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the product specification or this specification; for example, by the waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement less stringent.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the physical requirements, sampling, testing, and visual inspection of architectural cast stone that may be made from facing and backup mixtures or from a homogeneous mixture, produced either by wet or dry casting. Conformances for raw materials, Portland cement, aggregates, coloring pigment, reinforcement, chemical admixtures, air entraining admixtures, water reducing and accelerating admixtures, ground slag, fly ash or natural pozzolan, and other consituents shall be precisely observed. Products shall also conform to specified physical and performance requirements such as compressive strength, cold water absorption, boiling water absorption, air content, field testing, resistance to freezing and thawing, and linear drying shrinkage.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification includes the physical properties, sampling, testing, tolerance, and appearance requirements for architectural cast stone.  
1.2 Cast stone units covered under this specification include both wet cast and vibratory dry tamp products. Production methods of cast stone can vary among manufacturers; many production methods are acceptable provided the delivered cast stone meets the requirements of this specification.  
1.3 Surface textures, finish, color, special applications, or other features shall be specified by the purchaser. Slump, manufacturing method, and apparatus shall be selected by the manufacturer and not specified by the purchaser.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the materials, manufacturing practice, and corresponding test methods for wet-cast precast modular retaining wall units cast from first-purpose concrete with or without the inclusion of steel reinforcement. The precast units covered by this specification are machine-placed units intended for use in the construction of dry stacked modular retaining wall systems. First-purpose concrete used for the production of precast modular retaining wall units under this specification shall be ready-mixed or central-mixed concrete. Other materials covered by this specification include cementitious materials, aggregates, admixtures, steel reinforcement, and lifting devices.
This specification also covers ordering information that the purchaser shall specify, physical properties (compressive strength, air content), sampling, frequency of tests, specimen preparation, inspection, certification, product marking, and workmanship, finish, and appearance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers wet-cast precast modular retaining wall units cast from first-purpose concrete with or without the inclusion of steel reinforcement. The precast units covered by this specification are machine-placed units intended for use in the construction of dry stacked modular retaining wall systems.  
1.2 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text of the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents. Therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to standardize the minimum loads to be used to structurally design a precast product.  
4.2 The user is cautioned that he must properly correlate the anticipated field conditions and requirements with the design loads. Field conditions may dictate loads greater than minimum.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the minimum loads to be applied when designing monolithic or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures with the exception of concrete pipe, box culverts, utility structures, and material covered in Specification C478/C478M.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is to be used in determining the absorption value of cast stone. Absorption is one measure of porosity of cast stone and, hence, its resistance to weathering and in-service durability.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling and preparation of specimens for determining the absorption value of architectural cast stone.
Note 1: The testing laboratory performing this test method should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide the user with acceptable apparatus requirements and a prescribed procedure to determine the bending moment capacity of spun pre-stressed concrete bases for use with tapered steel poles.  
5.2 The results of this test method are used as a basis for verification of calculated bending moment capacity, quality control tool for manufacturing process and as a basis for determining statistical bending moment capacity.  
5.3 This test method shall not be used for full length prestressed concrete, steel, or composite poles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of ultimate bending moment capacity and cracking moment capacity of concrete bases used as foundations for tapered steel lighting poles in accordance to Specification C1804.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to standardize the minimum structural loads used to design a precast concrete product using AASHTO LRFD.  
4.2 The user is cautioned to properly correlate the anticipated field conditions and requirements with the design loads. Field conditions may dictate loads greater than described here.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the minimum loads to be applied when designing monolithic or sectional precast concrete utility structures, or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures, where AASHTO LRFD design is required. Concrete pipe, box culverts, and material covered in Specification C478 are excluded from this practice. Structures not requiring AASHTO LRFD design are to be designed using the loads specified in ASTM C857 or ASTM C890, as applicable.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the procedures to be followed in the planning, site preparation, and installation of underground precast concrete utility structures. The installation area shall be surveyed using the workprint and a checklist to identify the work to be done and to determine that the plans are correct. Permits required to do work in accordance with the detail plans shall be secured before starting the job. All permits or a record of the permits shall be retained on the job for immediate reference. Safety requirements for construction shall be in accordance with all federal, state, and local regulations. Shoring for construction shall be in accordance with all federal, state, and local regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be followed in the planning, site preparation, and installation of underground precast concrete utility structures. Concrete pipe and box culverts are not covered under this practice. Also, precast concrete manholes covered in Specification C478/C478M are excluded from this practice.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers spun cast prestressed concrete bases used in tapered steel lighting poles. It provides requirements for acceptability of spun prestressed concrete bases produced in accordance with this specification, materials, bending test procedures, tolerances, and drawings. The requirements also cover inspection with respect to the quality of materials, the process of manufacture, and the finished bases.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers spun cast prestressed concrete bases used in lighting structures.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is to be used in determining the compressive strength of cast stone. Compressive strength is one measure of resistance of cast stone to weathering and structural stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling, preparation of specimens, and determination of the compressive strength of architectural cast stone.
Note 1: The testing laboratory performing this test method should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers precast concrete barriers intended for use adjacent to a roadway or as a median to redirect vehicles unintentionally leaving the roadway. The acceptance criteria for these barriers shall be based on strength properties, dimensional properties, and end results. Conformance as to materials (cement, aggregates, admixtures, and steel reinforcements), design (concrete strength, air entrainment, dimensions, steel reinforcements, concrete finish, lifting devices, anchorage, and reinforcement laps, welds, and splicing), and manufacture (mixture, accelerated curing, water curing, membrane curing, and forms) should be observed precisely. Physical requirements shall be examined by compression, curing compression, and core compression tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers precast concrete barriers, intended to be used adjacent to a roadway or as a median, to redirect vehicles unintentionally leaving the roadway.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to standardize the minimum structural design loading for underground precast concrete utility structures.  
5.2 The user shall verify the anticipated field conditions and requirements with design loads greater than those specified in this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the minimum live loads and dead loads to be applied when designing monolithic or sectional precast concrete utility structures. Concrete pipe, box culverts, and material covered in Specification C478 are excluded from this practice.  
Note 1: For additional information see AASHTO Standard Specification for Highway Bridges, Seventeenth Edition.
Note 2: The purchaser is cautioned that he must properly correlate the anticipated loading conditions and the field requirements with the design loads used.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers general requirements for prestressed concrete poles statically cast for use as structural supports for lights, distribution, transmission, and dead end poles.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers spun cast prestressed concrete poles for use as structural supports for streetlights, traffic signals, and transmission, distribution, and communication lines. The acceptability of the poles shall be determined by the results of full-scale bending and torsional tests. The requirements for the following are specified: (1) materials such as cement, aggregate, water, chemical admixtures, steel, and inserts; (2) general requirements including concrete cover, circumferential wire, grounding, exterior surface treatment, and prestressing; and (3) loading requirements. Load test procedures for bending and torsional tests are detailed. Sets of fabrication and detail drawings shall be furnished as prescribed in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers spun cast prestressed concrete poles for use as structural supports for electric transmission, distribution, and communication lines; streetlights; and traffic signals.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the recommended design criteria and manufacturing practices for monolithic or sectional precast concrete utility structures. Forms shall be accurately constructed and strong enough to maintain the structure's dimensions within the tolerances. Forms shall be cleaned before each use. The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and thoroughly mixed in a batch mixer with proportions of cement and water as will produce a homogeneous concrete having the required specified compressive strength. Concrete shall be deposited as nearly as practicable in its final position. Structures shall be cured by an accepted industry method that will develop the required 28-day compressive strength without affecting the long-term durability of the concrete. The elastic method of structural design or the strength design method of reinforced concrete design, shall be used to design the concrete sections, including the reinforcement required, when the structure is subjected to the specified loading conditions. The structural design shall take into consideration the number, placement, and size of access openings. The minimum floor thickness resulting from slope shall be considered as the nominal floor thickness in the design of the structure. Duct terminators, knockouts, and sumps shall be designed to carry the loads imposed upon them. Compressive-strength of the concrete shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Joints in sectional precast concrete structure shall be designed so as to be self-aligning when assembling sections of the structure. Design of lifting devices shall conform to requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the recommended design criteria and manufacturing practices for monolithic or sectional precast concrete utility structures. Concrete pipe and box culverts are not covered under this specification. Also, precast concrete manholes covered in Specification C478 are excluded from this specification.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers open- and closed-face precast reinforced concrete crib wall members for earth-retaining structures or protection against stream encroachment. The concrete crib wall shall conform to the dimensions prescribed in this specification. Manufacturing materials shall include portland cement, aggregates, chemical admixtures, water, and steel reinforcement. Manufacturing shall conform to the procedures which include mixing, reinforcement-concrete placing, forming, curing, cleaning, oiling, and finishing. Compression tests shall be made on standard concrete cylinders and shall conform to the design strength indicated in this specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers open- and closed-face precast reinforced concrete crib walls intended to act as earth-retaining structures or as protection against stream encroachment.  
Note 1: This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only, with examples and suggestions for usage. Successful performance of this product depends on the proper selection and assembling of members, proper foundation and bearing material, and consideration of backfill heights, backfill material, drainage, and other engineering and construction considerations. The purchaser of the crib wall members specified herein is cautioned that he must properly correlate the field requirements with the members selected and provide adequate inspection at the construction site.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the minimum performance and material requirements for resilient connectors used for connections between reinforced concrete tanks used for septic effluent treatment/detention. All materials shall be suitable for use in sanitary sewage applications. Each connector design shall be tested in accordance with the requirements specified. The following test methods shall be performed: straight alignment; axial deflection; and shear loading.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the minimum performance and material requirements for resilient connectors used for connections between reinforced concrete tanks used for septic effluent treatment/detention, including those referenced in Specifications C913 and C1227.  
1.1.1 These connectors are designed to eliminate leakage between the pipe(s) and tank.  
1.2 A complete metric companion to Specification C1644 has been developed—C1644M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in this specification.
Note 1: This specification covers the design, material, and performance of the resilient connection only. Connections covered by this specification are adequate for hydrostatic pressures up to 5 psi (11.5 ft) without leakage when tested in accordance with Section 7. Infiltration or exfiltration quantities for an installed system are dependent upon many factors other than the connectors between tanks and pipes, and allowable quantities must be covered by other specifications and suitable testing of the installed pipe and system.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is not a routine test. The values recorded are applicable only to the tank being tested and at the time of testing. This test is intended only to demonstrate the sealing effectiveness of the installed system. Structural design of the tank is defined or demonstrated within the scope of other applicable specifications and test methods, including Specification C1227.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for testing precast concrete tanks (and installed accessories) used for on-site wastewater treatment, grease interception, grit/oil separation, water storage, or other applications requiring watertight construction and installation. This test method uses partial vacuum to demonstrate the integrity of the installed materials and the construction processes.  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used to demonstrate the condition of the installed system (precast concrete tank and accessories) prior to backfill.  
1.3 Testing of the system before backfill is necessary so as to preclude inadvertent structural overloading of the system components during the test.
Note 1: Vacuum test criteria presented in this test method are similar to those in general use. The test and criteria have been widely and successfully used in testing manholes as specified in Test Method C1244.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended to regulate the installation of reinforced AAC units and to provide test methods for determining their transverse load-displacement characteristics and load-carrying capacities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the installation and testing of solid, reinforced units made from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), a cementitious product addressed by Specification C1693. The units are large-sized, factory-reinforced, solid rectangular prisms, laid using thin-bed mortar.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers reinforced solid elements manufactured from autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), a cementitious product addressed by Specification C1693. The specification addresses dimensional tolerances, maximum limits for drying shrinkage, requirements for steel reinforcement, and shipping and handling.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC), a cementitious product based on calcium silicate hydrates in which low density is attained by the inclusion of an agent resulting in macroscopic voids, and in which curing is carried out using high-pressure steam.  
1.2 The raw materials used in the production of autoclaved aerated concrete are portland cement or blended cements, quartz sand, water, lime, gypsum or anhydrite, and an agent resulting in macroscopic voids. The quartz sand used as a raw material may be replaced by a siliceous fine aggregate other than sand, and usually is ground to a fine powder before use. Fly ash may be used as a sand replacement. The batched raw materials are mixed thoroughly together to form a slurry. The slurry is cast into steel molds. Due to the chemical reactions that take place within the slurry, the volume expands. After setting, and before hardening, the mass is machine cut into units of various sizes. The units then are steam-cured under pressure in autoclaves where the material is transformed into a hard calcium silicate.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6, 7, and 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the inspection of underground precast concrete utility structures designed and manufactured. The manufacturer shall have the following responsibilities: develop and use an effective quality control program that shall include material controls, tests, and inspections as agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser throughout the fabrication process; make available the inspection records and associated test data; notify the inspector of any changes in material, method of fabrication, or quality control procedure; designate an individual as liaison to the inspector who will sign the inspection activity reports, and when necessary, will be available to the inspector to discuss matters pertaining to inspection, fabrication, and quality control; prepare sufficient concrete test cylinders to meet the purchaser's requirements for compressive strength; assemble, upon request, (without grout) selected concrete component sections to form a complete structure assembly to determine that fit-up requirements are as specified; and provide marking according to purchaser requirements. On the other hand, the inspector's responsibilities shall be the following: familiarize himself with the manufacturer's quality control program; determine that the fabrication of the precast units complies with drawings approved by the purchaser, including hardware and general requirements; immediately report to the purchaser and manufacturer any component parts, complete structures, etc., not in compliance; and clearly indicate on the inspection activity report any fabrication problems encountered and solutions utilized. The inspector shall inspect the materials and fabricated products such as reinforcing steel, assembly, hardware, and concrete.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the inspection of underground precast concrete utility structures designed and manufactured in accordance with Practice C857 and Specification C858.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers monolithicor sectional precast concrete septic tanks. The following materials shall be used for manufacturing concrete septic tank: cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, steel reinforcement, concrete mixtures, forms, concrete placement, fibers, and sealants. The precast concrete sections shall be cured. Structural design of the septic tanks shall be by calculation or by performance. Concrete strength, reinforcing steel placement, and openings shall also be considered in the design. The physical design requirements include: capacity, shape, compartments, influent and effluent pipes, baffles and outlet devices, and openings in top slab. The following tests shall also be done: proof testing, leakage testing, vacuum testing, and water-pressure testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers design requirements, manufacturing practices, and performance requirements for monolithic or sectional precast concrete septic tanks.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers design requirements, manufacturing practices, and performance requirements for monolithic or sectional precast concrete grease interceptor tanks. This standard describes precast concrete tanks installed to separate fats, oils, grease, soap scum, and other typical kitchen wastes associated with the food service industry. The different materials and manufacturing practices of precast concrete grease interceptor tanks are presented in details. Structural design of grease interceptor tanks shall be by calculation or by performance. The different structural design requirement of grease interceptor tanks includes; concrete strength, reinforcing steel placement, and openings. The different physical design requirements of grease interceptor tanks includes; capacity, shape, compartments, inlet and outlet pipes, baffles and outlet devices, and top slab openings. Testing for watertightness shall be performed using either vacuum testing or hydrostatic testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers design requirements, manufacturing practices, and performance requirements for monolithic or sectional precast concrete grease interceptor tanks.  
1.2 This specification describes precast concrete tanks installed to separate fats, oils, grease, soap scum, and other typical kitchen wastes associated with the food service industry.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the recommended design requirements and manufacturing practices for monolithic or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures with the exception of concrete pipe, box culverts, utility structures, septic tanks, grease interceptor tanks, and items included under the scope of Specification C478/C478M.  
Note 1: Water and wastewater structures are defined as solar heating reservoirs, cisterns, holding tanks, leaching tanks, extended aeration tanks, wet wells, pumping stations, distribution boxes, oil-water separators, treatment plants, manure pits, catch basins, drop inlets, and similar structures.
Note 2: Installation and sealant requirements should receive special consideration due to special features of the application.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the design, testing, manufacture, selection, and installation of fabricated metal access hatches for utility, water, and wastewater structures including utility vaults, drainage structures, valve vaults, meter vaults, wet wells, pump enclosures, utility trenches, piping trenches, and drainage trenches. It applies to various configurations of access hatches constructed of fabricated metal of various materials and grades for various loading conditions, traffic speeds, or both. It provides engineering design and testing criteria for access hatches to be located in various areas subjected to various loading conditions, traffic speed, frequency, or combinations thereof. It also includes production loading criteria to allow the access hatches to be tested in order to verify the load capacity of the manufactured hatches, as well as hatch loading selection guidelines to allow selection of the proper hatch design loading for the conditions of the actual area of placement. This specification also details requirements with respect to the acceptability of the access hatches, material certification and quality control, repairs, inspection, marking, optional features as part of the access hatch design, and submittal drawings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the design, testing, manufacture, selection, and installation of substantially horizontal fabricated metal access hatches for utility, water, and wastewater structures including utility vaults, drainage structures, valve vaults, meter vaults, wet wells, pump enclosures, utility trenches, piping trenches, and drainage trenches.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to various configurations of access hatches constructed of fabricated metal of various materials and grades for various loading conditions, traffic speeds, or both.  
1.3 Engineering design and testing criteria are provided for access hatches to be located in various areas subjected to various loading conditions, traffic speed, frequency, or combinations thereof.  
1.4 Proof loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be designed by engineering calculation and/or by ultimate strength load testing.  
1.5 Production loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be tested to verify the load capacity of the manufactured hatches.  
1.6 Hatch loading selection guidelines are included to allow selection of the proper hatch design loading for the conditions of the actual area of placement.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers monolithicor sectional precast concrete septic tanks. The following materials shall be used for manufacturing concrete septic tank: cement, aggregates, water, admixtures, steel reinforcement, concrete mixtures, forms, concrete placement, fibers, and sealants. The precast concrete sections shall be cured. Structural design of the septic tanks shall be by calculation or by performance. Concrete strength, reinforcing steel placement, and openings shall also be considered in the design. The physical design requirements include: capacity, shape, compartments, influent and effluent pipes, baffles and outlet devices, and openings in top slab. The following tests shall also be done: proof testing, leakage testing, vacuum testing, and water-pressure testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers design requirements, manufacturing practices, and performance requirements for monolithic or sectional precast concrete septic tanks.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the procedures to be followed in the planning, site preparation, and installation of underground precast concrete utility structures. The installation area shall be surveyed using the workprint and a checklist to identify the work to be done and to determine that the plans are correct. Permits required to do work in accordance with the detail plans shall be secured before starting the job. All permits or a record of the permits shall be retained on the job for immediate reference. Safety requirements for construction shall be in accordance with all federal, state, and local regulations. Shoring for construction shall be in accordance with all federal, state, and local regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures to be followed in the planning, site preparation, and installation of underground precast concrete utility structures. Concrete pipe and box culverts are not covered under this practice. Also, precast concrete manholes covered in Specification C478 are excluded from this practice.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the physical requirements, sampling, testing, and visual inspection of architectural cast stone that may be made from facing and backup mixtures or from a homogeneous mixture, produced either by wet or dry casting. Conformances for raw materials, Portland cement, aggregates, coloring pigment, reinforcement, chemical admixtures, air entraining admixtures, water reducing and accelerating admixtures, ground slag, fly ash or natural pozzolan, and other consituents shall be precisely observed. Products shall also conform to specified physical and performance requirements such as compressive strength, cold water absorption, boiling water absorption, air content, field testing, resistance to freezing and thawing, and linear drying shrinkage.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification includes the physical properties, sampling, testing, tolerance, and appearance requirements for architectural cast stone.  
1.2 Cast stone units covered under this specification include both wet cast and vibratory dry tamp products. Production methods of cast stone can vary among manufacturers; many production methods are acceptable provided the delivered cast stone meets the requirements of this specification.  
1.3 Surface textures, finish, color, special applications, or other features shall be specified by the purchaser. Slump, manufacturing method, and apparatus shall be selected by the manufacturer and not specified by the purchaser.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is to be used in determining the absorption value of cast stone. Absorption is one measure of porosity of cast stone and, hence, its resistance to weathering and structural stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling and preparation of specimens for determining the absorption value of architectural cast stone.
Note 1: The testing laboratory performing this test method should be evaluated in accordance with Practice C1093.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to standardize the minimum structural loads used to design a precast concrete product using AASHTO LRFD.  
4.2 The user is cautioned to properly correlate the anticipated field conditions and requirements with the design loads. Field conditions may dictate loads greater than described here.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the minimum loads to be applied when designing monolithic or sectional precast concrete utility structures, or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures, where AASHTO LRFD design is required. Concrete pipe, box culverts, and material covered in Specification C478 are excluded from this practice. Structures not requiring AASHTO LRFD design are to be designed using the loads specified in ASTM C857 or ASTM C890, as applicable.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is to be used in determining the absorption value of cast stone. Absorption is one measure of porosity of cast stone and, hence, its resistance to weathering and structural stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling and preparation of specimens for determining the absorption value of architectural cast stone.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to standardize the minimum loads to be used to structurally design a precast product.  
4.2 The user is cautioned that he must properly correlate the anticipated field conditions and requirements with the design loads. Field conditions may dictate loads greater than minimum.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the minimum loads to be applied when designing monolithic or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures with the exception of concrete pipe, box culverts, utility structures, and material covered in Specification C478.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the physical requirements, sampling, testing, and visual inspection of architectural cast stone that may be made from facing and backup mixtures or from a homogeneous mixture, produced either by wet or dry casting. Conformances for raw materials, Portland cement, aggregates, coloring pigment, reinforcement, chemical admixtures, air entraining admixtures, water reducing and accelerating admixtures, ground slag, fly ash or natural pozzolan, and other consituents shall be precisely observed. Products shall also conform to specified physical and performance requirements such as compressive strength, cold water absorption, boiling water absorption, air content, field testing, resistance to freezing and thawing, and linear drying shrinkage.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification includes the physical properties, sampling, testing, tolerance, and appearance requirements for architectural cast stone.  
1.2 Cast stone units covered under this specification include both wet cast and vibratory dry tamp products. Production methods of cast stone can vary among manufacturers; many production methods are acceptable provided the delivered cast stone meets the requirements of this specification.  
1.3 Surface textures, finish, color, special applications, or other features shall be specified by the purchaser. Slump, manufacturing method, and apparatus shall be selected by the manufacturer and not specified by the purchaser.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the design, testing, manufacture, selection, and installation of fabricated metal access hatches for utility, water, and wastewater structures including utility vaults, drainage structures, valve vaults, meter vaults, wet wells, pump enclosures, utility trenches, piping trenches, and drainage trenches.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to various configurations of access hatches constructed of fabricated metal of various materials and grades for various loading conditions, traffic speeds, or both.  
1.3 Engineering design and testing criteria are provided for access hatches to be located in various areas subjected to various loading conditions, traffic speed, frequency, or combinations thereof.  
1.4 Proof loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be designed by engineering calculation and/or by ultimate strength load testing.  
1.5 Production loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be tested to verify the load capacity of the manufactured hatches.  
1.6 Hatch loading selection guidelines are included to allow selection of the proper hatch design loading for the conditions of the actual area of placement.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the design, testing, manufacture, selection, and installation of fabricated metal access hatches for utility, water, and wastewater structures including utility vaults, drainage structures, valve vaults, meter vaults, wet wells, pump enclosures, utility trenches, piping trenches, and drainage trenches.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to various configurations of access hatches constructed of fabricated metal of various materials and grades for various loading conditions, traffic speeds, or both.  
1.3 Engineering design and testing criteria are provided for access hatches to be located in various areas subjected to various loading conditions, traffic speed, frequency, or combinations thereof.  
1.4 Proof loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be designed by engineering calculation and/or by ultimate strength load testing.  
1.5 Production loading criteria is provided to allow the access hatches to be tested to verify the load capacity of the manufactured hatches.  
1.6 Hatch loading selection guidelines are included to allow selection of the proper hatch design loading for the conditions of the actual area of placement.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered the standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the recommended design requirements and manufacturing practices for monolithic or sectional precast concrete water and wastewater structures with the exception of concrete pipe, box culverts, utility structures, septic tanks, grease interceptor tanks, and items included under the scope of Specification C478.  
Note 1: Water and wastewater structures are defined as solar heating reservoirs, cisterns, holding tanks, leaching tanks, extended aeration tanks, wet wells, pumping stations, distribution boxes, oil-water separators, treatment plants, manure pits, catch basins, drop inlets, and similar structures.
Note 2: Installation and sealant requirements should receive special consideration due to special features of the application.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is to be used in determining the compressive strength of cast stone. Compressive strength is one measure of resistance of cast stone to weathering and structural stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling, preparation of specimens, and determination of the compressive strength of architectural cast stone.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.