ASTM C1408-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
Standard Test Method for Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In order to be suitable for this purpose, these materials must meet certain criteria for impurity content. This test method is designed to determine whether the carbon content meets Specifications C753, C776, C888, and C922.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications.
1.2 Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) and gadolinium oxide-uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using this test method.
1.3 This test method covers the determination of 5 to 500 μg of residual carbon.
1.4 This test method describes an induction furnace carrier gas combustion system equipped with an infrared detector. It may also be applied to a similar instrument equipped with a thermal conductivity detector.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon per gram of sample (μg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per gram of uranium (μg/g U).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1408 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By
1
Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1408; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C888 Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide
(Gd O ) Powder
2 3
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in
C922 Specification for Sintered Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium
nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine
Dioxide Pellets
compliance with specifications.
3
2.2 NIST Standard:
1.2 Gadolinium oxide (Gd O ) and gadolinium oxide-
2 3
NIST SRM 101G Standard Reference Materials—Stainless
uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using
Steel
this test method.
3. Terminology
1.3 Thistestmethodcoversthedeterminationof5to500µg
of residual carbon.
3.1 Definitions—Except as otherwise defined herein, defini-
tions of terms are given in Terminology C859.
1.4 This test method describes an induction furnace carrier
gas combustion system equipped with an infrared detector. It
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
may also be applied to a similar instrument equipped with a
3.2.1 accelerator—an igniter and a flux which promotes
thermal conductivity detector.
both combustion and a fluid melt by effectively lowering the
melting point of the sample.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Summary of Test Method
standard.
1.5.1 The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon
4.1 The powered or crushed test specimen and an appropri-
per gram of sample (µg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per
ate accelerator (metal flux) are added to a crucible, placed
gram of uranium (µg/g U).
within an induction-heated furnace and burned at a nominal
temperature of 1600 to 1700°C in a stream of oxygen. The
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
carbon in the sample is oxidized to primarily carbon dioxide
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(CO ) with some carbon monoxide (CO) formed. A catalyst
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2
converts the CO to CO and the products of combustion are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2
scavenged free of sulfur compounds, halogens, and water
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
vapor. The CO is swept into an infrared cell detector. The
2
2. Referenced Documents amount of carbon is automatically determined from stored
2
calibration data, and is displayed or printed out, or both, by the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
carbon analyzer.
C753 Specification for Nuclear-Grade, Sinterable Uranium
Dioxide Powder
4.2 The actual configuration of the system may vary with
C776 Specification for Sintered Uranium Dioxide Pellets vendor and model. Typical systems include columns of mate-
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials rials such as copper oxide, platinized silica gel, magnesium
perchlorate, sodium hydroxide, and cellulose to purify the CO
2
stream.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear
Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of
5. Significance and Use
Test.
Current edition approved March 1, 2016. Published March 2016. Originally
5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel.
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1408 – 09. DOI:
Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In
10.1520/C1408-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100
the ASTM website. Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1408 − 16
order to be suitable for this purpose, these materials must meet 8.2 Accelerators—Copper metal and iron chip mixture,
5
certain criteria for impurity content. This test method is tin-tungsten mixture , granular tin and iron chip mixture, or
high purity iron chip accelerators for i
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1408 − 09 C1408 − 16
Standard Test Method for
Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By
1
Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1408; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine
compliance with specifications.
1.2 Gadolinium oxide (Gd O ) and gadolinium oxide-uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using this test
2 3
method.
1.3 This test method covers the determination of 5 to 500 μg of residual carbon.
1.4 This test method describes an induction furnace carrier gas combustion system equipped with an infrared detector. It may
also be applied to a similar instrument equipped with a thermal conductivity detector.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5.1 The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon per gram of sample (μg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per gram
of uranium (μg/g U).
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C753 Specification for Nuclear-Grade, Sinterable Uranium Dioxide Powder
C776 Specification for Sintered Uranium Dioxide Pellets
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
C888 Specification for Nuclear-Grade Gadolinium Oxide (Gd O ) Powder
2 3
C922 Specification for Sintered Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium Dioxide Pellets
3
2.2 NIST Standard:
NIST SRM 101G Standard Reference Materials—Stainless Steel
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—Except as otherwise defined herein, definitions of terms are given in Terminology C859.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 accelerator—an igniter and a flux which promotes both combustion and a fluid melt by effectively lowering the melting
point of the sample.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The powered or crushed test specimen and an appropriate accelerator (metal flux) are added to a crucible, placed within an
induction-heated furnace and burned at a nominal temperature of 1600 to 1700°C in a stream of oxygen. A catalyst converts the
carbon monoxide (CO) to The carbon in the sample is oxidized to primarily carbon dioxide (CO ) with some carbon monoxide
2
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.05 on Methods of Test.
Current edition approved June 1, 2009March 1, 2016. Published July 2009March 2016. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20042009 as
C1408 – 98 (2004).C1408 – 09. DOI: 10.1520/C1408-09.10.1520/C1408-16.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http://www.nist.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1408 − 16
(CO) formed. A catalyst converts the CO to CO and the products of combustion are scavenged free of sulfur compounds, halogens,
2
and water vapor. The CO is swept into an infrared cell detector. The amount of carbon is automatically determined from stored
2
calibration data, and is displayed or printed out, or both, by the carbon analyzer.
4.2 The actual configuration of the system may vary with vendor and model. Typical systems include columns of materials such
as copper oxide, platinized silica gel, magnesium perchlorate, sodium hydroxide, and cellulose to purify the CO stream.
2
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In order to
be suitable for this purpose, t
...
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