ASTM D1094-07(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When applied to aviation gasoline, water reaction volume change using the technique reveals the presence of water–soluble components such as alcohols. When applied to aviation turbine fuels, water reaction interface rating using the technique is not reliable in revealing the presence of surfactants which disarm filter-separators quickly and allow free water and particulates to pass; but can reveal the presence of other types of contaminants. Other tests, such as Test Method D3948, are capable of detecting surfactants in aviation fuels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the presence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume change and on the fuel-water interface.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard involves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7. Before using this standard, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D1094 − 07 (Reapproved 2013) An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP Standard Test Methods Vol 2, Appendix B, Specification
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pres-
for Petroleum Spirits
ence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and
turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume
3. Terminology
change and on the fuel-water interface.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
the wall of the glass cylinder.
standard.
3.1.2 lace, n—fibers thicker than hairlike shred or of which
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
more than 10 % are interlocking, or both.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 loose lace or slight scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 3),
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
covered with more than 10 % but less than 50 % of lace or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard
scum that does not extend into either of the two layers.
involvestheuseofhazardouschemicalsidentifiedinSection7.
3.1.4 scum, n—layer thicker than film or that adheres to the
Before using this standard, refer to suppliers’ safety labels,
wall of the glass cylinder, or both.
Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
3.1.5 shred, n—hairlike fibers of which less than 10 % are
2. Referenced Documents interlocking.
3.1.6 shred, lace or film at interface (Table 2, Rating 2),
2.1 ASTM Standards:
n—an assessment that fuel/buffer solution interface contains
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
more than 50 % clear bubbles or some but less than 10 %
ration
shred, lace, film or both.
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
3.1.7 tight lace or heavy scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 4),
D1836 Specification for Commercial Hexanes
n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark- covered with more than 50 % of lace or scum, or both, that
Ignition Engine Fuel
extends into either of the two layers or forms an emulsion, or
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark- both.
Ignition Engine Fuel
3.1.8 water reaction interface conditions rating, n—a quali-
D3948 TestMethodforDeterminingWaterSeparationChar-
tative assessment of the tendency of a mixture of water and
acteristicsofAviationTurbineFuelsbyPortableSeparom-
aviation turbine fuel to form interface films or precipitates.
eter
3.1.9 water reaction separation rating, n—a qualitative
assessment of the tendency of insufficiently cleaned glassware
to produce emulsions or precipitates, or both, in separated fuel
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
and water layers.
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
3.1.10 water reaction volume change, n—a qualitative indi-
D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally
cation of the presence in aviation gasoline of water-soluble
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D1094–07. DOI:
components.
10.1520/D1094-07R13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1094 − 07 (2013)
4. Summary of Test Method (KH PO ) in 100 mL of water. Larger volumes of the phos-
2 4
phate buffer solution may be prepared provided the concentra-
4.1 A sample of the fuel is shaken, using a standardized
tion of K HPO and KH PO in the water solution is
2 4 2 4
technique, at room temperature with a phosphate buffer solu-
equivalent to that described above. As an alternative, the
tion in scrupulously cleaned glassware. The cleanliness of the
laboratory may use a commercially prepared solution.
glass cylinder is tested. The change in volume of the aqueous
layer and the appearance of the interface are taken as the water
8. Preparation of Apparatus
reaction of the fuel.
8.1 Clean the graduated cylinder thoroughly before carrying
5. Significance and Use out this test. Only cylinders that are adequately cleaned can be
used.
5.1 When applied to aviation gasoline, water reaction vol-
8.1.1 Remove traces of oil from the graduated cylinder and
ume change using the technique reveals the presence of
stopper by flushing with hot tap water, brushing if necessary.
water–soluble components such as alcohols. When applied to
Alternately, remove all traces of oil from the graduated
aviation turbine fuels, water reaction interface rating using the
cylinder and stopper, using either n-hexane or n-heptane or the
techniqueisnotreliableinrevealingthepresenceofsurfactants
IPpetroleumsolvent60/80.Rinsewithacetonefollowedbytap
whichdisarmfilter-separatorsquicklyandallowfreewaterand
water.
particulates to pass; but can reveal the presence of other types
8.1.2 Followingthewashingdescribedin8.1.1,immersethe
of contaminants. Other tests, such as Test Method D3948, are
cylinder and stopper in either (1) a non-ionic detergent clean-
capable of detecting surfactants in aviation fuels.
ing solution, or (2) glass cleaning solution described in 7.4.
The type of non-ionic detergent and conditions for its use need
6. Apparatus
to be established in each laboratory. The criterion for satisfac-
6.1 Graduated Glass Cylinder, glass-stoppered, 100 mL,
torycleaningshallbeamatchingofthequalityofthatobtained
with 1-mL graduations. The distance between the 100-mL
with chromic acid cleaning solution. Non-ionic detergent
mark and the top of the shoulder of the cylinder must be within
cleaning avoids the potential hazards and inconveniences
the range from 50 to 60 mm.
related to handling corrosive chromic acid solutions. The latter
remains as the reference cleaning practice and as such may
7. Reagents
function as an alternate
...
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