ASTM D5784-95(2000)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Standard Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how hollow-stem auger-drilling systems may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
1.2 Hollow-stem auger drilling for geoenvironmental exploration and monitoring device installations often involves safety planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
Note 1--This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical site that are addressed in a separate Guide.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word "Standard" in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
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Designation:D5784–95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Guide for
Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvironmental
Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
Monitoring Devices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5784; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by
Auger Borings
1.1 This guide covers how hollow-stem auger-drilling sys-
D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-Barrel
tems may be used for geoenvironmental exploration and
Sampling of Soils
installation of subsurface water-quality monitoring devices.
D 1587 Test Method for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of
1.2 Hollow-stemaugerdrillingforgeoenvironmentalexplo-
Soils
ration and monitoring device installations often involves safety
D 2113 Test Method for Diamond Core Drilling for Site
planning, administration, and documentation. This guide does
Investigation
not purport to specifically address exploration and site safety.
D 2487 Test Method for Classification of Soils for Engi-
NOTE 1—This guide does not include considerations for geotechnical 2
neering Purposes
site that are addressed in a separate Guide.
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
D 3550 Practice for Ring-Lined Barrel Sampling of Soils
information only.
D 4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Samples
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D 4428/D4428M Test Methods for Crosshole Seismic Test-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
ing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D 4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D 4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
or a series of options and does not recommend a specific
Well)
course of action. This document cannot replace education or
D 5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting of Rock
experience and should be used in conjunction with professional
Core Samples
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
D 5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-
Used at Non-Radioactive Waste Sites
sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
D 5092 Practice for Design and Installation of Ground
a given professional service must be judged, nor should this
Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
D 5099 Test Method for Rubber—Measurement of Process-
unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this
ing Properties Using Capillary Rheometry
document means only that the document has been approved
D 5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
through the ASTM consensus process.
Identify a Ground-Water Site
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions:
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
3.1.1 Terminology used within this guide is in accordance
Fluids
with Terminology D 653. Definitions of additional terms may
be found in Terminology D 653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 bentonite—the common name for drilling fluid addi-
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Ground Water and tives and well-construction products consisting mostly of
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 09.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5784–95 (2000)
naturally occurring montmorillonite. Some bentonite products lowering rods or pipe. Centralizers may be required to cor-
have chemical additives that may affect water-quality analyses. rectly position the device(s) in the borehole.
3.2.14 intermittent-sampling devices—usually barrel-type
3.2.2 bentonite granules and chips—irregularly shaped par-
ticles of bentonite (free from additives) that have been dried samplers that may be rotated, driven, or pushed below the
bottom of a borehole with drill rods or with a wireline system
and separated into a specific size range.
to lower, drive, and retrieve the sampler following completion
3.2.3 bentonite pellets—roughly spherical- or disk-shaped
ofanincrementofdrilling.Theuserisreferredtothefollowing
units of compressed bentonite powder (some pellet manufac-
ASTM standards relating to suggested sampling methods and
turers coat the bentonite with chemicals that may affect the
procedures: Practice D 1452, Test Method D 1586, Practice
water-quality analysis).
D 3550, and Practice D 1587.
3.2.4 coeffıcient of uniformity— C (D), the ratio D /D ,
u 60 10
3.2.15 mast—or derrick, on a drilling rig is used for
where D is the particle diameter corresponding to 60 % finer
supporting the crown block, top drive, pulldown chains,
on the cumulative particle-size distribution curve, and D is
hoisting lines, and so forth. It must be constructed to safely
the particle diameter corresponding to 10 % finer on the
carry the expected loads encountered in drilling and comple-
cumulative particle-size distribution curve.
tion of wells of the diameter and depth for which the rig
3.2.5 continuous-sampling devices—barrel-type samplers
manufacturer specifies the equipment.
that fit within the lead auger of the hollow-auger column. The
3.2.16 Discussion—To allow for contingencies, it is recom-
sampler barrel fills with material as the augers advance.
mended that the rated capacity of the mast should be at least
3.2.6 drill hole—a cylindrical hole advanced into the sub-
twice the anticipated weight load or normal pulling load.
surface by mechanical means. Also known as borehole or
3.2.17 piezometer—an instrument for measuring pressure
boring.
head.
3.2.7 drawworks—a power-driven winch, or several
3.2.18 subsurface water-quality monitoring device—an
winches, usually equipped with a clutch and brake system(s)
instrument placed below ground surface to obtain a sample for
for hoisting or lowering a drilling string.
analyses of the chemical, biological, or radiological character-
3.2.8 filter pack—also known as a gravel pack or a primary
istics of subsurface pore water or to make in-situ measure-
filter pack in the practice of monitoring-well installations. The
ments.
gravel pack is usually granular material, having specified
grain-size characteristics, that is placed between a monitoring
4. Significance and Use
device and the borehole wall. The basic purpose of the filter
4.1 Hollow-stem auger drilling may be used in support of
pack or gravel envelope is to act as: (1) a nonclogging filter
geoenvironmental exploration (Practice D 3550, Test Method
whentheaquiferisnotsuitedtonaturaldevelopmentor,(2)act
D 4428) and for installation of subsurface water-quality moni-
asaformationstabilizerwhentheaquiferissuitablefornatural
toring devices in unconsolidated materials. Hollow-stem auger
development.
drilling may be selected over other methods based on the
3.2.8.1 Discussion—Under most circumstances a clean,
advantages over other methods. These advantages include: the
quartz sand or gravel should be used. In some cases a
ability to drill without the addition of drilling fluid(s) to the
pre-packed screen may be used.
subsurface, and hole stability for sampling purposes (see Test
3.2.9 fluid-injection devices—usually consist of various au-
Methods D 1586, D 1587, D 2487, and D 2488) and monitor-
ger components or drill-rig attachments that may be used to
well construction in unconsolidated to poorly indurated mate-
inject a fluid within a hollow-auger column during drilling.
rials. This drilling method is generally restricted to the drilling
3.2.10 grout packer—an inflatable or expandable annular
of shallow, unconsolidated materials or softer rocks. The
plug that is attached to a tremie pipe, usually positioned
hollow-stem drilling method is a favorable method to be used
immediately above the discharge end of the pipe.
for obtaining cores and samples and for the installation of
3.2.11 grout shoe—adrillableplugcontainingacheckvalve
monitoringdevicesinmany,butnotallgeologicenvironments.
that is positioned within the lowermost section of a casing
NOTE 2—In many geologic environments the hollow-stem auger drill-
column. Grout is injected through the check valve to fill the
ing method can be used for drilling, sampling, and monitoring-device
annular space between the casing and the borehole wall or
installations without the addition of fluids to the borehole. However, in
another casing.
cases where heaving water-bearing sands or silts are encountered, the
additionofwaterordrillingmudtothehollow-augercolumnmaybecome
3.2.11.1 Discussion—The composition of the drillable plug
necessary to inhibit the piping of these fluid-like materials into the augers.
should be known and documented.
These drilling conditions, if encountered, should be documented.
3.2.12 hoisting line—or drilling line, is wire rope used on
4.1.1 The application of hollow-stem augers to geoenviron-
the drawworks to hoist and lower the drill string.
mental exploration may involve ground water and soil sam-
3.2.13 in situ testing devices—sensors or probes, used to
pling, in-situ or pore-fluid testing, or utilization of the hollow-
obtain mechanical or chemical-test data, that are typically
auger column as a casing for subsequent drilling activities in
pushed, rotated, or driven below the bottom of a borehole
unconsolidated or consolidated materials (Test Method
following completion of an increment of drilling. However,
D 2113).
some in situ testing devices (such as electronic pressure
transducers, gas-lift samplers, tensiometers, and and so forth)
NOTE 3—The user may install a monitoring device within the same
may require lowering and setting of the device(s) in a preex-
auger borehole wherein sampling or in-situ or pore-fluid testing was
isting borehole by means of a suspension line or a string of performed.
D5784–95 (2000)
of a sampler or core barrel. When a monitoring device is installed, the
4.1.2 The hollow-stem auger column may be used as a
annular opening should provide easy insertion of a pipe with an inside
temporary casing for installation of a subsurface water-quality
diameter large enough for placing completion materials adjacent to the
monitoring device. The monitoring device is usually installed
riser.
as the hollow-auger column is removed from the borehole.
5.1.1 Hollow-Auger Head, attached to the lead auger of the
4.2 The subsurface water-quality monitoring devices that
hollow-auger column and usually contains replaceable,
are addressed in this guide consist generally of a screened or
abrasion-resistant cutters or teeth (see Fig. 1). As the hollow-
porous intake device and riser pipe(s) that are usually installed
auger head is rotated, it cuts and directs the cuttings to the
with a filter pack to enhance the longevity of the intake unit,
auger flights which convey the cuttings to the surface.
and with isolation seals and low-permeability backfill to deter
5.1.2 Auger-Drive Assembly, attaches to the uppermost
the movement of fluids or infiltration of surface water between
hollow-augersectionandtransfersrotarypowerandaxialforce
hydrologic units penetrated by the borehole (see Practice
from the drill rig to the auger-column assembly.
D 5092). Inasmuch as a piezometer is primarily a device used
5.1.3 Pilot Assembly, may consist of: (1) an auger head
for measuring subsurface hydraulic heads, the conversion of a
aperture-plugging device with or without a center cutting head,
piezometer to a water-quality monitoring device should be
or (2) a sampling device that is used to sample simultaneously
made only after consideration of the overall quality and
integrity of the installation, to include the quality of materials with advancement of the auger column.
5.1.4 Auxiliary Components of a Hollow-Auger Drilling
that will contact sampled water or gas.
System, consist of various devices such as auger-connector
NOTE 4—Both water-quality monitoring devices and piezometers
wrenches, auger forks, hoisting hooks, and fluid-injection
should have adequate casing seals, annular isolation seals, and backfills to
swivels or adapters.
deter the movement of fluids between hydrologic units.
5.2 Drill Rig, used to rotate and advance the auger column.
5. Apparatus
The drill rig should be capable of applying the rated power at
a rotary velocity of 50 to 100 r/min. The drill rig should have
5.1 Each auger section of the hollow-stem auger-column
a feed stroke of at least the effective length of the auger
assembly consists of a cylindrical tube with continuous helical
sections plus the effective length of the auger couplings plus
flighting rigidly attached to the outer surface of the tube (see
about 100 mm (4 in.).
Fig. 1). The hollow-auger section has a coupling at each end
for attachment of a hollow-auger head to the bottom end of the
6. Drilling Procedures
lead auger section and for attachment of additional auger
sections at the top end to make up the articulated hollow-stem
6.1 As a prelude to and throughout the drilling process
auger column.
stabilize the drill rig and raise the drill-rig mast. Attach an
initialassemblyofhollow-augercomponents(seeFig.1)tothe
NOTE 5—The inside diameter of the hollow-stem auger column is
rotary drive of the drill rig.
usually selected to provide an opening large enough for insertion of
monitoring-device components such as the screened intake and filter pack
NOTE 6—The drill rig, drilling and sampling tools, the rotary gear or
and installation devices such as a tremie pipe. When media sampling is
chain case, the spindle, and all components of the rotary drive above the
required, the optimum opening should permit easy insertion and retraction
auger column should be cleaned and decontaminated prior to drilling
according to Practice D 5088. All lubricated rotary gear or chain cases
should be monitored for leaks dur
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