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ASTM E987-88(2009)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products

Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Under normal usage, deglazing loads are generally applied parallel to the plane of the glazing material and eccentric to the sash element when it is opened, closed, or lifted out of the frame. When operating hardware is present, torsional forces may be increased. Opening and closing forces are normally applied from the interior side only. Sliding glass door panels are activated from both sides.
The ability of fenestration products to resist deglazing forces may vary with a number of factors. These factors should be considered when selecting test specimens or when interpreting test results. Bedding compounds in newly assembled sashes may not reach full strength until they have been allowed to cure for several days or weeks. Some sash materials are subject to shrinkage at low temperatures and increased elasticity at high temperatures. Therefore, a sash containing these materials may exhibit a range of deglazing resistance due to varying temperature conditions. Normal manufacturing tolerances and clearances in sash members and glazing materials may also affect deglazing resistance. Further, although fenestration products are designed to operate within certain force limits, improper installation, wear, and abuse may increase the forces necessary for sash operation.
When determining which members of a given sash shall be tested for deglazing resistance, consideration must be given to the manner in which the sash may be operated when normally installed. Handles and lift devices are usually located on the sash for the convenience of the operator and therefore dictate the normal direction of operation.
Test Method A presents a technique for actual measurement of the deglazing forces of an individual sash member.
Test Method B presents a technique for measuring the deglazing force of two opposite members. This test method is intended for quality control measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of elements of fenestration products such as operating (or removable) window sashes, storm sashes, and sliding glass door panels (hereafter referred to as sash members) to forces tending to deglaze the construction.
1.2 These test methods utilize concentrated loads applied to the interior side of a sash member in a manner simulating normal opening and closing forces. Removable sashes are loaded to simulate handling for removal and cleaning.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2009
ICS
91.060.50 - Doors and windows
Technical Committee
E06 - Performance of Buildings
Drafting Committee
E06.51 - Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E987-88(2001) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Replaced By
ASTM E987-88(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
Effective Date
01-Sep-2017

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ASTM E987-88(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration ProductsASTM E987-88(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
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ASTM E987-88(2009) - Standard Test Methods for Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E987 − 88 (Reapproved 2009)
Standard Test Methods for
Deglazing Force of Fenestration Products
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E987; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.3 deglazing force—the force required to obtain the
deglazing measured.
1.1 These test methods measure the resistance of elements
of fenestration products such as operating (or removable)
4. Significance and Use
window sashes, storm sashes, and sliding glass door panels
4.1 Under normal usage, deglazing loads are generally
(hereafter referred to as sash members) to forces tending to
applied parallel to the plane of the glazing material and
deglaze the construction.
eccentrictothesashelementwhenitisopened,closed,orlifted
1.2 These test methods utilize concentrated loads applied to
out of the frame.When operating hardware is present, torsional
the interior side of a sash member in a manner simulating
forces may be increased. Opening and closing forces are
normal opening and closing forces. Removable sashes are
normally applied from the interior side only. Sliding glass door
loaded to simulate handling for removal and cleaning.
panels are activated from both sides.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.2 The ability of fenestration products to resist deglazing
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
forces may vary with a number of factors.These factors should
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
be considered when selecting test specimens or when interpret-
and are not considered standard.
ing test results. Bedding compounds in newly assembled
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the sashes may not reach full strength until they have been allowed
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the to cure for several days or weeks. Some sash materials are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- subject to shrinkage at low temperatures and increased elastic-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- ity at high temperatures. Therefore, a sash containing these
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. materials may exhibit a range of deglazing resistance due to
varying temperature conditions. Normal manufacturing toler-
2. Referenced Documents
ances and clearances in sash members and glazing materials
2.1 ASTM Standards:
may also affect deglazing resistance. Further, although fenes-
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
tration products are designed to operate within certain force
limits, improper installation, wear, and abuse may increase the
3. Terminology
forces necessary for sash operation.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in these test
4.3 When determining which members of a given sash shall
methods, refer to Terminology E631.
be tested for deglazing resistance, consideration must be given
3.2 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
to the manner in which the sash may be operated when
3.2.1 bite—the distance from the edge of the glazing mate-
normally installed. Handles and lift devices are usually located
rial to the sight line.
on the sash for the convenience of the operator and therefore
3.2.2 deglazing—the movement of a sash member from its
dictate the normal direction of operation.
original position in relation to the glazing material. Deglazing
4.4 Test Method A presents a technique for actual measure-
is expressed as a percentage of the original (before testing)
ment of the deglazing forces of an individual sash member.
glazing “bite.”
4.5 Test Method B presents a technique for measuring the
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on
deglazing force of two opposite members. This test method is
Performance of Buildings and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51
intended for quality control measurements.
on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originally
5. Apparatus
approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E987 – 88 (2001).
DOI: 10.1520/E0987-88R09.
5.1 Hydraulic or Pneumatic Ram, or an equivalent capable
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
of producing at least a 100-lbf (445-N) force when connected
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
to a hydraulic pump or compressed air supply, or an equivalent
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. of suitable capacity. The ram piston extension can be fitted to
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E987 − 88 (2009)
allow the addition of extensions to accommodate the width or members under test. One extensometer is required for Test
length of the specimen to be tested. MethodAand two extensometers are required for Test Method
5.1.1 Sliding Contact Shoe, to be fitted on either end of the B.
ram, as shown in Fig. 1.
5.1.1.1 For Test Method A, only one shoe is required, since
6. Test Specimen
the opposing force will be dissipated against a stationary
6.1 Submit the test specimen glazed in accordance with the
support.
manufacturer’s standard practices for the window sash or the
5.1.1.2 ForTestMethodB,twocontactshoesarerequiredto
door panel to be tested. The test specimen shall be of the
generate the opposing forces against opposite sash members.
maximum width and maximum height for which the test data
5.1.2 Force Gage, capable of measuring force to an accu-
is to be determined.
racy of 61.0 lbf (64.5 N).
6.2 The sash or panel members to be included in this test are
5.1.2.1 The apparatus, including the gage system, shall be
those having integral pull provisions, and those having no
calibrated and a calibration curve prepared every 6 months
integral pull provisions, but fitted with handles, latches, or
correlating gage readings to pounds-force generated.
other means that might be used to operate the window or door.
5.2 Extensometers, capable of being read to an accuracy of
Removablewindowsashes,becauseoftheirinherentcapability
0.01 in. (0.25 mm), required to measure the deflection of the
of being lifted by any sash surround, shall be tested on all four
sash surround members.
6.2.1 Test sliding glass door panels from both the interior
and exterior side on the stile containing the locking
mechanism, necessitating the submission of at least two panels
for each door tested.
6.3 A
...

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5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration under uniform static air pressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fully considered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a uniform static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
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5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration during rapid cyclic pulses of dynamic air pressure differences. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be fully considered prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.  
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5.3 As the specified or median test pressure is increased, the maximum test pressure in this procedure is also increased to 1.5 times the specification median test pressure. This higher maximum test pressure may not be representative of actual building service conditions. For this reason the maximum recommended median test pressure is 480 Pa (10 psf), which corresponds to a maximum test pressure of 720 Pa (15 psf).  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of exterior windows, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a rapid pulsed air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
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Note 1: The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document provides air leakage acceptance criteria for these products based on their performance class. Acoustical products could require a lower air leakage rate than what is required in this standard in order to achieve the desired acoustical performance.  
4.2 Operating Force Relative to Sound Transmission—The use of specific sealing components to achieve a given sound rating could affect operating force of the vertical or horizontal sliding sash or panels of the assembly; therefore, operating force is reported to allow the approving authority information relative to sash or panel operating forces.
Note 2: The opening force in 28 CFR Part 36 ADA for interior hinged doors and sliding doors is limited to 5 lbf (22.2 N). The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document provides operating force acceptance criteria for products based on their performance class.  
4.3 Latching Force Relative to Sound Transmission—Latching force can affect the compression of seals and the amount of damping applied to the system that in turn affects the air leakage and the acoustical performance. The use of specific sealing components and latching/locking hardware can affect the force required to close and latch the door under test. The latching force is reported to allow the approving authority information relative to sash or panel latching conditions.
Note 3: The AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 document states that the maximum force to latch shall be measured and reported.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes requirements for testing and rating acoustical performance of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems, regardless of their method or materials of manufacture.  
1.1.1 Operating force, latching force, and air leakage are integral elements of the acoustical performance of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems. This practice requires (when applicable) the concurrent testing of operating force, latching force, and air leakage, in addition to the sound transmission loss test.  
1.2 This practice establishes the test methodology, specimen criteria, and classification rating system for purposes of determining the acoustical performance levels of window, door, skylight, and glazed wall systems only, and not through openings between such assemblies and adjacent construction.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1105-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining the resistance to water penetration under uniform or cyclic static air pressure differences of installed exterior windows, skylights, curtain walls, and doors. The air-pressure differences acting across a building envelope vary greatly. These factors should be considered fully prior to specifying the test pressure difference to be used.
Note 1: In applying the results of tests by this test method, note that the performance of a wall or its components, or both, may be a function of proper installation and adjustment. In service, the performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various causes, vibration, thermal expansion and contraction, and so forth. It is difficult to simulate the identical complex wetting conditions that can be encountered in service, with large wind-blown water drops, increasing water drop impact pressures with increasing wind velocity, and lateral or upward moving air and water. Some designs are more sensitive than others to this upward moving water.
Note 2: This test method does not identify unobservable liquid water which may penetrate into the test specimen.  
5.2 Laboratory tests are designed to give an indication of the performance of an assembly. Field performance may vary from laboratory performance since the supporting structure for the test specimen, methods of mounting, and sealing in the laboratory can only simulate the actual conditions that will exist in the building. Shipping, handling, installation, acts of subsequent trades, aging, and other environmental conditions all may have an adverse effect upon the performance of the installed product. This field test procedure provides a means for determining the performance of a product once installed in the building.  
5.3 The field test may be made at the time the window, skylight, curtain-wall, or door assemblies are initially installed ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of installed exterior windows, curtain walls, skylights, and doors to water penetration when water is applied to the outdoor face and exposed edges simultaneously with a static air pressure at the outdoor face higher than the pressure at the indoor face.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to any curtain-wall area or to windows, skylights, or doors alone. It is intended primarily for determining the resistance to water penetration through such assemblies for compliance with specified performance criteria, but it may also be used to determine the resistance to penetration through the joints between the assemblies and the adjacent construction. Other procedures may be appropriate to identify sources of leakage.  
1.3 This test method addresses water penetration through a manufactured assembly. Water that penetrates the assembly, but does not result in a failure as defined herein, may have adverse effects on the performance of contained materials such as sealants and insulating or laminated glass. This test method does not address these issues.  
1.4 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 7.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on...

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ASTM
ASTM E1424-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Rate of Air Leakage Through Exterior Windows, Skylights, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under Specified Pressure and Temperature Differences Across the Specimen

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The exterior building envelope and its components (for example, windows and doors) separate the interior conditioned spaces from exterior environmental factors such as heat, cold, rain, wind, noise dust, etc. Building materials and components can expand or contract to varying degrees, depending on seasonal and diurnal exterior ambient air temperatures. Fluctuations in the ambient air temperatures can alter the sealing characteristics of windows, curtain walls, and doors by changing weather seal compression ratios. Thermal expansion or contraction of framing materials coupled with thermal blowing due to temperature gradients through the product, and alterations in the effective leakage areas due to weather seal shrinkage and compression set, can also significantly alter the air leakage rates of these products in field service applications. Air leakage tests performed using Test Method E283 (a laboratory air leakage test performed at ambient temperature conditions) will not account accurately for changes in air leakage rates that may occur from dimensional changes in fenestration systems, materials, and components.  
5.2 It is recommended that test specifiers consult the manufacturer for recommended test temperature extremes.  
5.3 This procedure provides a means for evaluating air leakage rates of fenestration systems under various temperature and pressure conditions and air flow directions. It is also applicable for use in evaluating the efficiency of weather sealing products in fenestration systems. All air flow rates are converted to standard conditions to provide a means of comparison between measurements made at different ambient air temperature and pressure conditions.  
5.4 Air leakage rates are sometimes used for comparison purposes. Such comparisons may not be valid unless the components being tested and compared are of essentially the same size, configuration, and design.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a standard laboratory procedure for determining the air leakage rates of exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors under specified differential air temperature and pressure conditions across the specimen.  
1.2 Specified temperature and pressure conditions are representative of those that may be encountered at the exterior thermal envelope of buildings, excluding the effects of heat buildup due to solar radiation.  
1.3 This laboratory procedure is applicable to exterior windows, curtain walls, and doors and is intended to measure only such leakage associated with the assembly and not the installation; however, the test method can be adapted for the latter purpose.  
1.4 This is a laboratory procedure for testing at differential temperature conditions. Persons interested in a laboratory test at ambient conditions should reference Test Method E283. Persons interested in a field test on installed windows and doors should reference Test Method E783.  
1.5 Persons using this procedure should be knowledgeable in the areas of heat transfer, fluid mechanics, and instrumentation practices, and shall have a general understanding of fenestration products and components.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technic...

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