ASTM E1126-94a
(Terminology)Standard Terminology Relating to Biomass Fuels (Withdrawn 2003)
Standard Terminology Relating to Biomass Fuels (Withdrawn 2003)
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Designation: E 1126 – 94a
Standard Terminology Relating to
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Biomass Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1126; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
aerobic—able to live, grow, or take place only where free cal systems to transform one compound into another. Ex-
oxygen is present. amples are digestion of organic wastes or sewage by
aerobic fermentation—fermentation processes that require microorganisms to produce methane.
the presence of air. biofuel—biomass-derived fuel.
alcohols—the family name of a group of organic compounds biogas—a gaseous mixture of mainly carbon dioxide and
that vary in chain length and consist of a hydrocarbon plus methane produced by the anaerobic digestion of organic
one or more hydroxyl groups; for example, the straight chain matter.
series CH -(CH )n-OH. Includes methanol, ethanol, bu- biomass—total weight of living matter in a given volume.
3 2
tanol, propanol, and higher alcohols. If the hydrocarbon is When considered as an energy source, biomass is further
aromatic, the compounds are called phenols. subdivided into: (1) primary biomass, rapidly growing plant
anaerobic—living or active in an airless environment. material that may be used directly or after a conversion
anaerobic bacteria—microbes whose metabolisms require the process for the production of energy, and (2) secondary
absence of free oxygen. biomass, biomass residues remaining after the production of
anaerobic digester—a chemical reactor in which anaerobic fiber, food, or other products of agriculture, or biomass
bacteria are used to decompose biomass or organic wastes to by-products from animal husbandry or food preparation that
produce methane and carbon dioxide. are modified physically rather than chemically. Examples
anaerobic digestion—degradation of organic matter by mi- include waste materials from agriculture and forestry indus-
crobes in the absence of air (oxygen) to produce methane tries (manure, sewage, etc.) from which energy may be
and carbon dioxide (biogas). produced. The above distinction noted between primary and
anaerobic fermentation—fermentation processes conducted secondary biomass is based on economic factors; these are
in the absence of air. The following anaerobic fermentation defined differently in ecological science.
processes are significant in obtaining useful forms of energy
DISCUSSION—material, excluding fossil fuels, which is or was a living
from biomass: ( 1) alcoholic fermentation, fermentation
organism that can be used as a fuel directly or after a conversion
processes whereby certain microorganisms convert glucose
process. Wood, peanut hulls, agricultural waste, corn and other grains,
and other substrates with alcohol as an end product, (2)
sugar, and bagasse are all examples of biomass. Matter formed from
living cells.
methane fermentation, generally termed anaerobic digestion
DISCUSSION—the living materials in the biosphere and their refuse
(See also anaerobic digestion).
and waste products. Defined in the Energy Security Act (P.L. 96-294)
anhydrous—a material that does not contain water either
as any organic matter that is available on a renewable basis, including
absorbed on its surface or as water of crystallization; a
agricultural crops and agricultural wastes and residues, wood and wood
water-free product.
wastes and residues, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and aquatic
ash—inorganic residue remaining after combustion, deter-
plants.
mined by definite prescribed methods.
biomass—any material, excluding fossil fuels, which is or was
ash fusion temperature—melting point of ash, usually ex-
a living organism that can be used as a fuel directly or after
pressed in degrees Fahrenheit. Variations include oxidizing
a conversion process. Peat is not a biomass.
atmosphere or reducing atmosphere, initial softening, or
final fluid temperature. Some specifications include two
DISCUSSION—Wood, peanut hulls, agricultural waste, corn and other
grains, sugar, and bagasse are all examples of biomass.
intermediate points between initial softening and final fluid.
bagasse—residue remaining after extraction of a sugar-
biomass fuel—fuel derived from biomass.
containing juice from plants like sugar cane.
biomass pellet—see fuel pellet.
bioconversion—a general term describing the use of biologi-
corn stover—the stalks of the maize plant.
denatured fuel ethanol—fuel ethanol to which chemicals
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This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-48 on (denaturants) have been added to make the ethanol unfit for
Biotechnology and is the direct respo
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