ASTM D4971-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Using Diametrically Loaded 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole Jack
Standard Test Method for Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Using Diametrically Loaded 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole Jack
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Results of this test method are used to predict displacements in rock mass caused by loads from a structure or from underground construction. It is one of several tests that should be performed.
Because the jack can apply directed loads, this test method can be performed to provide an estimate of anisotropy.
In theory, the analysis of test data is straight forward; the modulus estimate requires a record of applied hydraulic pressure versus borehole diameter change, and a knowledge of the rock's Poisson's ratio. In practice, the above procedure, using the original theoretical formula, frequently has resulted in computing a material modulus that was demonstrably too low.
For analyzing the test data it is assumed that the rock mass is linearly elastic, isotropic, and homogeneous. Within these assumptions, this test method can provide useful data for rock masses for which equivalent continuous properties can not be found or estimated.
Note 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method; the precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not in itself assure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of in situ modulus of a rock mass at various depths and orientations. Information on time-dependent deformation may also be obtained.
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4971 − 08
Standard Test Method for
Determining In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock Using
1
Diametrically Loaded 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole Jack
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Designa-
tion (RQD) of Rock Core
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of in situ
modulus of a rock mass at various depths and orientations.
3. Terminology
Information on time-dependent deformation may also be ob-
3.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
tained.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
3.2.1 deformation—change in shape or size, (see Terminol-
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
ogyD653).Inthistestmethoddeformationisthechangeinthe
Practice D6026.
diameter of the borehole.
1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected,
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to
3.2.2 modulus of deformation—ratio of stress to strain for a
theaccuracytowhichthedatacanbeappliedindesignorother material under given loading conditions; numerically equal to
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
the slope of the tangent or the secant of the stress-strain curve.
standard is beyond its scope. The use of the term modulus of elasticity is recommended for
materials that deform in accordance with Hooke’s law, and the
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
term modulus of deformation is recommended for materials
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
that deform otherwise, (see Terminology D653). In this test
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
method, the modulus of deformation is calculated from the
tion only and are not considered standard.
applied fluid pressure, the relative change in hole diameter, a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
function of Poisson’s ratio, and a constant.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3 jack effıciency—ratio of the jack plate pressure to the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
applied hydraulic pressure.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The76mm(3.0in.)jacks,(seeFig.1andFig.2),induce
2. Referenced Documents
2 undirectional pressure to the walls of a borehole by means of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
two opposed curved steel platens each covering a 90° sector,
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
over a length of 20.3 cm (8 in.).
Fluids
4.2 Raw data from a test consist of hydraulic-line pressure,
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
Q , versus readout from linear variable differential transform-
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
h
ers (LVDT’s) measuring platen movement. Knowing the dis-
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
placement calibration of the LVDT’s, the raw data can be
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
transformed to a test record of hydraulic pressure versus hole
Data
diameter, D. For each increment of pressure, ∆Q , and hole
h
3
deformation,∆D, theoretical data analysis (1), assuming rigid
1 jack plates and full 90° contact, give the theoretical rock mass
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
modulus, E (E ) as a function E=f (∆ Q ·∆D· T*),
theoretical h
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved
where T* is a coefficient dependent upon Poisson’s ratio. If E
in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4971 – 02 (2006). DOI:
is measured on a linear segment of the loading curve, common
10.1520/D4971-08.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. the standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4971 − 08
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Results
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4971–02 (Reapproved 2006) Designation:D4971–08
Standard Test Method for
Determining the In Situ Modulus of Deformation of Rock
Using the Diametrically Loaded 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole
1
Jack
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4971; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of in situ modulus of a rock mass at various depths and orientations. Information
on time-dependent deformation may also be obtained.
1.2 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D 6026.
1.2.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the
accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard
is beyond its scope.
1.3The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D 6032 Test Method for Determining Rock Quality Designation (RQD) of Rock Core
3. Terminology
3.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 deformation—change in shape or size, (see Terminology D 653). In this test method deformation is the change in the
diameter of the borehole.
3.2.2 modulus of deformation—ratio of stress to strain for a material under given loading conditions; numerically equal to the
slope of the tangent or the secant of the stress-strain curve.The use of the term modulus of elasticity is recommended for materials
that deform in accordance with Hooke’s law, and the term modulus of deformation is recommended for materials that deform
otherwise, (see Terminology D 653). In this test method, the modulus of deformation is calculated from the applied fluid pressure,
the relative change in hole diameter, a function of Poisson’s ratio, and a constant.
3.2.3 jack effıciency—ratio of the jack plate pressure to the applied hydraulic pressure.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The 76 mm (3.0 in.) jacks, (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2), induce undirectional pressure to the walls of a borehole by means of two
opposed curved steel platens each covering a 90° sector, over a length of 20.3 cm (8 in.).
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D4971–02.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved in 1989. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 4971 – 02 (2006).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4971–08
FIG. 1 The 76-mm (3-in.) Borehole Jack
FIG. 2 Schematic of Loading of the Borehole Jack
4.2 Raw data from a test consist of hydraulic-line pressure, Q , versus readout from linear variable differential transform
...
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