ASTM E2392/E2392M-10
(Guide)Standard Guide for Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems
Standard Guide for Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Historical Overview—Earthen building systems have been used throughout the world for thousands of years. Adobe construction dates back to the walls of Jericho which was built around 8300 B.C. Many extant earthen structures have been functioning for hundreds of years. However, with the development of newer building materials, earthen building systems have fallen into disfavor in parts of the world where they were once commonly used. At the same time, earthen construction is experiencing a revival in the industrialized world, driven by a number of factors.
Sustainability—As world population continues to rise and people continue to address basic shelter requirements, it becomes increasingly necessary to promote construction techniques with less life cycle impact on the earth. Earthen building systems are one type of technique that may have a favorable life cycle impact.
Building Code Impact—Earthen building systems have historically not been engineered, but as of the late 20th Century it is for the first time in history possible to reliably apply rational structural design methods to earthen construction. A large number of earthen building codes, guidelines and standards have appeared around the world over the past few decades, based upon a considerable amount of research and field observations regarding the seismic, thermal and moisture durability performance of earthen structures. Some of those standards are:
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both technical requirements and considerations for sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast earth, and other earthen building technologies used as structural and non-structural wall systems.
Note 1—Other earthen building systems not specifically described in these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures as are common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judgment.
1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem components and functions for future generations. One such decision is the selection of products for use in the building. This guide addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems.
1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows: materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process, operational performance (product installed), and indoor environmental quality (IEQ).
1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building systems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural components.
1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification C1364).
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E2392/E2392M–10
Standard Guide for
1
Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2392/E2392M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both
technical requirements and considerations for sustainable de-
2. Referenced Documents
velopment. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
earth, cob, cast earth, and other earthen building technologies
C1364 Specification for Architectural Cast Stone
used as structural and non-structural wall systems.
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
NOTE 1—Other earthen building systems not specifically described in
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
as are common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-
consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judg-
formance of Buildings
ment.
3
2.2 ASCE Standards:
1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construc-
ANSI/ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and
tion of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of
Other Structures
ecosystem components and functions for future generations.
4
2.3 New Zealand Standards:
One such decision is the selection of products for use in the
NZ97 Engineering Design of Earth Buildings, 1998
building. This guide addresses sustainability issues related to
NZ98 Materials and Workmanship for Earth Buildings,
the use of earthen wall building systems.
1998
1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development rela-
NZ99 New Zealand Standard, Earth Buildings not requiring
tive to earthen wall building systems are categorized as
Specific Design, 1998 (including amendment #1, Decem-
follows: materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process,
ber 1999)
operational performance (product installed), and indoor envi-
ronmental quality (IEQ).
3. Terminology
1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building sys-
3.1 Definitions:
tems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and
3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer to
non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural com-
Terminology E631.
ponents.
3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to the
1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and
performance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114. Some
products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification
of these terms are reprinted here for ease of use.
C1364).
3.1.3 alternative agricultural products, n—bio-based indus-
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
trial products (non-food, non-feed) manufactured from agricul-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
tural materials and animal by-products.
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3.1.4 biodegradable, adj—capable of decomposing under
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
natural conditions into elements found in nature.
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1.5 biodiversity, n—the variability among living organ-
with the standard.
isms from all sources including: terrestrial, marine and other
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construc- the ASTM website.
3
tion. Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.
4
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2392 – 05. DOI: Available from Standards New Zealand, Radio New Zealand House, Level 10,
10.1520/E2392-10. 155, The Terrace, Wellington 6011, http://www.standards.co.nz.
Copyright © AS
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2392–05 Designation:E2392/E2392M–10
Standard Guide for
1
Design of Earthen Wall Building Systems
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationE2392/E2392M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems that address both technical requirements and considerations for
sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast earth and other earth technologies used
as structural and non-structural wall systems.
1.1.1There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem
components and functions for future generations, that is, sustainability. One such decision is the selection of products for use in
the building. This standard addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems.
1.1.2The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows:
materials (product feedstock); manufacturing process; operational performance (product installed); and indoor environmental
quality (IEQ).
1.1 This standard provides guidance for earthen building systems, also called earthen construction, and addresses both technical
requirements and considerations for sustainable development. Earthen building systems include adobe, rammed earth, cob, cast
earth, and other earthen building technologies used as structural and non-structural wall systems.
NOTE 1—Other earthen building systems not specifically described in these guidelines, as well as domed, vaulted, and arched earthen structures as are
common in many areas, can also make use of these guidelines when consistent with successful local building traditions or engineering judgment.
1.1.1 There are many decisions in the design and construction of a building that can contribute to the maintenance of ecosystem
components and functions for future generations. One such decision is the selection of products for use in the building. This guide
addresses sustainability issues related to the use of earthen wall building systems.
1.1.2 The considerations for sustainable development relative to earthen wall building systems are categorized as follows:
materials (product feedstock), manufacturing process, operational performance (product installed), and indoor environmental
quality (IEQ).
1.1.3 The technical requirements for earthen building systems are categorized as follows: design criteria, structural and
non-structural systems, and structural and non-structural components.
1.2This standard does not provide guidance for structural support of roofs made of earthen material.
1.3
1.2 Provisions of this guide do not apply to materials and products used in architectural cast stone (see Specification C1364).
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C66/C66MSpecification for Specification for Sand for Use in Lime Plaster
D559Test Methods for Wetting and Drying Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
D560Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures 1364 Specification for Architectural Cast
Stone
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E60 on Sustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construction.
Current edition approved March 1, 2005. Published March 2005. DOI: 10.1520/E2392-05.
Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2010. Published March 2010. Originally approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2392 – 05. DOI:
10.1520/E2392-10.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
...
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