ASTM D4535-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using Dilatometer
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using Dilatometer
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Information concerning the thermal expansion characteristics of rocks is important in the design of any underground excavation where the surrounding rock may be heated. Thermal strain causes thermal stresses which ultimately affect excavation stability. Examples of applications where rock thermal strain is important include: nuclear waste repositories, underground power stations, compressed air energy storage facilities, and geothermal energy facilities.
The coefficient of thermal expansion or “alpha” or rock is known to vary as the temperature changes. These methods provide continuous thermal strain values as a function of temperature, and therefore provide information on how alpha changes with temperature.
Rocks are also often anisotropic, thus displaying different thermal strains depending on the orientation of strain measurement. These methods allow for measuring strain in one direction only. If anisotropy is expected, samples with different orientations should be prepared and tested.
Care should be exercised in the interpretation of thermal strain data of rocks with significant moisture content. Under certain temperature and pressure conditions, steam may be produced in the pore space. Steam may cause errors because of microcrack production or changes in the pore pressure. The phase change from water to steam in the pore space can result in several phenomena which complicate data analysis, as follows:
Evolved steam may change the pore pressure and thus the effective stress in the rock, resulting in anomalous strain readings.
Losing all the moisture may dehydrate clays in the pore space and thus change expansion characteristics, especially in layered rocks.
The researcher using this standard must use best judgment as to how to make the thermal expansion measurement so that it accurately represents the conditions in the field.
Method II is amenable to confined thermal strain determinations. Confined tests may be most appropriate when:
Pore press...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the laboratory measurement of the linear (one-dimensional) thermal expansion of rocks using a dilatometer.
1.2 These test methods are applicable between temperatures of 25°C to 300°C. Both bench top and confined measurement techniques are presented. Rocks of varying moisture content can be tested.
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and use of the apparatus described in these methods should be followed. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by this method, then all pertinent requirements prescribed in this method shall be met.
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construction and procedure to cover all test situations that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general testing practices. Standardization of these test methods does not reduce the need for such technical knowledge. It is recognized also that it would be unwise, because of the standardization of this method, to resist in any way the further development of improved or new methods or procedures by research workers.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4535 − 08
StandardTest Methods for
Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using
1
Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverthelaboratorymeasurementof
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
the linear (one-dimensional) thermal expansion of rocks using
Fluids
a dilatometer.
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
1.2 Thesetestmethodsareapplicablebetweentemperatures
someter Systems
of 25°C to 300°C. Both bench top and confined measurement
E228Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid
techniques are presented. Rocks of varying moisture content
Materials With a Push-Rod Dilatometer
can be tested.
3. Terminology
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test
methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
use of the apparatus described in these methods should be
3.1.1 sample thermal strain, ϵ—change in length of a unit
t
followed. If the results are to be reported as having been
length of sample when the sample is subjected to heat. The
obtained by this method, then all pertinent requirements
mathematical expression is:
prescribed in this method shall be met.
ϵ 5 L 2 L /L (1)
~ !
t 2 1 0
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construc-
where:
tion and procedure to cover all test situations that might offer
L and L = specimen lengths corresponding to tempera-
difficultiestoapersonwithouttechnicalknowledgeconcerning 1 2
tures T and T , and
1 2
the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general
L = the original specimen length at some reference
0
testing practices. Standardization of these test methods does
temperature T .
0
not reduce the need for such technical knowledge. It is
recognized also that it would be unwise, because of the Thermal strain is also equal to the specimen thermal
displacement, δ, divided by the original sample length:
standardization of this method, to resist in any way the further
t
development of improved or new methods or procedures by
ϵ 5 δ /L (2)
t t 0
research workers.
3.1.2 mean coeffıcient of linear expression, α —between
m
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
two temperatures, T and T , is defined as follows:
1 2
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
α 5 L 2 L / L T 2 T (3)
@ ~ !#
~ !
m 2 1 0 2 1
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
tion only and are not considered standard. where:
L and L = specimen lengths at temperatures T and T ,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1 2 1 2
respectively.Therefore,α isobtainedbydivid-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
m
ingthelinearthermalstrain,(L − L )/L ,bythe
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1 2 0
change in temperature units are inch/inch or
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
centimetre/centimetre per temperature change
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in °F or °C, respectively. α is often expressed
m
in parts per million per degree.
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock
2
Mechanics. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJuly1,2008.PublishedJuly2008.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4535–85 (2004). DOI: Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D4535-08. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4535 − 08
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D4535 − 08
3.1.3 Uponheating(T > T ),anincreaseinthelengthofthe 5. Significance and Use
2 1
rock sample will give a positive value of α . If a decrease in
m
5.1 Information concerning the thermal expansion charac-
length (contraction) is observed, α will become negative.
m
teristicsofrocksisimportantinthedesignofanyunderground
3.1.4 For definitions of other terms used in these test
excavation where the surrounding rock may be heated. Ther-
methods, see Terminology D65
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4535–85(Reapproved 2004) Designation: D 4535 – 08
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Thermal Expansion of Rock Using a
1
Dilatometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4535; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover the laboratory measurement of the linear (one-dimensional) thermal expansion of rocks using a
dilatometer.
1.2 These test methods are applicable between temperatures of 25°C to 300°C. Both bench top and confined measurement
techniques are presented. Rocks of varying moisture content can be tested.
1.3 For satisfactory results in conformance with these test methods, the principles governing the size, construction, and use of
the apparatus described in these methods should be followed. If the results are to be reported as having been obtained by this
method, then all pertinent requirements prescribed in this method shall be met.
1.4 These test methods do not establish details of construction and procedure to cover all test situations that might offer
difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat flow, temperature measurement, and general
testingpractices.Standardizationofthesetestmethodsdoesnotreducetheneedforsuchtechnicalknowledge.Itisrecognizedalso
that it would be unwise, because of the standardization of this method, to resist in any way the further development of improved
or new methods or procedures by research workers.
1.5
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
E83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Extensometer Systems
E228 Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Solid Materials with Vitreous With a SilicaPush-Rod Dilatometer
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 sample thermal strain, ´— change in length of a unit length of sample when the sample is subjected to heat. The
t
mathematical expression is:
´ 5 ~L 2 L !/L (1)
t 2 1 0
where:
L and L = specimen lengths corresponding to temperatures T and T , and
1 2 1 2
L = the original specimen length at some reference temperature T .
0 0
Thermal strain is also equal to the specimen thermal displacement, d, divided by the original sample length:
t
´ 5d/L (2)
t t 0
3.1.2 mean coeffıcient of linear expression, a —between two temperatures, T and T , is defined as follows:
m 1 2
a 5 ~L 2 L !/[L ~T 2 T !# (3)
m 2 1 0 2 1
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2004. Published December 2004. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D4535–85(2000)
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4535–85 (2004).
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4535–08
where:
L and L = specimenlengthsattemperatures T and T ,respectively.Therefore, a isobtainedbydividingthelinearthermal
1 2 1 2 m
strain, (L − L )/L , by the change in temperature units are inch/inch or centimetre/centimetre per temperature
1 2 0
change in °F or °C, respectively. a is often expressed in parts per million per degree.
m
3.1.3 Uponheating( T > T ),anincreaseint
...
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