ASTM D1291-17
(Practice)Standard Practice for Estimation of Chlorine Demand of Water
Standard Practice for Estimation of Chlorine Demand of Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Chlorine is added to potable water, waste water, and industrial water for a variety of purposes. Some of these purposes are:
5.1.1 To eliminate or reduce the growth of microorganisms in water,
5.1.2 To destroy or modify decomposable organic substances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the water,
5.1.3 To eliminate or reduce taste, odors, and color in the water,
5.1.4 To separate grease in waste water by eliminating the protective colloidal effect of proteins present, and
5.1.5 To destroy or modify substances in the waste water that react directly by oxidation, such as ammonia, cyanates, cyanides, ferrous iron, nitrites, phenol, phosphorus, sulfides, sulfites, thiocyanates, and other oxidizable constituents.
5.2 It is important to avoid over-chlorination in order to minimize chemical consumption, meet restrictions specified by regulatory agencies, and minimize equipment degradation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means of estimating the quantity of chlorine required to be added to a unit volume of water to accomplish a predetermined treatment objective or to completely react with all chlorine reactable substances in the water, or both.
1.2 Temperature, pH, and initial chlorine dosage are all variables in estimating the optimum chlorination practice. The effects of these variables can be evaluated using this practice.
1.3 Chlorine residual is determined using Test Method D1253.
1.4 This practice is applicable to all types of water in which the stated treatment objective can be evaluated or residual chlorine can be measured, or both.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.5.1.
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Designation: D1291 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Estimation of Chlorine Demand of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice provides a means of estimating the quan- 3.1 Definitions:
tity of chlorine required to be added to a unit volume of water 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, see
to accomplish a predetermined treatment objective or to Terminology D1129.
completely react with all chlorine reactable substances in the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
water, or both.
3.2.1 chlorine demand, n—the amount of chlorine that must
1.2 Temperature, pH, and initial chlorine dosage are all be added to a unit volume of water under specified conditions
variables in estimating the optimum chlorination practice. The of pH, temperature, and contact time to completely react with
effects of these variables can be evaluated using this practice. all chlorine-reactable substances in the water.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—It is defined as the difference between
1.3 Chlorine residual is determined using Test Method
the amount of chlorine applied and the amount of free chlorine
D1253.
remaining at the end of the contact period.
1.4 This practice is applicable to all types of water in which
3.2.2 chlorine requirement, n—the amount of chlorine that
the stated treatment objective can be evaluated or residual
must be added to a unit volume of water under specified
chlorine can be measured, or both.
conditions of pH, temperature, and contact time to achieve the
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
objectives of chlorination.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard. 4. Summary of Practice
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Known amounts of chlorine are added to a series of 500
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mL aliquots of sample. The treated sample aliquots are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
permitted to stand for a specified contact time (or a variety of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
different specified contact times) under specified conditions of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
pH and temperature.At the end of the contact time, the sample
hazard statement, see 7.5.1.
aliquots are either analyzed for chlorine content by Test
Method D1253 or subjected to whatever evaluative technique
2. Referenced Documents
is required to establish accomplishment of the treatment
2
objective, or both.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
5. Significance and Use
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in Water 5.1 Chlorine is added to potable water, waste water, and
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water industrial water for a variety of purposes. Some of these
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits purposes are:
5.1.1 To eliminate or reduce the growth of microorganisms
in water,
1 5.1.2 To destroy or modify decomposable organic sub-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water and
stances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the
Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use,
water,
On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.
5.1.3 To eliminate or reduce taste, odors, and color in the
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally
water,
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D1291 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/D1291-17.
5.1.4 To separate grease in waste water by eliminating the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
protective colloidal effect of proteins present, and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.5 To destroy or modify substances in the waste water
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. that react directly by oxidation, such as ammonia, cyanates,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1291 − 17
cyanides, ferrous iron, nitrites, phenol, pho
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1291 − 16 D1291 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Estimation of Chlorine Demand of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice provides a means of estimating the quantity of chlorine required to be added to a unit volume of water to
accomplish a predetermined treatment objective or to completely react with all chlorine reactable substances in the water, or both.
1.2 Temperature, pH, and initial chlorine dosage are all variables in estimating the optimum chlorination practice. The effects
of these variables can be evaluated using this practice.
1.3 Chlorine residual is determined using Test Method D1253.
1.4 This practice is applicable to all types of water in which the stated treatment objective can be evaluated or residual chlorine
can be measured, or both.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.5.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in Water
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, see Terminology D1129.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 chlorine demand, n—the amount of chlorine that must be added to a unit volume of water under specified conditions of
pH, temperature, and contact time to completely react with all chlorine-reactable substances in the water.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water and Water-Formed
Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use, On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2016Feb. 1, 2017. Published March 2016February 2017. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
D1291 – 06 (2011).D1291 – 16. DOI: 10.1520/D1291-16.10.1520/D1291-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
It is defined as the difference between the amount of chlorine applied and the amount of free chlorine remaining at the end of the
contact period.
3.2.2 chlorine requirement, n—the amount of chlorine that must be added to a unit volume of water under specified conditions
of pH, temperature, and contact time to achieve the objectives of chlorination.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1291 − 17
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Known amounts of chlorine are added to a series of 500 mL aliquots of sample. The treated sample aliquots are permitted
to stand for a specified contact time (or a variety of different specified contact times) under specified conditions of pH and
temperature. At the end of the contact time, the sample aliquots are either analyzed for chlorine content by Test Method D1253
or subjected to whatever evaluative technique is required to establish accomplishment of the treatment objective, or both.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Chlorine is added to potable water, waste water, and industrial water for a variety of purposes. Some of these purposes are:
5.1.1 To eliminate or reduce the growth of microorganisms in water,
5.1.2 To destroy or modify decomposable organic substances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the water,
5.1.3 To eliminate or reduce taste, odors, and color in the water,
5.1.4 To separate grease in waste water by eliminating the protective colloidal effect
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D1291 − 17
Standard Practice for
1
Estimation of Chlorine Demand of Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1291; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This practice provides a means of estimating the quan- 3.1 Definitions:
tity of chlorine required to be added to a unit volume of water 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, see
to accomplish a predetermined treatment objective or to Terminology D1129.
completely react with all chlorine reactable substances in the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
water, or both.
3.2.1 chlorine demand, n—the amount of chlorine that must
1.2 Temperature, pH, and initial chlorine dosage are all be added to a unit volume of water under specified conditions
variables in estimating the optimum chlorination practice. The of pH, temperature, and contact time to completely react with
effects of these variables can be evaluated using this practice. all chlorine-reactable substances in the water.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—It is defined as the difference between
1.3 Chlorine residual is determined using Test Method
the amount of chlorine applied and the amount of free chlorine
D1253.
remaining at the end of the contact period.
1.4 This practice is applicable to all types of water in which
3.2.2 chlorine requirement, n—the amount of chlorine that
the stated treatment objective can be evaluated or residual
must be added to a unit volume of water under specified
chlorine can be measured, or both.
conditions of pH, temperature, and contact time to achieve the
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
objectives of chlorination.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
4. Summary of Practice
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Known amounts of chlorine are added to a series of 500
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mL aliquots of sample. The treated sample aliquots are
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
permitted to stand for a specified contact time (or a variety of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
different specified contact times) under specified conditions of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
pH and temperature. At the end of the contact time, the sample
hazard statement, see 7.5.1.
aliquots are either analyzed for chlorine content by Test
Method D1253 or subjected to whatever evaluative technique
2. Referenced Documents
is required to establish accomplishment of the treatment
2
objective, or both.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1129 Terminology Relating to Water
5. Significance and Use
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D1253 Test Method for Residual Chlorine in Water 5.1 Chlorine is added to potable water, waste water, and
D1293 Test Methods for pH of Water industrial water for a variety of purposes. Some of these
D3370 Practices for Sampling Water from Closed Conduits purposes are:
5.1.1 To eliminate or reduce the growth of microorganisms
in water,
1
5.1.2 To destroy or modify decomposable organic sub-
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D19 on Water and
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D19.03 on Sampling Water and stances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the
Water-Formed Deposits, Analysis of Water for Power Generation and Process Use,
water,
On-Line Water Analysis, and Surveillance of Water.
5.1.3 To eliminate or reduce taste, odors, and color in the
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published February 2017. Originally
water,
approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as D1291 – 16. DOI:
10.1520/D1291-17.
5.1.4 To separate grease in waste water by eliminating the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
protective colloidal effect of proteins present, and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
5.1.5 To destroy or modify substances in the waste water
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. that react directly by oxidation, such as ammonia, cyanates,
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1291 − 17
cyanides, ferrous iron, nitrites, phenol, phosphorus, sulfides, 7.5.3.1 Transfer 10 mL of the solution to be standardized to
sulfites, thiocyanates, and other oxidizable constituents. a p
...
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