ASTM F2245-12c

Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane

ABSTRACT
This specification covers airworthiness requirements for the design of powered fixed wing light sport aircraft, an �airplane.� In order to comply with flight requirements, the following shall be evaluated: load distribution limit, propeller speed and pitch limit, stalling speed, takeoff, climb, landing, balked landing, controllability and maneuverability, vibrations, and ground control and stability. For compliance of structure requirements, the following shall be considered: flight loads; control surface and system loads; horizontal stabilizing and balancing surfaces (balancing loads, maneuvering loads, and gust loads); vertical stabilizing surfaces (maneuvering loads, gust loads, and outboard fins or winglets); supplementary conditions for stabilizing surfaces; ailerons, wing flaps, and special devices; ground load conditions; water load conditions; emergency landing conditions; and other loads. The aircraft shall be designed with the following minimum instrumentation and equipment: flight and navigation instruments such as airspeed indicator, and altimeter; powerplant instruments such as fuel quantity indicator, tachometer (RPM), engine �kill� switch, and engine instruments; miscellaneous equipment such as master switch, and overload protection device; and safety belts and harnesses. Each airplane shall include a Pilot Operating Handbook (POH).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers airworthiness requirements for the design of powered fixed wing light sport aircraft, an “airplane.”
1.2 This specification is applicable to the design of a light sport aircraft/airplane as defined by regulations and limited to VFR flight.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-Oct-2012
• ICS: 49.020 - Aircraft and space vehicles in general
• Technical Committee: F37 - Light Sport Aircraft
• Drafting Committee: F37.20 - Airplane

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM F2245-12b - Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Replaced By: ASTM F2245-12d - Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F3060-20 - Standard Terminology for Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F3409-19e1 - Standard Practice for Simplified Aircraft Loads Determination
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F2745-15(2023) - Standard Specification for Required Product Information to be Provided with an Airplane
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F3035-22 - Standard Practice for Production Acceptance in the Manufacture of a Fixed Wing Light Sport Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F2483-18e1 - Standard Practice for Maintenance and the Development of Maintenance Manuals for Light Sport Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F2507-15 - Standard Specification for Recreational Airpark Design
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F2930-16e1 - Standard Guide for Compliance with Light Sport Aircraft Standards
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F2746-14(2023) - Standard Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) for Light Sport Airplane
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F2840-14(2023) - Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Electric Propulsion Units for Light Sport Aircraft
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012
• Referred By: ASTM F3298-19 - Standard Specification for Design, Construction, and Verification of Lightweight Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F2245 −12c
StandardSpecification for
1
Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2245; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
4
1. Scope 2.3 EASA Requirements:
CS-22Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversairworthinessrequirementsfor
CS-EEngines
the design of powered fixed wing light sport aircraft, an
CS-PPropellers
“airplane.”
2.4 Other Standards:
1.2 This specification is applicable to the design of a light
GAMASpecification No. 1Specification for Pilot’s Operat-
sport aircraft/airplane as defined by regulations and limited to 5
ing Handbook
VFR flight.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 flaps—any movable high lift device.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2 maximum empty weight, W (N)—largest empty
E
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
weightoftheairplane,includingalloperationalequipmentthat
is installed in the airplane: weight of the airframe, powerplant,
2. Referenced Documents
required equipment, optional and specific equipment, fixed
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ballast, full engine coolant and oil, hydraulic fluid, and the
F2316Specification for Airframe Emergency Parachutes
unusable fuel. Hence, the maximum empty weight equals
F2339Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocat-
maximumtakeoffweightminusminimumusefulload:W =W
E
ing Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft
− W .
U
F2506SpecificationforDesignandTestingofFixed-Pitchor
3.1.3 minimum useful load, W (N)—where W = W − W .
U U E
Ground Adjustable Light Sport Aircraft Propellers
3.1.4 night—hoursbetweentheendofeveningciviltwilight
F2538Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocat-
and the beginning of morning civil twilight.
ingCompressionIgnitionEnginesforLightSportAircraft
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Civiltwilightendsintheeveningwhen
F2564Specification for Design and Performance of a Light
the center of the sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon, and begins
Sport Glider
inthemorningwhenthecenterofthesun’sdiscis6°belowthe
F2746Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH)
horizon.
for Light Sport Airplane
3
2.2 Federal Aviation Regulations:
3.2 Abbreviations:
2
14 CFR Part 33Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines
b
3.2.1 AR—aspect ratio 5
14 CFR Part 35Airworthiness Standards: Propellers S
3.2.2 b—wing span (m)
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light
3.2.3 c—chord (m)
SportAircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.20 on Airplane.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally 3.2.4 CAS—calibrated air speed (m/s, kts)
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2245–12b. DOI:
3.2.5 C —lift coefficient of the airplane
L
10.1520/F2245-12C.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.2.6 C —drag coefficient of the airplane
D
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
4
the ASTM website. Available from EASA European Aviation Safety Agency, Postfach 10 12 53,
3
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence D-50452 Koeln, Germany, http://easa.europa.eu.
5
Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov or http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov. Available from the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, http://
www.gama.aero/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2245−12c
3.2.7 CG—center of gravity 3.2.47 W —maximum zero wing fuel weight (N)
ZWF
3.2.8 C —moment coefficient (C is with respect to c/4
m m
4. Flight
point, positive nose up)
4.1 Proof of Compliance:
3.2.9 C —zero lift moment coefficient
MO
4.1.1 Eachofthefollowingrequirementsshallbemetatthe
3.2.10 C —normal coefficient
n
most critical weight and CG configuration. Unless otherwise
2
3.2.11 g—acceleration as a result of gravity = 9.81 m/s
specified, the speed range from stall to V or the maximum
DF
allowable speed for the configuration being investigated shall
3.2.12 IAS—indicated air speed (m/s, kts)
be considered.
3.2.13 ICAO—International Civil Aviation Organization
4.1.1.1 V may be less than or equal to V .
DF D
3.2.14 LSA—Light Sport Aircraft
4.1.1.2 V mustbelessthanorequa
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:F2245–12b Designation: F2245 – 12c
Standard Specification for
1
Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2245; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (ϵ) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 Thisspecificationcoversairworthinessrequirementsforthedesignofpoweredfixedwinglightsportaircraft,an“airplane.”
1.2 This specification is applicable to the design of a light sport aircraft/airplane as defined by regulations and limited to VFR
flight.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
F2316 Specification for Airframe Emergency Parachutes
F2339 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft
F2506 Specification for Design and Testing of Fixed-Pitch or Ground Adjustable Light Sport Aircraft Propellers
F2538 Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Compression Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft
F2564 Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Glider
F2746 Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH) for Light Sport Airplane
3
2.2 Federal Aviation Regulations:
14 CFR Part 33 Airworthiness Standards: Aircraft Engines
14 CFR Part 35 Airworthiness Standards: Propellers
4
2.3 EASA Requirements:
CS-22 Sailplanes and Powered Sailplanes
CS-E Engines
CS-P Propellers
2.4 Other Standards:
5
GAMA Specification No. 1 Specification for Pilot’s Operating Handbook
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 flaps—any movable high lift device.
3.1.2 maximum empty weight, W (N)—largest empty weight of the airplane, including all operational equipment that is
E
installed in the airplane: weight of the airframe, powerplant, required equipment, optional and specific equipment, fixed ballast,
full engine coolant and oil, hydraulic fluid, and the unusable fuel. Hence, the maximum empty weight equals maximum takeoff
weight minus minimum useful load: W = W − W .
E U
3.1.3 minimum useful load, W (N)—where W = W − W .
U U E
3.1.4 night—hours between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twilight.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Civil twilight ends in the evening when the center of the sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon, and begins
in the morning when the center of the sun’s disc is 6° below the horizon.
3.2 Abbreviations:
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F37 on Light Sport Aircraft and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F37.20 on Airplane.
Current edition approved Oct.Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as F2245–12ab. DOI:
10.1520/F2245-12BC.
2
ForreferencedASTMstandards,visittheASTMwebsite,www.astm.org,[e-mail]ards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 800 Independence Ave., SW, Washington, DC 20591, http://www.faa.gov or http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov.
4
Available from EASA European Aviation Safety Agency, Postfach 10 12 53, D-50452 Koeln, Germany, http://easa.europa.eu.
5
Available from the General Aviation Manufacturers Association, http://www.gama.aero/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2245 – 12c
2
3.2.1 AR—aspectratio 5 b S
/
3.2.2 b—wing span (m)
3.2.3 c—chord (m)
3.2.4 CAS—calibrated air speed (m/s, kts)
3.2.5 C —lift coefficient of the airplane
L
3.2.6 C —drag coefficient of the airplane
D
3.2.7 CG—center of gravity
3.2.8 C —moment coefficient (C is with respect to c/4 point, positive nose up)
m m
3.2.9 C —zero lift moment coefficient
MO
3.2.10 C —normal coefficient
n
2
3.2.11 g—acceleration as a result of gravity = 9.81 m/s
3.2.12 IAS—indicated air speed (m/s, kts)
3.2.13 ICAO—International Civil Aviation Organization
3.2.14 LSA—Light Sport Aircraft
3.2.15 MAC—mean aerodynamic chord (m)
3.2.16 n—load factor
3.2.17 n —a
...