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ASTM B796-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Nonmetallic Inclusion Content of Powders Intended for Powder Forging (P/F) Applications

Standard Test Method for Nonmetallic Inclusion Content of Powders Intended for Powder Forging (P/F) Applications

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powders intended for powder forging (P/F) applications.
1.2 The test method covers repress powder forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral material flow (
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged test specimens that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method residual porosity is hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
1.4 The test method may be applied to materials that contain manganese sulfide (admixed or prealloyed) provided the near neighbor separation distance is changed from 30 μm to 15 μm.
Note 1—The test method may be applied to powder forged parts where there has been a greater amount of material flow provided:
The near neighbor separation distance is changed, or The inclusion sizes agreed between the parties are adjusted for the amount of material flow.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Apr-2002
ICS
77.040.99 - Other methods of testing of metals
Technical Committee
B09 - Metal Powders and Metal Powder Products
Drafting Committee
B09.11 - Near Full Density Powder Metallurgy Materials
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM B796-02 - Standard Test Method for Nonmetallic Inclusion Content of Powders Intended for Powder Forging (P/F) Applications
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002
Referred By
ASTM B848/B848M-21 - Standard Specification for Powder Forged (PF) Ferrous Materials
Effective Date
10-Apr-2002

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ASTM B796-00 - Standard Test Method for Nonmetallic Inclusion Content of Powders Intended for Powder Forging (P/F) ApplicationsASTM B796-00 - Standard Test Method for Nonmetallic Inclusion Content of Powders Intended for Powder Forging (P/F) Applications
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ASTM B796-00 - Standard Test Method for Nonmetallic Inclusion Content of Powders Intended for Powder Forging (P/F) Applications
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: B 796 – 00
Standard Test Method for
Nonmetallic Inclusion Level of Powder Forged (P/F) Steel
Parts
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B 796; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a recognized metallographic
method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of
powder forged steel parts.
1.2 This test method also may be used to determine the
nonmetallic inclusion content of powders intended for powder
forging applications after they have been consolidated in a
prescribed manner so that the core region where the assessment
is to be carried out contains no porosity.
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the
nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged parts that have
been forged such that the core region contains porosity or of
those parts that contain additions of manganese sulphide. At
the magnification used for this test method residual porosity is
hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual
porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion FIG. 1 Schematic illustration of Feret’s diameter.
population impossible.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.4 The fragmented nature of some inclusions means that
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
their size determination is somewhat complicated. The concept
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of near neighbour separation is used in determining inclusion
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
size. If an inclusion is within a certain distance of its neigh-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
bouring particles, it is considered a member of an inclusion
cluster or agglomerate. Detected features within 30 μm of one
2. Referenced Documents
another are considered part of the same inclusion. The concept
2.1 ASTM Standards:
is illustrated schematically in Fig. 2.
E 3 Methods for Preparation of Metallographic Specimens
3.5 The nonmetallic inclusion level of the part is reported as
E 768 Practice for Preparing and Evaluating Specimens for 2
the number of inclusions per 100 mm greater than or equal to
Automatic Inclusion Assessment of Steel
the predetermined size.
3. Summary of Test Method
4. Significance and Use
3.1 A section representing the core region of the part is cut
4.1 The extensive porosity present in pressed and sintered
from the powder forged part and mounted for metallographic
ferrous materials masks the effect of inclusions on mechanical
grinding and polishing.
properties. In contrast, the properties of material powder forged
3.2 The polished sample is examined microscopically at a
to near full density are strongly influenced by the composition,
magnification of 100X and a note made of inclusions larger
size, size distribution, and location of nonmetallic inclusions.
than a predetermined size.
4.2 The test for nonmetallic inclusions in powder forged
3.3 The maximum Feret’s diameter is used to determine
steel parts is useful as the following:
inclusion size. A Feret’s diameter is a caliper diameter as
4.2.1 Characteristic to classify or differentiate one grade of
illustrated in Fig. 1.
powder forged parts from another.
4.2.2 Means of quality comparison of powder forged parts,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B-9 on Metal
lot to lot.
Powders and Metal Powder Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
4.3 Significant variations in nonmetallic inclusion content
mittee B09.11 on Near Full Density Powder Metallurgy Parts.
will occur if:
Current edition approved April 10, 2000. Published July 2000.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01. 4.3.1 The powder used to form the parts does not meet
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
B 796
a wavelength of 544 nm (green filter), an objective lens with a
magnification of from 8X to 12.5X, and a numerical aperture
between 0.16 and 0.20.
7.2.2 Size detected inclusions on the basis of near neighbor
separation. Features within 30 μm of one another are consid-
ered to be part of the same inclusion.
7.2.3 For individual features less than 30 μm in size, three
such features
...

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4.1 The extensive porosity present in pressed and sintered ferrous materials masks the effect of inclusions on mechanical properties. In contrast, the properties of material powder forged to near full density are strongly influenced by the composition, size, size distribution, and location of nonmetallic inclusions.  
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1.1 These test methods cover a number of recognized procedures for determining the nonmetallic inclusion content of wrought steel. Macroscopic methods include macroetch, fracture, step-down, and magnetic particle tests. Microscopic methods include five generally accepted systems of examination. In these microscopic methods, inclusions are assigned to a category based on similarities in morphology, and not necessarily on their chemical identity. Metallographic techniques that allow simple differentiation between morphologically similar inclusions are briefly discussed. While the methods are primarily intended for rating inclusions, constituents such as carbides, nitrides, carbonitrides, borides, and intermetallic phases may be rated using some of the microscopic methods. In some cases, alloys other than steels may be rated using one or more of these methods; the methods will be described in terms of their use on steels.  
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5.1.1 There are available several computer models designed to predict the microstructures, mechanical properties, and distortion of steels as a function of thermal processing cycle. Their use is predicated on the availability of accurate and consistent thermal and transformation strain data. Strain, both thermal and transformation, developed during thermal cycling is the parameter used in predicting both microstructure and properties, and for estimating distortion. It should be noted that these models are undergoing continued development. This process is aimed, among other things, at establishing a direct link between discrete values of strain and specific microstructure constituents in steels. This practice describes a standardized method for measuring strain during a defined thermal cycle.  
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for providing data for computer models used in the control of steel manufacturing, forging, casting, heat-treating, and welding processes. It is also useful in providing data for the prediction of microstructures and properties to assist in steel alloy selection for end-use applications.  
5.1.3 This practice is suitable for providing the data needed for the construction of transformation diagrams that depict the microstructures developed during the thermal processing of steels as functions of time and temperature. Such diagrams provide a qualitative assessment of the effects of changes in thermal cycle on steel microstructure. Appendix X2 describes ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of hypoeutectoid steel phase transformation behavior by using high-speed dilatometry techniques for measuring linear dimensional change as a function of time and temperature, and reporting the results as linear strain in either a numerical or graphical format.  
1.2 The practice is applicable to high-speed dilatometry equipment capable of programmable thermal profiles and with digital data storage and output capability.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to the determination of steel phase transformation behavior under both isothermal and continuous cooling conditions.  
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1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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SCOPE
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SCOPE
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1.3 Correct heat treatment of duplex stainless steels can eliminate these detrimental phases. Rapid cooling of the product provides the maximum resistance to formation of detrimental phases by subsequent thermal exposures.  
1.4 Compliance with the chemical and mechanical requirements for the applicable product specification does not necessarily indicate the absence of detrimental phases in the product.  
1.5 These test methods include the following:  
1.5.1 Test Method A—Sodium Hydroxide Etch Test for Classification of Etch Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 3 – 7).  
1.5.2 Test Method B—Charpy Impact Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 8 – 13).  
1.5.3 Test Method C—Ferric Chloride Corrosion Test for Classification of Structures of Duplex Stainless Steels (Sections 14 – 20).  
1.6 The presence of detrimental intermetallic phases is readily detected in all three tests, provided that a sample of appropriate location and orientation is selected. Because the occurrence of intermetallic phases is a function of temperature and cooling rate, it is essential that the tests be applied to the region of the material experiencing the conditions most likely to promote the formation of an intermetallic phase. In the case of common heat treatment, this region will be that which cooled most slowly. Except for rapidly cooled material, it may be necessary to sample from a location determined to be the most slowly cooled for the material piece to be characterized.  
1.7 The tests do not determine the precise nature of the detrimental phase but rather the presence or absence of an intermetallic phase to the extent that it is detrimental to the toughness and corrosion resistance of the material.  
1.8 Examples of the correlation of thermal exposures, the occurrence of intermetallic phases, and the degradation of toughness and corrosion resistance are given in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.9 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internat...

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