B09.11 - Near Full Density Powder Metallurgy Materials

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.  
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.  
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 MIM-2200, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.2 MIM-2700, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.3 MIM-4605, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.4 MIM-4140, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.5 MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel
1.2.1.6 MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel
1.2.1.7 MIM-420, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.8 MIM-430L, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.9 MIM-440, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.10 MIM-Cu, copper  
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in Table 1.  
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses or in separate tables are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For PM materials containing less than two percent porosity, a density measurement may be used to determine if the part has been densified, either overall or in a critical region, to the degree required for the intended application. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating the degree of densification because chemical composition and heat treatment affect the pore-free density.  
5.2 For cemented carbides, a density measurement is normally used to determine if there is any significant deviation in composition of the carbide grade. For straight tungsten carbide-cobalt grades, the relationship is straightforward. For complex carbide grades (for example, grades containing tantalum carbide or titanium carbide, or both, in addition to tungsten carbide-cobalt), the situation is more complicated. If the measured density is beyond the specified limits, the composition is outside of the specified limits. A measured density within the specified limits does not ensure correct composition; compensation between two or more constituents could result in the expected density with the wrong composition. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating a cemented carbide grade.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of density for powder metallurgy (PM) materials containing less than two percent porosity and for cemented carbides. This test method is based on the water displacement method.  
Note 1: A test specimen that gains mass when immersed in water indicates the specimen contains surface-connected porosity. Unsealed surface porosity will absorb water and result in calculated density values higher than the true value. This test method is not applicable if this problem occurs, and Test Methods B962 should be used instead.  
1.2 Units—With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from commercially pure (CP) (that is, unalloyed) titanium powder, pre-alloyed powders, and mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemental powders and pre-alloyed powders. It addresses ordering information, materials and manufacture, chemical composition requirements, tensile requirements, physical properties, mechanical properties, dimensions, mass, permissible variations, sampling, inspection, and certification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from:  
1.1.1 Commercially pure (CP) (that is, unalloyed) titanium powder,  
1.1.2 Pre-alloyed powders.  
1.1.3 Mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemental powders and pre-alloyed powders.  
1.2 This specification covers:  
1.2.1 Grade 1 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.2 Grade 2 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.3 Grade 3 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.4 Grade 4 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.5 Grade 5 PM—Titanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 % vanadium),  
1.2.6 Grade 9 PM—Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium),  
1.2.7 Ti-6Al-4V PM Low Interstitial (LI),  
1.2.8 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn PM.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with minimum densities that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron2 and are intended for use in corrosive service. Structural components shall be made by cold pressing and sintering prealloyed powder. The chemical composition; physical properties such as density; and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and hardness; are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with a 7.7-g/cm3 minimum density that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron2 and are intended for use in corrosive service.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts. The strcutural parts shall be made by hot forging of powder metallurgy preforms in confined dies with or without subsequent heat treatment. The materials shall conform to the required chemical composition for nickel, molybdenum, manganese, copper, chromium, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, carbon, and oxygen. The mechanical properties such as yield strength, elongation, Rockwell hardness, impact energy, compressive yield strength and fatigue shal be determined using the tensile test method, Charpy V-notch impact energy test method, and hardness test method. The materials shall conform to the required surface finger oxide penetration, interparticle oxide networks, decarburization depth, and nonmetallic inclusion level.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.  
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made from the following materials:  
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 PF-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.2 PF-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),
1.2.1.3 PF-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.4 PF-11CXX, PF-1130CXX, and PF-1135CXX Copper-Carbon Steels with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.5 PF-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.6 PF-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.7 PF-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder), and
1.2.1.8 PF-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder).  
Note 1: Alloy composition designations are modifications of the AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits. Chemical composition limits are specified in Section 6.
Note 2: XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in 6.2.
Note 3: The old acronym for powder forging P/F has been replaced by PF throughout the document. The change in the prefix for the material designations is just to match the currently approved acronym for powder forging. No change has been made to the material specification and performance characteristics for the various powder forged materials.  
1.2.2 Grades:  
1.2.2.1 Grade A—Density equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.  
1.2.2.2 Grade B—Density equivalent to a maximum of 1.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of surface finger-oxide penetration and interparticle oxide networks are two of the properties used to evaluate powder forged steel parts for proper processing. Maximum acceptable depths of penetration of surface finger-oxide penetration and acceptable concentrations of subsurface interparticle oxide networks depend on the component and its service environment.  
5.2 Results of tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger-oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cross-product contamination occurs whenever alloy steel powders are processed in the same equipment as iron powders.  
5.2 Unalloyed iron particles, because they may not harden upon heat treatment, are a potential source of soft spots in low-alloy steel parts.  
5.3 Alloyed iron particles, having higher hardenability than an iron or carbon steel matrix, are a potential source of hard spots.  
5.4 Hard or soft spots may cause problems in service or machining.  
5.5 The results of the tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed between purchaser and manufacturer or to check the suitability of mixes for use in powder forging.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic procedure for determining the percentage of alloyed or unalloyed iron contamination present in powder forged low-alloy steel materials and the percentage of alloyed iron contamination in powder forged iron and carbon steel materials.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The extensive porosity present in pressed and sintered ferrous materials masks the effect of inclusions on mechanical properties. In contrast, the properties of material powder forged to near full density are strongly influenced by the composition, size, size distribution, and location of nonmetallic inclusions.  
4.2 The test for nonmetallic inclusions in powder forged steels is useful as the following:  
4.2.1 Characteristic to classify or differentiate one grade of powder from another.  
4.2.2 Means of quality comparison of powders intended for powder forging, lot to lot.  
4.3 Significant variations in nonmetallic inclusion content will occur if:  
4.3.1 The powder used to form the test specimen does not meet powder forging quality standards for nonmetallic inclusion content.  
4.3.2 Processing of the powder forged test specimen has been carried out under conditions that do not permit oxide reduction or allow oxidation of the test specimen, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of ferrous powders intended for powder forging (PF) applications.  
1.2 The test method covers repress powder forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral material flow (  
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged test specimens that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method, residual porosity is hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.  
1.4 The test method may be applied to materials that contain manganese sulfide (admixed or prealloyed), provided the near neighbor separation distance is changed from 30 μm to 15 μm.
Note 1: The test method may be applied to powder forged parts where there has been a greater amount of material flow provided:
The near neighbor separation distance is changed, or
The inclusion sizes agreed between the parties are adjusted for the amount of material flow.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.  
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.  
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 MIM-2200, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.2 MIM-2700, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.3 MIM-4605, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.4 MIM-4140, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.5 MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel
1.2.1.6 MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel
1.2.1.7 MIM-420, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.8 MIM-430L, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.9 MIM-440, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.10 MIM-Cu, copper  
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in Table 1.  
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses or in separate tables are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from commercially pure (CP) (that is, unalloyed) titanium powder, pre-alloyed powders, and mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemental powders and pre-alloyed powders. It addresses ordering information, materials and manufacture, chemical composition requirements, tensile requirements, physical properties, mechanical properties, dimensions, mass, permissible variations, sampling, inspection, and certification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from:  
1.1.1 Commercially pure (CP) (that is, unalloyed) titanium powder,  
1.1.2 Pre-alloyed powders.  
1.1.3 Mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemental powders and pre-alloyed powders.  
1.2 This specification covers:  
1.2.1 Grade 1 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.2 Grade 2 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.3 Grade 3 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.4 Grade 4 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.5 Grade 5 PM—Titanium alloy (6 % aluminum, 4 % vanadium),  
1.2.6 Grade 9 PM—Titanium alloy (3 % aluminum, 2.5 % vanadium),  
1.2.7 Ti-6Al-4V PM Low Interstitial (LI),  
1.2.8 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn PM.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.  
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.  
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 MIM-2200, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.2 MIM-2700, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.3 MIM-4605, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.4 MIM-4140, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.5 MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel
1.2.1.6 MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel
1.2.1.7 MIM-420, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.8 MIM-430L, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.9 MIM-440, martensitic stainless steel
1.2.1.10 MIM-Cu, copper  
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements For Metal Injection Molded Materials (weight %)    
Material
Designation  
Fe  
Ni  
Cr  
Co  
Mo  
C  
Cu  
Si  
Mn  
Nb + Ta  
V  
Other    
MIM-2200  
Min.  
Bal.  
1.5  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
2.5  
-  
-  
0.5  
0.1  
-  
1.0  
-  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-2700  
Min.  
Bal.  
6.5  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
8.5  
-  
-  
0.5  
0.1  
-  
1.0  
-  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-4605  
Min.  
Bal.  
1.5  
-  
-  
0.2  
0.4  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
2.5  
-  
-  
0.5  
0.6  
-  
1.0  
-  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-4140  
Min.  
Bal.  
-  
0.8  
-  
0.2  
0.3  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
-  
1.2  
-  
0.3  
0.5  
-  
0.6  
1.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-316L  
Min.  
Bal.  
10  
16  
-  
2  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
14  
18  
-  
3  
0.03  
-  
1.0  
2.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-420  
Min.  
Bal.  
-  
12  
-  
-  
0.15  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
-  
14  
-  
-  
0.4  
-  
1.0  
1.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-430L  
Min.  
Bal.  
-  
16  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
-  
18  
-  
-  
0.05  
-  
1.0  
1.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-440  
Min.  
Bal.  
-  
16  
-  
-  
0.9  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
0.6  
18  
-  
0.75  
1.25  
-  
1.0  
1.0  
3.5  
-  
-  
...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For PM materials containing less than two percent porosity, a density measurement may be used to determine if the part has been densified, either overall or in a critical region, to the degree required for the intended application. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating the degree of densification because chemical composition and heat treatment affect the pore-free density.  
5.2 For cemented carbides, a density measurement is normally used to determine if there is any significant deviation in composition of the carbide grade. For straight tungsten carbide-cobalt grades, the relationship is straightforward. For complex carbide grades (for example, grades containing tantalum carbide or titanium carbide, or both, in addition to tungsten carbide-cobalt), the situation is more complicated. If the measured density is beyond the specified limits, the composition is outside of the specified limits. A measured density within the specified limits does not ensure correct composition; compensation between two or more constituents could result in the expected density with the wrong composition. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating a cemented carbide grade.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of density for powder metallurgy (PM) materials containing less than two percent porosity and for cemented carbides. This test method is based on the water displacement method.  
Note 1: A test specimen that gains mass when immersed in water indicates the specimen contains surface-connected porosity. Unsealed surface porosity will absorb water and cause density values higher than the true value. This test method is not applicable if this problem occurs.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with minimum densities that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron2 and are intended for use in corrosive service. Structural components shall be made by cold pressing and sintering prealloyed powder. The chemical composition; physical properties such as density; and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and hardness; are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with a 7.7-g/cm3 minimum density that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron2 and are intended for use in corrosive service.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts. The strcutural parts shall be made by hot forging of powder metallurgy preforms in confined dies with or without subsequent heat treatment. The materials shall conform to the required chemical composition for nickel, molybdenum, manganese, copper, chromium, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, carbon, and oxygen. The mechanical properties such as yield strength, elongation, Rockwell hardness, impact energy, compressive yield strength and fatigue shal be determined using the tensile test method, Charpy V-notch impact energy test method, and hardness test method. The materials shall conform to the required surface finger oxide penetration, interparticle oxide networks, decarburization depth, and nonmetallic inclusion level.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.  
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made from the following materials:  
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 PF-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.2 PF-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),
1.2.1.3 PF-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.4 PF-11CXX, PF-1130CXX, and PF-1135CXX Copper-Carbon Steels with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.5 PF-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.6 PF-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.7 PF-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder), and
1.2.1.8 PF-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder).  
Note 1: Alloy composition designations are modifications of the AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits. Chemical composition limits are specified in Section 6.
Note 2: XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in 6.2.
Note 3: The old acronym for powder forging P/F has been replaced by PF throughout the document. The change in the prefix for the material designations is just to match the currently approved acronym for powder forging. No change has been made to the material specification and performance characteristics for the various powder forged materials.  
1.2.2 Grades:  
1.2.2.1 Grade A—Density equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.  (A) Quench-hardening and tempering will reduce the density values. Normalized samples may have lower density values then fully annealed materials.(B) For the purpose of determining conformance with this specification, measured values shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E29.(C) Based on the method described in Smith, D. W., “Calculation of the Pore-Free Density of PM Steels: Role of Microstructure and Composition,” The International Jou...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The presence of surface finger-oxide penetration and interparticle oxide networks are two of the properties used to evaluate powder forged steel parts for proper processing. Maximum acceptable depths of penetration of surface finger-oxide penetration and acceptable concentrations of subsurface interparticle oxide networks depend on the component and its service environment.  
5.2 Results of tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger-oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.  
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.  
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 MIM-2200, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.2 MIM-2700, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.3 MIM-4605, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.4 MIM-4140, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.5 MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel
1.2.1.6 MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel
1.2.1.7 MIM-420, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.8 MIM-430L, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.9 MIM-Cu, copper  
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in Table 1. (A) Excluding silver.  
1.4 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses or in separate tables are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The extensive porosity present in pressed and sintered ferrous materials masks the effect of inclusions on mechanical properties. In contrast, the properties of material powder forged to near full density are strongly influenced by the composition, size, size distribution, and location of nonmetallic inclusions.  
4.2 The test for nonmetallic inclusions in powder forged steels is useful as the following:  
4.2.1 Characteristic to classify or differentiate one grade of powder from another.  
4.2.2 Means of quality comparison of powders intended for powder forging, lot to lot.  
4.3 Significant variations in nonmetallic inclusion content will occur if:  
4.3.1 The powder used to form the test specimen does not meet powder forging quality standards for nonmetallic inclusion content.  
4.3.2 Processing of the powder forged test specimen has been carried out under conditions that do not permit oxide reduction or allow oxidation of the test specimen, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of ferrous powders intended for powder forging (PF) applications.  
1.2 The test method covers repress powder forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral material flow (  
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged test specimens that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method residual porosity is hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.  
1.4 The test method may be applied to materials that contain manganese sulfide (admixed or prealloyed) provided the near neighbor separation distance is changed from 30 μm to 15 μm.
Note 1: The test method may be applied to powder forged parts where there has been a greater amount of material flow provided:
The near neighbor separation distance is changed, or
The inclusion sizes agreed between the parties are adjusted for the amount of material flow.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Cross-product contamination occurs whenever alloy steel powders are processed in the same equipment as iron powders.  
5.2 Unalloyed iron particles, because they may not harden upon heat treatment, are a potential source of soft spots in low-alloy steel parts.  
5.3 Alloyed iron particles, having higher hardenability than an iron or carbon steel matrix, are a potential source of hard spots.  
5.4 Hard or soft spots may cause problems in service or machining.  
5.5 The results of the tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed between purchaser and manufacturer or to check the suitability of mixes for use in powder forging.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic procedure for determining the percentage of alloyed or unalloyed iron contamination present in powder forged low-alloy steel materials and the percentage of alloyed iron contamination in powder forged iron and carbon steel materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from commercially pure (CP) (that is, unalloyed) titanium powder, pre-alloyed powders, and mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemental powders and pre-alloyed powders. It addresses ordering information, materials and manufacture, chemical composition requirements, tensile requirements, physical properties, mechanical properties, dimensions, mass, permissible variations, sampling, inspection, and certification.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from:  
1.1.1 Commercially pure (CP) (that is, unalloyed) titanium powder,  
1.1.2 Pre-alloyed powders.  
1.1.3 Mixtures of elemental powders or mixtures of elemental powders and pre-alloyed powders.  
1.2 This specification covers:  
1.2.1 Grade 1 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.2 Grade 2 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.3 Grade 3 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.4 Grade 4 PM—Unalloyed titanium,  
1.2.5 Grade 5 PM—Titanium alloy (6% aluminum, 4% vanadium),  
1.2.6 Grade 9 PM—Titanium alloy (3% aluminum, 2.5% vanadium),  
1.2.7 Ti-6Al-4V PM Low Interstitial (LI),  
1.2.8 Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn PM.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For PM materials containing less than two percent porosity, a density measurement may be used to determine if the part has been densified, either overall or in a critical region, to the degree required for the intended application. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating the degree of densification because chemical composition and heat treatment affect the pore-free density.  
5.2 For cemented carbides, a density measurement is normally used to determine if there is any significant deviation in composition of the carbide grade. For straight tungsten carbide-cobalt grades, the relationship is straightforward. For complex carbide grades (for example, grades containing tantalum carbide or titanium carbide, or both, in addition to tungsten carbide-cobalt), the situation is more complicated. If the measured density is beyond the specified limits, the composition is outside of the specified limits. A measured density within the specified limits does not ensure correct composition; compensation between two or more constituents could result in the expected density with the wrong composition. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating a cemented carbide grade.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of density for powder metallurgy (PM) materials containing less than two percent porosity and for cemented carbides. This test method is based on the water displacement method. Note 1—A test specimen that gains mass when immersed in water indicates the specimen contains surface-connected porosity. Unsealed surface porosity will absorb water and cause density values higher than the true value. This test method is not applicable if this problem occurs.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with minimum densities that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron2 and are intended for use in corrosive service. Structural components shall be made by cold pressing and sintering prealloyed powder. The chemical composition; physical properties such as density; and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and hardness; are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with a 7.7-g/cm3 minimum density that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron2 and are intended for use in corrosive service.  
1.2 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the longstanding industry practice, the values in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.  
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.  
1.2.1 Compositions:
1.2.1.1 MIM-2200, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.2 MIM-2700, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.3 MIM-4605, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.4 MIM-4140, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.5 MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel
1.2.1.6 MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel
1.2.1.7 MIM-420, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.8 MIM-430L, ferritic stainless steel  
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in Table 1.TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements For Metal Injection Molded Materials    
Material
Designation  
Fe  
Ni  
Cr  
Co  
Mo  
C  
Cu  
Si  
Mn  
Nb + Ta  
V  
Other    
MIM-2200  
Min.  
Bal.  
1.5  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
2.5  
-  
-  
0.5  
0.1  
-  
1.0  
-  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-2700  
Min.  
Bal.  
6.5  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
8.5  
-  
-  
0.5  
0.1  
-  
1.0  
-  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-4605  
Min.  
Bal.  
1.5  
-  
-  
0.2  
0.4  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
2.5  
-  
-  
0.5  
0.6  
-  
1.0  
-  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-4140  
Min.  
Bal.  
-  
0.8  
-  
0.2  
0.3  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
-  
1.2  
-  
0.3  
0.5  
-  
0.6  
1.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-316L  
Min.  
Bal.  
10  
16  
-  
2  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
14  
18  
-  
3  
0.03  
-  
1.0  
2.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-420  
Min.  
Bal.  
-  
12  
-  
-  
0.15  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
-  
14  
-  
-  
0.4  
-  
1.0  
1.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-430L  
Min.  
Bal.  
-  
16  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
-  
18  
-  
-  
0.05  
-  
1.0  
1.0  
-  
-  
1.0  
MIM-17-4PH  
Min.  
Bal.  
3  
15.5  
-  
-  
-  
3  
-  
-  
0.15  
-  
-  
Max.  
Bal.  
5  
17.5  
-  
-  
0.07  
5  
1.0  
1.0  
0.45  
-  
1.0

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 MIM-2200, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.2 MIM-2700, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.3 MIM-4605, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.4 MIM-4140, low-alloy steel
1.2.1.5 MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel
1.2.1.6 MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel  
1.2.1.7 MIM-420, ferritic stainless steel
1.2.1.8 MIM-430L, ferritic stainless steel  
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in Table 1.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts. The strcutural parts shall be made by hot forging of powder metallurgy preforms in confined dies with or without subsequent heat treatment. The materials shall conform to the required chemical composition for nickel, molybdenum, manganese, copper, chromium, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, carbon, and oxygen. The mechanical properties such as yield strength, elongation, Rockwell hardness, impact energy, compressive yield strength and fatigue shal be determined using the tensile test method, Charpy V-notch impact energy test method, and hardness test method. The materials shall conform to the required surface finger oxide penetration, interparticle oxide networks, decarburization depth, and nonmetallic inclusion level.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.  
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made from the following materials:  
1.2.1 Compositions:  
1.2.1.1 PF-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder and graphite powder),  
1.2.1.2 PF-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),  
1.2.1.3 PF-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),  
1.2.1.4 PF-11CXX Copper-Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),  
1.2.1.5 PF-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),  
1.2.1.6 PF-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),  
1.2.1.7 PF-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder), and  
1.2.1.8 PF-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder).  
Note 1—Alloy composition designations are modifications of the AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits. Chemical composition limits are specified in Section 6.
Note 2—XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in 6.2.  
Note 3—The old acronym for powder forging P/F has been replaced by PF throughout the document. The change in the prefix for the material designations is just to match the currently approved acronym for powder forging. No change has been made to the material specification and performance characteristics for the various powder forged materials.  
1.2.2 Grades:
1.2.2.1 Grade A—Density equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.  
1.2.2.2 Grade B—Density equivalent to a maximum of 1.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For PM materials containing less than two percent porosity, a density measurement may be used to determine if the part has been densified, either overall or in a critical region, to the degree required for the intended application. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating the degree of densification because chemical composition and heat treatment affect the pore-free density.
For cemented carbides, a density measurement is normally used to determine if there is any significant deviation in composition of the carbide grade. For straight tungsten carbide-cobalt grades, the relationship is straightforward. For complex carbide grades (for example, grades containing tantalum carbide or titanium carbide, or both, in addition to tungsten carbide-cobalt), the situation is more complicated. If the measured density is beyond the specified limits, the composition is outside of the specified limits. A measured density within the specified limits does not ensure correct composition; compensation between two or more constituents could result in the expected density with the wrong composition. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating a cemented carbide grade.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of density for powder metallurgy (PM) materials containing less than two percent porosity and for cemented carbides. This test method is based on the water displacement method.
Note 1—A test specimen that gains mass when immersed in water indicates the specimen contains surface-connected porosity. Unsealed surface porosity will absorb water and cause density values higher than the true value. This test method is not applicable if this problem occurs.  
1.2 With the exception of density values, for which the g/cm3 unit is the industry standard, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in inch-pound units are shown in parentheses and result from conversion in accordance with IEEE/ASTM Standard SI 10.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Cross product contamination occurs whenever alloy steel powders are processed in the same equipment as iron powders.
Unalloyed iron particles, because they may not harden upon heat treatment, are a potential source of soft spots in low-alloy steel parts.
Alloyed iron particles, having higher hardenability than an iron or carbon steel matrix, are a potential source of hard spots.  
Hard or soft spots may cause problems in service or machining.
The results of the tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed between purchaser and manufacturer or to check the suitability of mixes for use in powder forging.
SCOPE
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic procedure for determining the percentage of alloyed or unalloyed iron contamination present in powder forged low-alloy steel materials and the percentage of alloyed iron contamination in powder forged iron and carbon steel materials.
1.2 Property values stated in SI units are the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The extensive porosity present in pressed and sintered ferrous materials masks the effect of inclusions on mechanical properties. In contrast, the properties of material powder forged to near full density are strongly influenced by the composition, size, size distribution, and location of nonmetallic inclusions.
The test for nonmetallic inclusions in powder forged steels is useful as the following:
Characteristic to classify or differentiate one grade of powder from another.
Means of quality comparison of powders intended for powder forging, lot to lot.
Significant variations in nonmetallic inclusion content will occur if:
The powder used to form the test specimen does not meet powder forging quality standards for nonmetallic inclusion content.
Processing of the powder forged test specimen has been carried out under conditions that do not permit oxide reduction or allow oxidation of the test specimen, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powders intended for powder forging (PF) applications.
1.2 The test method covers repress powder forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral material flow ( 1%). The core region of the powder forged test specimen shall contain no porosity detectable at 100.
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged test specimens that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method residual porosity is hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
1.4 The test method may be applied to materials that contain manganese sulfide (admixed or prealloyed) provided the near neighbor separation distance is changed from 30 m to 15 m.Note 1
The test method may be applied to powder forged parts where there has been a greater amount of material flow provided:
The near neighbor separation distance is changed, or
The inclusion sizes agreed between the parties are adjusted for the amount of material flow.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with minimum densities that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron2 and are intended for use in corrosive service. Structural components shall be made by cold pressing and sintering prealloyed powder. The chemical composition; physical properties such as density; and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation and hardness; are detailed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (PM) structural components with a 7.7-g/cm3 minimum density that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron and are intended for use in corrosive service.
1.2 With the exception of density values, for which g/cm3 is the industry standard, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are converted in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10 and are for information only.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The presence of surface finger oxide penetration and interparticle oxide networks are two of the properties used to evaluate powder forged steel parts for proper processing. Maximum acceptable depths of penetration of surface finger oxide penetration and acceptable concentrations of subsurface interparticle oxide networks depend on the component and its service environment.  
Results of tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts. The strcutural parts shall be made by hot forging of powder metallurgy preforms in confined dies with or without subsequent heat treatment. The materials shall conform to the required chemical composition for nickel, molybdenum, manganese, copper, chromium, sulfur, silicon, phosphorus, carbon, and oxygen. The mechanical properties such as yield strength, elongation, Rockwell hardness, impact energy, compressive yield strength and fatigue shal be determined using the tensile test method, Charpy V-notch impact energy test method, and hardness test method. The materials shall conform to the required surface finger oxide penetration, interparticle oxide networks, decarburization depth, and nonmetallic inclusion level.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made from the following materials:
1.2.1 CompositionsP/F-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder and graphite powder),
P/F-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),
P/F-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
P/F-11CXX Copper-Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
P/F-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
P/F-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
P/F-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder), and
P/F-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder). Note 1
Alloy composition designations are modifications of the AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits. Chemical composition limits are specified in Section . Note 2
XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in .
1.2.2 Grades Grade A
Density equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in . Grade B
Density equivalent to a maximum of 1.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in .
1.3 Property values stated in inch-pound units are the standard. Conversion factors to SI units may be approximate.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded (MIM) materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering with or without subsequent heat treatment. These materials are: low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum (MIM-2200 and MIM-2700); low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon (MIM-4605); austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-316L); precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-17-4 PH); and ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders (MIM-430L). Chemical analysis shall be performed for the elements copper, chromium, molybdenum, and nickel. The materials shall be subjected to tensile test and unnotched Charpy impact energy test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or pre-alloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.
1.2 This specification covers the following injection molded materials.
1.2.1 CompositionsMIM-2200, low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum.
MIM-2700, low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder, and other alloying elements such as nickel and molybdenum.
MIM-4605, low-alloy steel produced from admixtures of iron powder and other alloying elements such as nickel, molybdenum, and carbon.
MIM-316L, austenitic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders.
MIM-17-4 PH, precipitation hardening stainless steel produced from prealloyed powder or an admixture of powders.
MIM-430L , ferritic stainless steel produced from pre-alloyed powder or an admixture of powders.
1.3 Chemical composition limits are specified in .
1.4 Property values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. Conversions to SI units may be approximate.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with powder metallurgy structural components fabricated from commercially pure titanium powder mixed with master alloy powder and elemental powders to yield combined material chemistries comparable to ingot metallurgy alloys Titanium 6A1-4V and Titanium 6A1-6V2Sn. The following are the materials covered: Type I and II, Grade 1 and 2, and Class A and B. The chemical composition shall conform to the required values of aluminum, vanadium, tin, iron, copper, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, sodium, chlorine, silicon, and titanium. Chemical analysis shall be made. Physical properties such as density shall be determined. Mechanical properties shall conform to the required tension properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction of area.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (P/M) structural components fabricated from commercially pure (CP) titanium powder mixed with master alloy powder and elemental powders in appropriate quantity to yield combined material chemistries comparable to ingot metallurgy (I/M) alloys Titanium 6A1-4V and Titanium 6A1-6V-2Sn.
1.2 This specification covers the following materials:
1.2.1 Two types depending on alloy composition as detailed in Table 1.
1.2.1.1 Type I is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-4V.
1.2.1.2 Type II is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn.
1.2.2 Two grades of each type that result from the specific titanium powder used are as follows:
1.2.2.1 Grade 1 is made from sponge fines with residual levels of chlorine and sodium.
1.2.2.2 Grade 2 is made from hydride/dehydride (HDH) or other process titanium with significantly lower chlorine and sodium content.
1.2.3 Two classes as a function of density (see Table 2) are as follows:
1.2.3.1 Class A density ratio is 94 % minimum.
1.2.3.2 Class B density ratio is 99 % minimum. (Warning—CP titanium powder may be pyrophoric; its use may involve an explosion hazard.)
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2.3.2.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (P/M) structural components with a 7.7-g/cm3 minimum density that are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron and are intended for use in corrosive service.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The extensive porosity present in pressed and sintered ferrous materials masks the effect of inclusions on mechanical properties. In contrast, the properties of material powder forged to near full density are strongly influenced by the composition, size, size distribution, and location of nonmetallic inclusions.
The test for nonmetallic inclusions in powder forged steels is useful as the following:
4.2.1 Characteristic to classify or differentiate one grade of powder from another.
4.2.2 Means of quality comparison of powders intended for powder forging, lot to lot.
Significant variations in nonmetallic inclusion content will occur if:
4.3.1 The powder used to form the test specimen does not meet powder forging quality standards for nonmetallic inclusion content.
4.3.2 Processing of the powder forged test specimen has been carried out under conditions that do not permit oxide reduction or allow oxidation of the test specimen, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powders intended for powder forging (P/F) applications.
1.2 The test method covers repress powder forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral material flow (
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged test specimens that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method residual porosity is hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
1.4 The test method may be applied to materials that contain manganese sulfide (admixed or prealloyed) provided the near neighbor separation distance is changed from 30 μm to 15 μm.
Note 1—The test method may be applied to powder forged parts where there has been a greater amount of material flow provided:
The near neighbor separation distance is changed, or The inclusion sizes agreed between the parties are adjusted for the amount of material flow.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic method for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powders intended for powder forging (P/F) applications.
1.2 The test method covers repress powder forged test specimens in which there has been minimal lateral material flow (
1.3 This test method is not suitable for determining the nonmetallic inclusion level of powder forged test specimens that have been forged such that the core region contains porosity. At the magnification used for this test method residual porosity is hard to distinguish from oxide inclusions. Too much residual porosity makes a meaningful assessment of the inclusion population impossible.
1.4 The test method may be applied to materials that contain manganese sulfide (admixed or prealloyed) provided the near neighbor separation distance is changed from 30 μm to 15 μm.
Note 1—The test method may be applied to powder forged parts where there has been a greater amount of material flow provided:
The near neighbor separation distance is changed, or The inclusion sizes agreed between the parties are adjusted for the amount of material flow.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made from the following materials:
1.2.1 Compositions
1.2.1.1 P/F-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.2 P/F-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),
1.2.1.3 P/F-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.4 P/F-11CXX Copper-Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.5 P/F-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.6 P/F-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.7 P/F-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder), and
1.2.1.8 P/F-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder).
Note 1—Alloy composition designations are modifications of the AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits. Chemical composition limits are specified in Section 6.
Note 2—XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in 6.2.
1.2.2 Grades
1.2.2.1 Grade A—Density equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.
1.2.2.2Grade B —Density equivalent to a maximum of 1.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in .
1.3 Property values stated in inch-pound units are the standard. Conversion factors to SI units may be approximate.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder forged ferrous materials fabricated by hot densification of atomized prealloyed or iron powders and intended for use as structural parts.
1.2 This specification covers powder forged parts made from the following materials:
1.2.1 Compositions
1.2.1.1 P/F-10XX Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.2 P/F-10CXX Copper-Carbon Steel (produced from atomized iron powder, copper and graphite powders),
1.2.1.3 P/F-11XX Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.4 P/F-11CXX Copper-Carbon Steel with manganese sulfide for enhanced machinability (produced from atomized iron powder, copper, manganese sulfide, and graphite powders),
1.2.1.5 P/F-42XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.6 P/F-46XX Nickel-Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-nickel-molybdenum powder and graphite powder),
1.2.1.7 P/F-44XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder), and
1.2.1.8 P/F-49XX Molybdenum Steel (produced from prealloyed atomized iron-molybdenum powder and graphite powder).
Note 1—Alloy composition designations are modifications of the AISI-SAE nomenclature. For example: 10CXX designates a plain carbon steel containing copper and XX amount of carbon. Compositional limits of alloy and impurity elements may be different from the AISI-SAE limits. Chemical composition limits are specified in Section 6.
Note 2—XX designates the forged carbon content, in hundredths of a percent, that is specified by the purchaser for the application. For a given specified carbon content, the permissible limits shall be as specified in 6.2.
1.2.2 Grades
1.2.2.1 Grade A—Density equivalent to a maximum of 0.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in Table 1.
1.2.2.2Grade B —Density equivalent to a maximum of 1.5 % porosity. The minimum density of those sections of the powder forged part so designated by the applicable part drawing shall not be less than the value specified in .
1.3 Property values stated in inch-pound units are the standard. Conversion factors to SI units may be approximate.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (P/M) structural components fabricated from commercially pure (CP) titanium powder blended with master alloy powder and minor elemental powders in appropriate quantity to yield combined material chemistries comparable to ingot metallurgy (I/M) alloys Titanium 6A1-4V and Titanium 6A16V-2Sn.
1.2 This specification covers the following materials:
1.2.1 Two types depending on alloy composition as detailed in Table 1.
1.2.1.1 Type I is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-4V.
1.2.1.2 Type II is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn.
1.2.2 Two grades of each type that result from the specific titanium powder used are as follows:
1.2.2.1 Grade 1 contains sponge fines with residual levels of chlorine and sodium.
1.2.2.2 Grade 2 contains hydride/dehydride (HDH) or other process titanium with significantly lower chlorine and sodium content.
1.2.3 Two classes as a function of density (see Table 2) are as follows:
1.2.3.1 Class A density ratio is 94% minimum.
1.2.3.2 Class B density ratio is 99% minimum.  Note 1-CP titanium powder may be pyrophoric; its use may involve an explosion hazard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers stainless steel powder metallurgy (P/M) structural components with a 7.8-g/cm  minimum density, which are fabricated from prealloyed powder consisting primarily of iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, and boron  and are intended for use in corrosive service.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI values given in parentheses are for information only.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a recognized metallographic method for determining the maximum depth of surface finger oxide penetration and the concentration of subsurface interparticle oxide networks in critical areas of powder forged steel parts.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers ferrous metal injection molded materials fabricated by mixing elemental or prealloyed metal powders with binders, injecting into a mold, debinding, and sintering, with or without subsequent heat treatment.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of density for powder metallurgy (P/M) materials containing less than two percent porosity and for cemented carbides. This test method is based on the water displacement method.  Note 1-A test specimen that gains mass when immersed in water indicates the specimen contains surface-connected porosity. Unsealed surface porosity will absorb water and cause density values higher than the true value. This test method is not applicable if this problem occurs.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
For P/M materials containing less than two percent porosity, a density measurement may be used to determine if the part has been densified, either overall or in a critical region, to the degree required for the intended application. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating the degree of densification because chemical composition and heat treatment affect the pore-free density.
For cemented carbides, a density measurement is normally used to determine if there is any significant deviation in composition of the carbide grade. For straight tungsten carbide-cobalt grades, the relationship is straightforward. For complex carbide grades (for example, grades containing tantalum carbide or titanium carbide, or both, in addition to tungsten carbide-cobalt), the situation is more complicated. If the measured density is beyond the specified limits, the composition is outside of the specified limits. A measured density within the specified limits does not ensure correct composition; compensation between two or more constituents could result in the expected density with the wrong composition. Density alone cannot be used for evaluating a cemented carbide grade.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of density for powder metallurgy (P/M) materials containing less than two percent porosity and for cemented carbides. This test method is based on the water displacement method.
Note 1—A test specimen that gains mass when immersed in water indicates the specimen contains surface-connected porosity. Unsealed surface porosity will absorb water and cause density values higher than the true value. This test method is not applicable if this problem occurs.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Cross product contamination occurs whenever alloy steel powders are processed in the same equipment as iron powders.
Unalloyed iron particles, because they may not harden upon heat treatment, are a potential source of soft spots in low-alloy steel parts.
Alloyed iron particles, having higher hardenability than an iron or carbon steel matrix, are a potential source of hard spots.  
Hard or soft spots may cause problems in service or machining.
The results of the tests may be used to qualify parts for shipment in accordance with guidelines agreed between purchaser and manufacturer or to check the suitability of mixes for use in powder forging.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic procedure for determining the percentage of alloyed or unalloyed iron contamination present in powder forged low-alloy steel parts and the percentage of alloyed iron contamination in powder-forged iron and carbon steel parts.
1.2 Property values stated in SI units are the standard. Conversion factors to inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a metallographic procedure for determining the percentage of alloyed or unalloyed iron contamination present in powder forged low-alloy steel parts and the percentage of alloyed iron contamination in powder-forged iron and carbon steel parts.
1.2 Property values stated in SI units are the standard. Conversion factors to inch-pound units may be approximate.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with powder metallurgy structural components fabricated from commercially pure titanium powder mixed with master alloy powder and elemental powders to yield combined material chemistries comparable to ingot metallurgy alloys Titanium 6A1-4V and Titanium 6A1-6V2Sn. The following are the materials covered: Type I and II, Grade 1 and 2, and Class A and B. The chemical composition shall conform to the required values of aluminum, vanadium, tin, iron, copper, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon, sodium, chlorine, silicon, and titanium. Chemical analysis shall be made. Physical properties such as density shall be determined. Mechanical properties shall conform to the required tension properties: tensile strength, yield strength, elongation and reduction of area.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers powder metallurgy (PM) structural components fabricated from commercially pure (CP) titanium powder mixed with master alloy powder and elemental powders in appropriate quantity to yield combined material chemical compositions comparable to ingot metallurgy (I/M) alloys Titanium 6A1-4V and Titanium 6A1-6V-2Sn.  
1.2 This specification covers the following materials:  
1.2.1 Two types depending on alloy composition as detailed in Table 1.  
1.2.1.1 Type I is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-4V.
1.2.1.2 Type II is comparable to I/M Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn.
1.2.2 Two grades of each type that result from the specific titanium powder used are as follows:
1.2.2.1 Grade 1 is made from sponge fines with residual levels of chlorine and sodium.  
1.2.2.2 Grade 2 is made from hydride/dehydride (HDH) or other process titanium with significantly lower chlorine and sodium content.
1.2.3 Two classes as a function of density (see Table 2) are as follows:  
1.2.3.1 Class A density ratio is 94 % minimum.
1.2.3.2 Class B density ratio is 99 % minimum. (Warning—CP titanium powder may be pyrophoric; its use may involve an explosion hazard.)
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 1.2.3.2.