ASTM B832-93(2018)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
Standard Guide for Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The specialized use of the electroplating process for electroforming results in the manufacture of tools and products that are unique and often impossible to make economically by traditional methods of fabrication. Current applications of nickel electroforming include: textile printing screens; components of rocket thrust chambers, nozzles, and motor cases; molds and dies for making automotive arm-rests and instrument panels; stampers for making phonograph records, video-discs, and audio compact discs; mesh products for making porous battery electrodes, filters, and razor screens; and optical parts, bellows, and radar wave guides (1-3).3
4.2 Copper is extensively used for electroforming thin foil for the printed circuit industry. Copper foil is formed continuously by electrodeposition onto rotating drums. Copper is often used as a backing material for electroformed nickel shells and in other applications where its high thermal and electrical conductivities are required. Other metals including gold are electroformed on a smaller scale.
4.3 Electroforming is used whenever the difficulty and cost of producing the object by mechanical means is unusually high; unusual mechanical and physical properties are required in the finished piece; extremely close dimensional tolerances must be held on internal dimensions and on surfaces of irregular contour; very fine reproduction of detail and complex combinations of surface finish are required; and the part cannot be made by other available methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electroforming practice and describes the processing of mandrels, the design of electroformed articles, and the use of copper and nickel electroplating solutions for electroforming.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: B832 − 93 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Guide for
1
Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B832; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B343 Practice for Preparation of Nickel for Electroplating
with Nickel
1.1 This guide covers electroforming practice and describes
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
the processing of mandrels, the design of electroformed
B489 Practice for Bend Test for Ductility of Electrodepos-
articles, and the use of copper and nickel electroplating
ited and Autocatalytically Deposited Metal Coatings on
solutions for electroforming.
Metals
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
B490 Practice for Micrometer Bend Test for Ductility of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Electrodeposits
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
B558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
plating
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
Coatings
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
B578 Test Method for Microhardness of Electroplated Coat-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ings
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
B636 Test Method for Measurement of Internal Stress of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Plated Metallic Coatings with the Spiral Contractometer
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
B659 Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inor-
ganic Coatings
2. Referenced Documents
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Electroplating E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec- rials
troplating
3. Summary of Electroforming Practice
B252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings for
Electroplating and Conversion Coatings 3.1 Electroforming is defined (see Terminology B374)as
B253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec- the production or reproduction of articles by electrodeposition
troplating uponamandrelormoldthatissubsequentlyseparatedfromthe
B254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on deposit.
Stainless Steel
3.2 The basic fabrication steps are as follows: a suitable
B281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base
mandrel is fabricated and prepared for electroplating; the
Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
mandrel is placed in an appropriate electroplating solution and
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
metal is deposited upon the mandrel by electrolysis; when the
Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
required thickness of metal has been applied, the metal-
coveredmandrelisremovedfromthesolution;andthemandrel
is separated from the electrodeposited metal. The electroform
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and
is a separate, free-standing entity composed entirely of elec-
Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.03 on
trodeposited metal. Electroforming is concerned with the
Engineering Coatings.
fabrication of articles of various kinds.
Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originally
approvedin1993.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2013asB832 – 93(2013).DOI:
4. Significance and Use
10.1520/B0832-93R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.1 The specialized use of the electroplating process for
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
electroforming results in the manufacture of tools and products
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. that are unique and often impossible to make economically by
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B832 − 93 (2018)
traditional methods of fabrication. Current applica
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: B832 − 93 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Guide for
1
Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B832; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope B343 Practice for Preparation of Nickel for Electroplating
with Nickel
1.1 This guide covers electroforming practice and describes
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
the processing of mandrels, the design of electroformed
B489 Practice for Bend Test for Ductility of Electrodepos-
articles, and the use of copper and nickel electroplating
ited and Autocatalytically Deposited Metal Coatings on
solutions for electroforming.
Metals
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
B490 Practice for Micrometer Bend Test for Ductility of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Electrodeposits
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
B558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
plating
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
Coatings
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
B578 Test Method for Microhardness of Electroplated Coat-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ings
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
B636 Test Method for Measurement of Internal Stress of
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Plated Metallic Coatings with the Spiral Contractometer
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
B659 Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inor-
ganic Coatings
2. Referenced Documents
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
Electroplating
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Elec- rials
troplating
3. Summary of Electroforming Practice
B252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings for
Electroplating and Conversion Coatings 3.1 Electroforming is defined (see Terminology B374) as
B253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Elec- the production or reproduction of articles by electrodeposition
troplating upon a mandrel or mold that is subsequently separated from the
B254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on deposit.
Stainless Steel
3.2 The basic fabrication steps are as follows: a suitable
B281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base
mandrel is fabricated and prepared for electroplating; the
Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
mandrel is placed in an appropriate electroplating solution and
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM)
metal is deposited upon the mandrel by electrolysis; when the
Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
required thickness of metal has been applied, the metal-
covered mandrel is removed from the solution; and the mandrel
is separated from the electrodeposited metal. The electroform
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and
is a separate, free-standing entity composed entirely of elec-
Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.03 on
trodeposited metal. Electroforming is concerned with the
Engineering Coatings.
fabrication of articles of various kinds.
Current edition approved June 1, 2018. Published June 2018. Originally
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as B832 – 93(2013). DOI:
4. Significance and Use
10.1520/B0832-93R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.1 The specialized use of the electroplating process for
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
electroforming results in the manufacture of tools and products
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. that are unique and often impossible to make economically by
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B832 − 93 (2018)
traditional methods of fabrication. Current applications of the electroform from the mandrel (unless the mandrel is
nickel electroforming include: textile printing screens;
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: B832 − 93 (Reapproved 2013) B832 − 93 (Reapproved 2018)
Standard Guide for
1
Electroforming with Nickel and Copper
This standard is issued under the fixed designation B832; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers electroforming practice and describes the processing of mandrels, the design of electroformed articles,
and the use of copper and nickel electroplating solutions for electroforming.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B183 Practice for Preparation of Low-Carbon Steel for Electroplating
B242 Guide for Preparation of High-Carbon Steel for Electroplating
B252 Guide for Preparation of Zinc Alloy Die Castings for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
B253 Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Alloys for Electroplating
B254 Practice for Preparation of and Electroplating on Stainless Steel
B281 Practice for Preparation of Copper and Copper-Base Alloys for Electroplating and Conversion Coatings
B311 Test Method for Density of Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials Containing Less Than Two Percent Porosity
B343 Practice for Preparation of Nickel for Electroplating with Nickel
B374 Terminology Relating to Electroplating
B489 Practice for Bend Test for Ductility of Electrodeposited and Autocatalytically Deposited Metal Coatings on Metals
B490 Practice for Micrometer Bend Test for Ductility of Electrodeposits
B558 Practice for Preparation of Nickel Alloys for Electroplating
B571 Practice for Qualitative Adhesion Testing of Metallic Coatings
B578 Test Method for Microhardness of Electroplated Coatings
B636 Test Method for Measurement of Internal Stress of Plated Metallic Coatings with the Spiral Contractometer
B659 Guide for Measuring Thickness of Metallic and Inorganic Coatings
B849 Specification for Pre-Treatments of Iron or Steel for Reducing Risk of Hydrogen Embrittlement
E8 Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials
E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials
3. Summary of Electroforming Practice
3.1 Electroforming is defined (see Terminology B374) as the production or reproduction of articles by electrodeposition upon
a mandrel or mold that is subsequently separated from the deposit.
3.2 The basic fabrication steps are as follows: a suitable mandrel is fabricated and prepared for electroplating; the mandrel is
placed in an appropriate electroplating solution and metal is deposited upon the mandrel by electrolysis; when the required
thickness of metal has been applied, the metal-covered mandrel is removed from the solution; and the mandrel is separated from
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee B08 on Metallic and Inorganic Coatings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee B08.03 on Engineering
Coatings.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013June 1, 2018. Published December 2013June 2018. Originally approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 20082013 as
B832 – 93(2008).(2013). DOI: 10.1520/B0832-93R13.10.1520/B0832-93R18.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
B832 − 93 (2018)
the electrodeposited metal. The electroform is a separate, free-standing entity composed entirely of electrodeposited metal.
Electroforming is concerned with the fabrication of articles of various kinds.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The spe
...
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