ASTM D7451-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate, and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
Standard Test Method for Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate, and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The primary use of this test method is to evaluate new additive packages in specific fuels to ensure that fuel-water separability will not be compromised by the use of the additive package, either at their normal treat rates or at several times the intended treat rate to evaluate the impact of potential overtreatment.
Water Volume Changes—Using this technique reveal the presence of water-soluble components, such as alcohols, in the fuel.
Interface Condition Ratings—Using this technique reveal the presence of partially soluble components, such as surfactants, in the fuel.
Additives or contaminants that affect the interface could harm water separation properties of fuels in equipment and quickly inhibit the free flow of fuel through filters and injection equipment, causing a decrease in combustion performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390°C, as measured in Test Method D 86, to separate cleanly rather than create emulsions when they may contain potential emulsion forming additives or components, or have been additized with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel, kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home heating oils and furnace fuels (see Specifications D 396, D 975, D 2880, D 3699, D 4814, and D 6985). For fuel components such as biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to determine the need for demulsifier components in their additive packages.
Note 1—This test method is not meant for testing of aviation fuels.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation:D7451–08
Standard Test Method for
Water Separation Properties of Light and Middle Distillate,
and Compression and Spark Ignition Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 7451; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D 2274 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Distillate
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the tendency
Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
of water and fuels with a final boiling point of less than 390°C,
D 2880 Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Oils
as measured in Test Method D86, to separate cleanly rather
D 3699 Specification for Kerosine
than create emulsions when they may contain potential emul-
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
sion forming additives or components, or have been additized
Petroleum Products
with potential emulsion forming additives, or components.
D 4176 Test Method for Free Water and Particulate Con-
1.2 This test method applies primarily to gasoline, diesel,
tamination in Distillate Fuels (Visual Inspection Proce-
kerosine, and distillate grades of gas turbine, marine, home
dures)
heatingoilsandfurnacefuels(seeSpecificationsD 396,D 975,
D 4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
D 2880, D 3699, D 4814, and D 6985). For fuel components
Petroleum Products
such as biodiesel or alcohol, refer to X1.2 and X1.3.
D 4814 SpecificationforAutomotiveSpark-IgnitionEngine
1.3 This test method is not meant to certify or qualify fuels
Fuel
for sale, but it is intended for use by additive suppliers to
D 6985 Specification for Middle Distillate Fuel Oil—
determinetheneedfordemulsifiercomponentsintheiradditive
Military Marine Applications
packages.
2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:
NOTE 1—This test method is not meant for testing of aviation fuels.
Distillate Fuel Bar Chart
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as Fuel Clarity Rating Standard
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
3. Terminology
standard.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 3.1.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to
the wall of the glass test tube.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 3.1.2 heavy scum, n—assessment that the fuel/water inter-
face is covered with more than 50% scum that extends into
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
either of the two layers or forms an emulsion (1 mL or greater
2. Referenced Documents
in volume), or both.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 3.1.3 scum, n—layer thicker than film (up to 1 mL in
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at volume) or that adheres to the wall of the glass test tube, or
Atmospheric Pressure both.
D 396 Specification for Fuel Oils 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
D 975 Specification for Diesel Fuel Oils 3.2.1 interface condition rating, n—qualitative assessment
of the tendency of a mixture of water and fuel to form interface
films or precipitates.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.14 on Stability and Cleanliness of Liquid Fuels.
Current edition approved May 1, 2008. Published June 2008.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ADJD417601. Original adjunct produced in 1991.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD7451. Original adjunct produced in 2008.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7451–08
3.2.2 water separation rating, n—qualitative assessment of quicklyinhibitthefreeflowoffuelthroughfiltersandinjection
thetendencyofcomponentsinthefueltoproduceemulsionsor equipment, causing a decrease in combustion performance.
precipitates, or both, in separated fuel and water layers.
6. Apparatus
3.2.3 water volume change, n—qualitative indication of the
6.1 Graduated Glass Tube—Sealable,blunt-tipped,100-mL
presence of water-soluble components in fuels, or the decrease
with ⁄2-mLgraduationsfrom1to10mLand2-mLgraduations
in water returned during the test due to the formation of scum
from10to100mLnotencompassingthewholediameterofthe
or emulsions.
tube as to interfere with the clarity rating. The dimensions of
3.2.3.1 Discussion—For example, the alcohol component in
the tube are as follows:
an ethanol-blended gasoline would be extracted into the
6.1.1 Overall length = 200 6 5 mm.
aqueous phase, thus increasing the volume of the aqueous
6.1.2 Outer diameter of the tube portion = 38 mm.
phase by the approximate volume of the ethanol present in the
6.1.3 Neck length = 25 mm.
sample.
6.1.4 Headspace from 100-mLgraduation to tube neck = 50
4. Summary of Test Method
6 5 mm.
6.1.5 Tip length = 30 mm with a 45° taper.
4.1 The cleanliness of the glass test tube is tested prior to
use in the test.
NOTE 2—Contact Subcommittee D02.14 for a list of possible suppliers
4.2 A sample of the fuel is shaken at room temperature
for the tubes and caps.
using a standardized technique with an aqueous phase in
6.2 Shaking Apparatus (Optional)—An explosion–proof
thoroughly cleaned glassware.
apparatus capable of shaking the tubes as prescribed in 10.2 is
4.3 The change in volume of the aqueous layer, the appear-
preferred for testing consistency. However, any method that
ance of the interface and the clarity of the fuel are reported as
facilitates shaking at the prescribed stroke length, frequency,
an indication of the water separation properties of the fuel.
and sample orientation as outlined in 10.2 is acceptable.
5. Significance and Use
NOTE 3— No suitable vendor for such a machine has been identified. It
remains the responsibility of the user to select an apparatus that meets
5.1 The primary use of this test method is to evaluate new
these criteria.
additive packages in specific fuels to ensure that fuel-water
6.3 Rating Chart—Thelinecardandfuelclarityratingchart
separability will not be compromised by the use of the additive
from ASTM Adjuncts ADJD417601 and ADJD7451, respec-
package,eitherattheirnormaltreatratesoratseveraltimesthe
tively. (See 10.4.2.)
intended treat rate to evaluate the impact of potential overtreat-
ment.
NOTE 4—If the line card is not available or fuel clarity is not readily
5.1.1 Water Volume Changes—Using this technique reveal
discerniblefromusingthelinecard,thenprintedtextasdescribedinTable
the presence of water-soluble components, such as alcohols, in
1 may be used to assess fuel clarity.
the fuel.
7. Reagents
5.1.2 Interface Condition Ratings—Using this technique
reveal the presence of partially soluble components, such as
7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals shall be
surfactants, in the fuel. used in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended that
5.2 Additives or contaminants that affect the interface could
all reagents shall conform to the specifications of the Commit-
harm water separation properties of fuels in equipment and tee onAnalytical Reagents of theAmerican Chemical Society,
TABLE 1 Fuel Clarity Ratings
NOTE—These rating systems have been determined for use in the tubes described in 6.1. The use of narrower or wider tube would give potentially
different ratings than those outlined in the tables.
Rating Appearance
1 Clear and bright, equal to the base fuel
2 Very slight haze
Black 10 pt bold Times New Roman font on a white background readily readable through tube, or
Volume markings and numbers on glassware readily readable through tube
3 Slight haze
Black 10 pt bold Times New Roman font on a white background visible but not readable through tube, or
Volume marking and numbers on glassware visible through tube
4 Slight haze
Black 10 pt bold Times New Roman font on a white background not readable through tube, or
Volume markings and numbers on glassware visible but not readable through tube
5 Hazy/translucent
Black 10 pt bold Times New Roman font on a white background not visible through tube, or
Volume markings and numbers on glassware barely visible through tube
6 Opaque
D7451–08
where such specifications are available. Other grades may be out the contents keeping the tube inverted. Glassware that
used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of drains in a manner such that the glass is evenly water-wet, with
sufficient purity to permit its use without lessening the accu- no voids or un-wetted areas immediately thereafter, is consid-
racy of the determination. ered adequately cleaned.
7.2 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
NOTE 7—Inadequately cleaned glassware used in this test can give
to water shall be understood to mean distilled water or water of
misleading indications of fuel contaminants. Use only test
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