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ASTM E1041-85(1998)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Measurement of Masking Sound in Open Offices (Withdrawn 2002)

Standard Guide for Measurement of Masking Sound in Open Offices (Withdrawn 2002)

SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the measurement of masking sound in an open office environment. The objectives of the measurements are to determine the uniformity of masking sound both in time and from position to position, and how closely the masking sound matches a spectrum specified by others. The masking sound will usually be associated with a masking system, however, in certain positions and frequency ranges, heating, ventilating, or air conditioning equipment (HVAC) may affect the masking sound spectrum.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Jul-1998
Withdrawal Date
09-Jan-2002
ICS
91.120.20 - Acoustics in building. Sound insulation
Technical Committee
E33 - Building and Environmental Acoustics
Drafting Committee
E33.02 - Speech Privacy
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1041-85(1998) - Standard Guide for Measurement of Masking Sound in Open Offices (Withdrawn 2002)ASTM E1041-85(1998) - Standard Guide for Measurement of Masking Sound in Open Offices (Withdrawn 2002)
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ASTM E1041-85(1998) - Standard Guide for Measurement of Masking Sound in Open Offices (Withdrawn 2002)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1041 – 85 (Reapproved 1998) An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Guide for
Measurement of Masking Sound in Open Offices
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1041; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This guide is one of a set of standards for evaluating the performance of acoustical components in
an open office. It is intended to allow evaluation of certain characteristics of masking sound in an open
office space. Other methods in this set cover sound attenuation between work stations provided by
partial height space dividers and by acoustical ceiling systems.
1. Scope tion from activity noise. Masking sound may be produced by
masking systems, HVAC systems, or other sources.
1.1 This guide describes the measurement of masking sound
3.2.2 masking system—the electronic equipment used to
in an open office environment. The objectives of the measure-
generate and distribute masking sound throughout a space.
ments are to determine the uniformity of masking sound both
3.2.3 spatial uniformity—a condition where the one-third
in time and from position to position, and how closely the
octave band sound pressure levels at different positions
masking sound matches a spectrum specified by others. The
throughout a space do not vary significantly from the arith-
masking sound will usually be associated with a masking
metic mean sound pressure level. The amount of allowable
system, however, in certain positions and frequency ranges,
variation is specified by others such as a consultant or designer.
heating, ventilating, or air conditioning equipment (HVAC)
3.2.4 temporal uniformity— at a given position, a condition
may affect the masking sound spectrum.
where the average sound pressure level measured in a one-third
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
octave band over a short time interval does not differ signifi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cantly from the average sound pressure level in that band
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
measured over a long time interval. The amount of allowable
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
variation is specified by others such as a consultant or designer.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Guide
2. Referenced Documents
4.1 The procedure for evaluating temporal uniformity is to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
measure the range and mean of sound pressure levels encoun-
C 634 Terminology Relating to Environmental Acoustics
tered over a time interval in a series of one-third octave bands
2.2 ANSI Standards:
at one or more locations.
S1.11 Specification for Octave, Half-Octave and One-Third
3 4.2 The procedure for evaluating spatial uniformity is to
Octave Band Filter Sets
measure the range and mean of sound pressure levels in
S1.4 Specification for Sound Level Meters
one-third octave bands encountered at locations throughout the
3. Terminology
space and calculate the local standard deviation. For furnished
spaces, the measurement locations are typical open office work
3.1 Definitions—The acoustical terminology used in this
stations. For unfurnished spaces, the measurement locations
guide is consistent wherever possible with Terminology C 634.
are located along one or more straight line traverses. In order
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard—Other
to minimize differences in measured values due to nearby
terms required for this guide are as follows:
reflecting surfaces, the one-third octave band sound pressure
3.2.1 masking sound—sound within an office space that
levels assigned to a particular location is itself an average of
reduces the intelligibility of intruding speech and the distrac-
four measurements taken at four positions.
4.2.1 At each microphone location the sound pressure level
1 is measured at four microphone positions (for example, the
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-33 on Environ-
four points of a compass). These four values are used to
mental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E33.02 on Open
Plan Spaces.
calculate the local standard deviation.
Current edition approved Jan. 25, 1985. Published March 1985.
4.3 In order to evaluate how closely the masking sound
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
matches a specified spectrum, the mean or range of data
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036. acquired for evaluating spatial uniformity may be compared to
E 1041
the specified spectrum. system shall not be adjusted to a higher sound level.
7.3 If the intent is to evaluate the performance of the
5. Significance and Use
masking system alone, then the ambient sound pressure level in
5.1 In an open office, the degree of speech privacy between
each one-third octave band for each measurement shall be at
work stations depends, in part, upon the masking of speech
least 10 dB lower than the sound pressure level of the test
provided by background sound and usually requires a masking
signal. This may require that the sound pressure levels of the
system for adequate privacy. The spectrum shape and overall
masking system be temporarily raised above the design level to
sound level produced by a masking system must be correctly
provide the test signal. In no event shall calculations be made
adjusted. In order to provide consistent acoustical privacy it is
to eliminate the effects of background noise.
desirable that the masking sound not vary appreciably from
7.4 If the intent is to evaluate the performance of the
position to position or not vary over short periods of time.
masking sound generated only by the HVAC system and other
5.1.1 It is not clear to what extent one-third octave band
building noise sources, the masking system must be switched
sound pressure levels may differ from position to position or
off.
vary with time and be characterized as acceptable or unaccept-
7.5 The measurement frequency bandwidths shall be one-
able. One purpose of this guide is to encourage the measure-
third octave. The overall frequency response of the filters for
ment of data to allow development of such criteria (see Note
each test band shall conform to ANSI Specification S 1.11 for
1).
Class III filters.
7.6 The minimum frequency range for all tests shall be
NOTE 1—Although only one-third octave band sound pressure levels
contiguous one-third octave bands with center frequencies
are allowed under this standard, the user of this standard is encouraged to
from 100 to 8000 Hz. One-third octave bands beyond this
also make A-weighted measurements for possible future justification for
using A-weighted values in a revised standard.
range may be investigated if desired.
7.7 Test data may be acquired on-site or tape recorded for
5.2 Another purpose of this guide is to provide a means of
later analysis.
evaluating the performance of a masking system as installed in
7.8 A random incidence microphone shall be used, that is,
an open office space. This guide could be used for the
one that has its flatest frequency response for sounds arriving
following:
at random angles.
5.2.1 To compare the relative performance of different
masking systems.
8. Measurement of Temporal Distribution
5.2.2 To evaluate how well the masking sound generated by
8.1 At least one microphone location shall be selected
a masking system meets a specified spectrum and to what
subject to the following conditions:
degree the masking sound differs from position to position or
8.1.1 The measurement locations shall be at ear-height for a
varies with time.
seated person in the open office environment, that is the
6. Test Space
microphone shall be located 1.2 m (4 ft) above the flo
...

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3.1 Definitions—Terms and related definitions given in Section 4 are intended for use uniformly and consistently in all building and environmental acoustic test standards in which they appear.  
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3.2.1 As indicated in Section 4, terms and their definitions are intended to provide a precise understanding and interpretation of the building and environmental acoustic test standards in which they appear.  
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3.2.4.1 Discussion—The mandatory language of section 3.2.4 is consistent with the mandatory language from §E2 of Form and Style for ASTM Standards (April 2020) and with the ASTM Committee E33 bylaws in place when this standard was published; it reflects a situation that exists, it does not prescribe anything.  
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1.1 This terminology covers terms, related definitions, and descriptions of terms used or likely to be used in building and environmental acoustics standards. Definitions of terms are special-purpose definitions that are consistent with the standard definitions but are written to ensure that a specific building and environmental acoustics standard is properly understood and precisely interpreted. The primary focus of this document is upon terms, definitions and descriptions found within standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33; however, terms, definitions and descriptions that are of general interest to the field of acoustics are also included.  
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5.1 The spectrum of the noise in the room below the test specimen is determined by the following:  
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5.1.2 The acoustical response of the room below,  
5.1.3 The placement of the object or device producing the impacts, and  
5.1.4 The nature of the actual impact itself.  
5.2 This test method is based on the use of a standardized tapping machine of the type specified in 8.1 placed in specific positions on the floor. This machine produces a continuous series of uniform impacts at a uniform rate on a test floor and generates in the receiving room broadband sound pressure levels that are sufficiently high to make measurements possible beneath most floor types even in the presence of background noise. The tapping machine itself, however, is not designed to simulate any one type of impact, such as produced by male or female footsteps.  
5.3 Because of its portable design, the tapping machine does not simulate the weight of a human walker. Therefore, the structural sounds, i.e., creaks or booms of a floor assembly caused by such footstep excitation is not reflected in the single number impact rating derived from test results obtained by this test method. The degree of correlation between the results of tapping machine tests in the laboratory and the subjective acceptance of floors under typical conditions of domestic impact excitation is uncertain. The correlation will depend on both the type of floor construction and the nature of the impact excitation in the building.  
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1.1 This test method covers the laboratory measurement of impact sound transmission of floor-ceiling assemblies using a standardized tapping machine. It is assumed that the test specimen constitutes the primary sound transmission path into a receiving room located directly below and that a good approximation to a diffuse sound field exists in this room.  
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5.1 The acoustical impedance properties of a sound absorptive material are related to its physical properties, such as airflow resistance, porosity, elasticity, and density. As such, the measurements described in this test method are useful in basic research and product development of sound absorptive materials.  
5.2 Normal incidence sound absorption coefficients are more useful than random incidence coefficients in certain situations. They are used, for example, to predict the effect of placing material in a small enclosed space, such as inside a machine.  
5.3 Estimates of the random incidence or statistical absorption coefficients for materials can be obtained from normal incidence impedance data. For materials that are locally reacting, that is, without sound propagation inside the material parallel to its surface, statistical absorption coefficients can be estimated from specific normal acoustic impedance values using an expression derived by London (1).5 Locally reacting materials include those with high internal losses parallel with the surface such as porous or fibrous materials of high density or materials that are backed by partitioned cavities such as a honeycomb core. Formulas for estimating random incidence sound absorption properties for both locally and bulk-reacting materials, as well as for multilayer systems with and without air spaces have also been developed (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the use of an impedance tube, alternatively called a standing wave apparatus, for the measurement of impedance ratios and the normal incidence sound absorption coefficients of acoustical materials.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C522-03(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Airflow Resistance of Acoustical Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific airflow resistance of an acoustical material is one of the properties that determine its sound-absorptive and sound-transmitting properties. Measurement of specific airflow resistance is useful during product development, for quality control during manufacture, and for specification purposes.  
5.2 Valid measurements are made only in the region of laminar airflow where, aside from random measurement errors, the airflow resistance (R = P/U) is constant. When the airflow is turbulent, the apparent airflow resistance increases with an increase of volume velocity and the term “airflow resistance” does not apply.  
5.3 The specific airflow resistance measured by this test method may differ from the specific resistance measured by the impedance tube method in Test Method E384 for two reasons. In the presence of sound, the particle velocity inside a porous material is alternating while in this test method, the velocity is constant and in one direction only. Also, the particle velocity inside a porous material is not the same as the linear velocity measured outside the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of airflow resistance and the related measurements of specific airflow resistance and airflow resistivity of porous materials that can be used for the absorption and attenuation of sound. Materials cover a range from thick boards or blankets to thin mats, fabrics, papers, and screens. When the material is anisotropic, provision is made for measurements along different axes of the specimen.  
1.2 This test method is designed for the measurement of values of specific airflow resistance ranging from 100 to 10 000 mks rayls (Pa·s/m) with linear airflow velocities ranging from 0.5 mm/s to 50 mm/s and pressure differences across the specimen ranging from 0.1 Pa to 250 Pa. The upper limit of this range of linear airflow velocities is a point at which the airflow through most porous materials is in partial or complete transition from laminar to turbulent flow.  
1.3 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for the purposes of this test method is given in Annex A1.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Table 1 is provided for user to convert into cgs units.    
cgs acoustic ohm  
mks acoustic ohm (Pa·s/m3)  
105  
cgs rayl  
mks rayl (Pa·s/m)  
10    
cgs rayl/cm  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
103  
cgs rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
394  
mks rayl/in.  
mks rayl/m (Pa·s/m2)  
39.4  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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