ASTM D4577-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant Load
Standard Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant Load
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is a phase wherein the packaged product may be stored for a period of time in a manner such that one or more containers are superimposed one upon the other. Failure can occur in any layer4 (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).
FIG. 1 Containers Under Constant Load of Dead Weights Imposed by Other Containers
FIG. 2 Container Under Constant Load of Dead Weights
FIG. 3 Containers Under Constant Load in Compression Test Machine With Fixed Platen
4.2 This test method subjects a container, empty or filled, to a predetermined static load, and to specified atmospheric conditions, if required.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistance of a shipping container to a vertically applied constant load for either a specified time or to failure. The test method may also be used for palletized or unitized load configurations.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4577 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant
1
Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 TAPPI Standard
T412 Moisture in pulp, paper and paperboard
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistance
of a shipping container to a vertically applied constant load for
3. Terminology
either a specified time or to failure. The test method may also
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for the packaging and
be used for palletized or unitized load configurations.
distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 load—the force applied to a body, lbf or N.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 3.2.2 constant load—a load that is invariable or unchanging
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3 static load—an imposed stationary force, constant in
For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
magnitude, direction, and sense
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 4. Significance and Use
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
phasewhereinthepackagedproductmaybestoredforaperiod
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of time in a manner such that one or more containers are
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
superimposed one upon the other. Failure can occur in any
4
layer (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).
2. Referenced Documents
2
4.2 This test method subjects a container, empty or filled, to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a predetermined static load, and to specified atmospheric
D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance
conditions, if required.
of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products
5. Apparatus
for Testing
5.1 The testing apparatus shall be capable of imposing a
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
constant load on the test specimen and may be hydraulically,
ments
pneumatically, or mechanically activated. A test apparatus
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
employing dead weights to impose the constant load may be
Packaging Components for Testing
used, as in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Compression machines may also
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
be used, as in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, and shall contain two platens,
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
or suitable framework and fixturing, one stationary and one
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,With
movable in the vertical direction. The movable platen may be
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
swiveled (floating) or fixed and should have proper
Lot or Process
mechanical, pneumatic, or hydraulic linkages to permit top-to-
bottom loading. If the floor where the test is to be conducted is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
subject to severe vibration, it may be necessary to vibration-
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods. isolate the test apparatus. The test device should have a timer
Current edition approved April 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D4577 – 05(2018).
3
DOI: 10.1520/D4577-19. Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Frank, B., Gilgenbach, M., and Maltenfort, M., “Compression Testing to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Simulate Real-World Stresses,” Packaging Technology and Science, 2010; 23:
the ASTM website. 275-282.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Bo
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4577 − 05 (Reapproved 2018) D4577 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant
1
Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistance of a shipping container to a vertically applied constant load for
either a specified time or to failure. The test method may also be used for palletized or unitized load configurations.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
3
D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and Paperboard by Oven Drying (Withdrawn 2010)
D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products for Testing
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environments
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or Packaging Components for Testing
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measurement of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
3
2.2 TAPPI Standard
T412 Moisture in pulp, paper and paperboard
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for the packaging and distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 load—the force applied to a body, lbf or N.
3.2.2 constant load—a load that is invariable or unchanging
3.2.3 static load—an imposed stationary force, constant in magnitude, direction, and sense
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping Containers and
Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018April 1, 2019. Published November 2018June 2019. Originally approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 20102018 as
D4577 – 05(2010).(2018). DOI: 10.1520/D4577-05R18.10.1520/D4577-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI), 15
Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4577 − 19
4. Significance and Use
4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is a phase wherein the packaged product may be stored for a period of
time in a manner such that one or more containers are superimposed one upon the other. The bottom package is thus
4
continuallyFailure can occur in any layer stressed with(see Fig. 1 aand Fig. 3constant load.).
4.2 This test method subjects a container, empty or filled, to a predetermined static load, and to specified atmospheric
conditions, if required.
5. Apparatus
5.1 The testing apparatus shall be capable of imposing a constant load on the test specimen and may be hydraulically,
pneumatically, or mechanically activated. A test apparatus employing dead weights to impose the constant load may be used, as
FIG. 1 Containers Under Constant Load of Dead Weights Imposed by Other Containers
4
Kellicut, K. Q., and Landt, E. F., “S
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4577 − 19
Standard Test Method for
Compression Resistance of a Container Under Constant
1
Load
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4577; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
3
1. Scope 2.2 TAPPI Standard
T412 Moisture in pulp, paper and paperboard
1.1 This test method is designed to determine the resistance
of a shipping container to a vertically applied constant load for
3. Terminology
either a specified time or to failure. The test method may also
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for the packaging and
be used for palletized or unitized load configurations.
distribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.1 load—the force applied to a body, lbf or N.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
3.2.2 constant load—a load that is invariable or unchanging
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.3 static load—an imposed stationary force, constant in
For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.
magnitude, direction, and sense
1.3 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4. Significance and Use
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4.1 In the distribution system for many products there is a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
phase wherein the packaged product may be stored for a period
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of time in a manner such that one or more containers are
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
superimposed one upon the other. Failure can occur in any
4
layer (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 3).
2. Referenced Documents
2
4.2 This test method subjects a container, empty or filled, to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a predetermined static load, and to specified atmospheric
D642 Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance
conditions, if required.
of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
D685 Practice for Conditioning Paper and Paper Products
5. Apparatus
for Testing
5.1 The testing apparatus shall be capable of imposing a
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
constant load on the test specimen and may be hydraulically,
ments
pneumatically, or mechanically activated. A test apparatus
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
employing dead weights to impose the constant load may be
Packaging Components for Testing
used, as in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Compression machines may also
D4442 Test Methods for Direct Moisture Content Measure-
be used, as in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4, and shall contain two platens,
ment of Wood and Wood-Based Materials
or suitable framework and fixturing, one stationary and one
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With
movable in the vertical direction. The movable platen may be
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
swiveled (floating) or fixed and should have proper
Lot or Process
mechanical, pneumatic, or hydraulic linkages to permit top-to-
bottom loading. If the floor where the test is to be conducted is
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
subject to severe vibration, it may be necessary to vibration-
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping
isolate the test apparatus. The test device should have a timer
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2019. Published June 2019. Originally
approved in 1986. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D4577 – 05(2018).
3
DOI: 10.1520/D4577-19. Available from Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Frank, B., Gilgenbach, M., and Maltenfort, M., “Compression Testing to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Simulate Real-World Stresses,” Packaging Technology and Science, 2010; 23:
the ASTM website. 275-282.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4577 − 19
FI
...
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