ASTM D642-00(2005)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
Standard Test Method for Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Compressive resistance is one of the properties used to evaluate the ability of shipping containers, components, and unit loads to successfully survive the compressive forces they are subjected to during storage and distribution (see Note 1).
Note 1—For constant load test refer to Test Method D 4577.
Compressive resistance may be determined with either fixed- or swiveled-platen-type testing machines. However, a fixed-head compression machine is required to perform edge-to-edge and corner-to-corner orientations on test specimens (see Note 2). Also, unit loads are generally tested only in the top-to-bottom orientation.
Note 2—Fixed-platen machines generally cause specimens to fail at their strongest point, while swivel-platen machines cause specimens to fail at their weakest point. The swiveled platen is allowed to move to the weakest point of the container.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers compression tests on shipping containers (for example, boxes and drums) or components, or both. Shipping containers may be tested with or without contents. The procedure may be used for measuring the ability of the container to resist external compressive loads applied to its faces, to diagonally opposite edges, or to corners (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). This test method covers testing of multiple containers or unit loads, in addition to individual shipping containers, components, materials, or combination thereof.
1.2 The test method of applying load may be used to compare the characteristics of a given design of container with a standard, or to compare the characteristics of containers differing in construction.
1.3 This test method is related to TAPPI T804, which is similar for fixed platen machines but does not recognize swivel platen machines. This test method fulfills the requirements of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Test Method 12048. The ISO standards may not meet the requirements for this test method.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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´1
Designation:D642–00 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method for
Determining Compressive Resistance of Shipping
Containers, Components, and Unit Loads
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D642; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Footnote 8 was editorially corrected in February 2008.
1. Scope Paperboard by Oven Drying
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
1.1 This test method covers compression tests on shipping
ments
containers (for example, boxes and drums) or components, or
D2016 Methods of Test for Moisture Content of Wood
both. Shipping containers may be tested with or without
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
contents. The procedure may be used for measuring the ability
tainers and Systems
of the container to resist external compressive loads applied to
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
itsfaces,todiagonallyoppositeedges,ortocorners(Fig.1and
Packaging Components for Testing
Fig. 2). This test method covers testing of multiple containers
D4577 Test Method for Compression Resistance of a Con-
or unit loads, in addition to individual shipping containers,
tainer Under Constant Load
components, materials, or combination thereof.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.2 The test method of applying load may be used to
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
compare the characteristics of a given design of container with
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
a standard, or to compare the characteristics of containers
of a Lot or Process
differing in construction.
2.2 TAPPI Standard:
1.3 This test method is related to TAPPI T804, which is
T 804 Compression testing of fiberboard shipping contain-
similarforfixedplatenmachinesbutdoesnotrecognizeswivel
ers
platen machines. This test method fulfills the requirements of
2.3 ISO Standard:
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Test
ISO 12048 Packaging—Complete, filled transport
Method 12048. The ISO standards may not meet the require-
packages—Compression and stacking test using compres-
ments for this test method.
sion tester
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3. Terminology
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1 Definitions—General terms for Packaging and Distribu-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tion Environments are found in Terminology D996.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.1 fixed platen testing machine—a testing machine
equipped with two platens which are both restrained from
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tilting.
D644 Test Method for Moisture Content of Paper and
3.2.2 swiveled platen testing machine—a testing machine
equipped with two platens, one rigidly restrained from tilting
while the other platen is universally mounted and allowed to
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping
tilt freely.
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originally
approved in 1941. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D642 – 00. DOI:
10.1520/D0642-00R05E01. Withdrawn.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, 15
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Technology Parkway South, Atlanta, GA 30092.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from American National Standards Institute, 25 W. 43rd St., 4th
the ASTM website. Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
´1
D642–00 (2005)
4. Significance and Use large production runs, lot sampling is advised. Application of
Practice E122 is suggested.
4.1 Compressive resistance is one of the properties used to
6.2 Whenever sufficient containers and contents are avail-
evaluate the ability of shipping containers, components, and
able, it is recommended that five or more replicate tests be
unit loads to successfully survive the compressive forces they
conducted to improve the statistical reliability of the data
are subjected to during storage and distribution (see Note 1).
obtained.
NOTE 1—For constant load test refer to Test Method D4577.
6.3 The specimens being tested shall be complete in all
4.2 Compressive resistance may be determined with either
respects. Depending on the purpose of the test, interior
fixed- or swiveled-platen-type testing machines. However, a
components may or may not be included. Tests shall be made
fixed-head compression machine is required to perform edge-
on specimens with or without contents as prescribed.
to-edge and corner-to-corner orientations on test specimens
6.4 The test specimen shall be closed and secured in the
(see Note 2). Also, unit loads are generally tested only in the
same manner as will be used in preparing them for shipment
top-to-bottom orientation.
unless otherwise specified. The method of flap securement for
corrugated containers may affect test results (see Appendix
NOTE 2—Fixed-platen machines generally cause specimens to fail at
X1).
theirstrongestpoint,whileswivel-platenmachinescausespecimenstofail
at their weakest point. The swiveled platen is allowed to move to the
weakest point of the container.
7. Calibration and Standardization
7.1 The accuracy of the test equipment must be verified to
5. Apparatus
ensure reliable test data.
5.1 Compression Testing Machines:
7.1.1 The overall system accuracy of the recorded or indi-
5.1.1 Fixed-Platen Testing Machine—Two platens, flat to
cated applied load (force) shall be verified in accordance with
within0.01in.(0.25mm)foreach12in.(304.8mm)inlength,
Practice E4. The verified loading range shall be specified, and
and one of which is movable in the vertical direction so as to
errors within the loading range shall not exceed 61.0 % of
compress the container between the platens. One is the load
reading (as calculated in Practice E4). If testing below the
measuring platen, and both should be of sufficient size so that
Practice E4 verified loading range is desired, then the maxi-
the test container does not extend beyond the edges of the
mum permissible error shall not exceed6 0.2 % of the full
platens. Both platens are fixed in the horizontal directions so as
range of the force sensor. Calculate as follows:
tohavenolateralmovementgreaterthan0.05in.(1.3mm),and
E 5 F 3 0.002 (1)
are held parallel throughout the test to within 0.04 in. (1 mm) S
for each 12 in. (304.8 mm) in the length and width dimensions.
where:
5.1.2 Swivel-Platen Testing Machine—Two platens, flat to
E = maximum permissible error, lbf or N, and
within0.01in.(0.25mm)foreach12in.(304.8mm)inlength,
F = force sensor’s full range, lbf or N.
S
and one which is movable in the vertical direction so as to
7.1.2 The accuracy of the recorded or indicated platen
compress the container between the platens. One is the
displacement must be verified in accordance with the equip-
load-measuring platen, and both should be of sufficient size so
ment manufacturer’s recommended procedures. The error,
that the test container does not extend beyond the edges of the
including the effects of any backlash in the loading system,
platens. One platen is fixed in the horizontal direction so as to
shall not exceed 60.1 in. (62.5 mm).
have no lateral movement greater than 0.05 in. (1.3 mm). The
7.1.3 The accuracy of the platen travel rate at 0.5 in./min
second platen is attached to the machine by a swivel or
(12.7 mm/min) must be verified throughout each loading range
universal joint to a point directly centered on the platen,
in accordance with the equipment manufacturer’s recom-
allowing the platen to tilt freely.
mended procedures. The error, including any backlash in the
5.2 Suitable Closure Apparatus—See Appendix X1.
loading system, shall not exceed 60.10 in./min (62.5 mm/
5.3 Conditioning Apparatus—Provide adequate facilities
min).
for conditioning test containers at proper relative humidity and
temperaturepriortotestinaccordancewiththerequirementsof
8. Conditioning
the specifications covering the containers to be tested. It is
8.1 Test specimens shall be conditioned prior to test or
recommended that the atmospheres for conditioning be se-
during test, or both, in accordance with the requirements of the
lected from those shown in Practice D4332. Unless otherwise
applicable specification. When no conditioning requirements
specified, fiberboard and other paperboard containers shall be
are given and container materials are moisture sensitive, a
preconditioned and conditioned in accordance with the stan-
standard conditioning atmosphere is recommended in accor-
dard atmosphere specified in Practice D4332.
dance with Practice D4332.
6. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units
8.1.1 Moisture content determination may be carried out for
moisture-sensitive materials at the time of
...
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providetheuserofanASTMstandardanindicationofwhatchangeshavebeen
madetothepreviousversion.Becauseitmaynotbetechnicallypossibleto
adequatelydepictallchangesaccurately,ASTMrecommendsthatusersconsult
prioreditionsasappropriate.Inallcasesonlythecurrentversionofthe
standardaspublishedbyASTMistobeconsideredtheofficialdocument.
Designation:D642–94
D642–94
Designation:D642–00(Reapproved2005)
e1
D642–00(2005)
e1
StandardTestMethodfor
DeterminingCompressiveResistanceofShippingContainers,Components,
andUnitLoads
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationD642;thenumberimmediately
followingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginaladoptionor,inthe
caseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicates
theyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscriptepsilon(e)indicatesaneditorial
changesincethelastrevisionorreapproval.
ThisstandardhasbeenapprovedforusebyagenciesoftheDepartmentofDefense.
e
Note
—Footnote8waseditoriallycorrectedinFebruary2008.
1.
Scope
1.1 Thistestmethodcoverscompressiontestsonshippingcontainers(forexample,
boxesanddrums)orcomponents,orboth.Shippingcontainersmaybetestedwith
orwithoutcontents.Theproceduremaybeusedformeasuringtheabilityof
thecontainertoresistexternalcompressiveloadsappliedtoitsfaces,to
diagonallyoppositeedges,ortocorners(
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