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ASTM E1929-98

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Assessment of Certification Programs for Environmental Professionals: Accreditation Criteria (Withdrawn 2007)

Standard Practice for Assessment of Certification Programs for Environmental Professionals: Accreditation Criteria (Withdrawn 2007)

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers minimum acceptable accreditation criteria to assist in the assessment of certification programs for environmental professionals.  
1.2 This practice will assist a user of environmental services in identifying credible certification programs for environmental professionals.  
1.3 This practice does not propose to address any specific certification program for environmental professionals. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to determine whether or not a specific certification program meets the criteria contained herein.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers minimum acceptable accreditation criteria to assist in the assessment of certification programs for environmental professionals.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E50 on Environmental Assessment, Risk Management, and Corrective Action, this practice was withdrawn in January 2007 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
09-Jan-1998
Withdrawal Date
08-Feb-2007
ICS
13.020.10 - Environmental management
Technical Committee
E50 - Environmental Assessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action
Drafting Committee
E50.05 - Environmental Risk Management
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E1929-98 - Standard Practice for Assessment of Certification Programs for Environmental Professionals: Accreditation Criteria (Withdrawn 2007)ASTM E1929-98 - Standard Practice for Assessment of Certification Programs for Environmental Professionals: Accreditation Criteria (Withdrawn 2007)
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ASTM E1929-98 - Standard Practice for Assessment of Certification Programs for Environmental Professionals: Accreditation Criteria (Withdrawn 2007)
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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E 1929 – 98
Standard Practice for
Assessment of Certification Programs for Environmental
Professionals: Accreditation Criteria
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1929; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.2 certification—recognition by a body that an individual
or entity has met specified criteria and is thereby qualified for
1.1 This practice covers minimum acceptable accreditation
a designated function.
criteria to assist in the assessment of certification programs for
3.1.3 environmental professional—a person possessing suf-
environmental professionals.
ficient education, training and experience necessary to qualify
1.2 The practice will assist a user of environmental services
for practice in a specialty area of the environmental profession.
inidentifyingcrediblecertificationprogramsforenvironmental
3.1.4 licensing—the authorization granted by a government
professionals.
to an individual or entity to perform a function or service.
1.3 This practice does not propose to address any specific
3.1.5 registration—the listing of an individual with and by
certification program for environmental professionals. It is the
a certifying or licensing body. The body may be either
responsibility of the user of this guide to determine whether or
governmental or non-governmental. Registration grants no
not a specific certification program meets the criteria con-
authority nor does it address qualifications.
tained herein.
3.1.6 specialty area—a specified, distinctly identifiable area
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of practice within a profession.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 This practice may be employed by users of environmen-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tal services to assess the credibility of certification programs
2. Referenced Documents for environmental professionals.
4.2 Environmental professionals seeking certification may
2.1 CESB Standard:
use this practice to assess the credibility of certification
Guidelines for Engineering and Related Specialty Certifica-
2 programs for environmental professionals.
tion Programs
4.3 Certifying bodies for environmental professionals may
2.2 NCCA Standard:
use this practice to demonstrate that their specific certification
Standards for Accreditation of National Certification Orga-
program for environmental professionals meets minimum stan-
nizations
dards for credibility.
3. Terminology
4.4 This practice is not meant to apply to, replace or
otherwise interfere with any existing government licensing
3.1 Definitions:
board or registration program.
3.1.1 accreditation—the recognition of a certification pro-
gram as conforming to certain standards that qualify individu-
5. Types of Certifying Bodies
als receiving the certification for practice in a specific area.
5.1 Certifying bodies may be either governmental or non-
Accreditation applies to institutions and programs, not indi-
governmental.
viduals.
5.2 Governmental bodies such as state licensing boards may
have established certification programs to meet their individual
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-50 on Environ-
requirements, including state laws and programs.This standard
mental Assessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.05 on
is not mandatory for such bodies, however it may be used as a
Wetland Ecosystems.
Current edition approved Jan. 10, 1998. Published June 1998. means to improve their programs.
Available from Council of Engineering and Scientific Specialty Boards
(CESB), 130 Holiday Court, Suite 100, Annapolis, MD 21401–7032.
6. Structure of Certifying Body
Available from National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA), 1200
6.1 The Certifying Body Shall:
19th Street, N.W., Suite 300, Washington, DC 20036–2401.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E1929–98
6.1.1 Be independent from sponsoring professional organi- 8.3 Have written mechanisms in place within the organiza-
zations in matters pertaining to certification; tion to re-evaluate on a periodic basis the knowledge, skills,
6.1.2 Consist of a majority of certified individuals (new and abilities used to define the specialty area;
certifying bodies should refer to 8.1.1.7); and 8.4 Develop a comprehensive examination designed to test
6.1.3 Maintain formal written procedures defining the crite- the body of knowledge relevant to the specialty area;
ria and process used to select or appoint members to the 8.5 Take reasonable precautions to protect the integrity of
certifying body. all examinations before, during and after the examination
period;
7. Resources of Certifying Body
8.6 Have written mechanisms in place to avoid any real or
7.1 The Certifying Body Shall:
perceived conflict of interest, (for example, an applicant and
7.1.1 Possess the expertise, knowledge and skill to imple-
the evaluator shall not be from the same company); and
ment the certification program.
8.7 Provide a means for differentiating certifications issued
after a substantive revision to the certification requirements of
8. Certification Program Operation
the certifying body from those certifications issued prior to the
8.1 The Certifying Body Shall:
revision.
8.1.1 Have a program to evaluate individual competence for
certification that is objective and based on the knowledge,
9. Public Disclosure of Certification by Certifying Body
skills, and abilities needed to function in the specialty area.
9.1 The Certifying Body Shall:
Such programs shall include the following as minimum crite-
9.1.1 Publish and make publicly available a document that
ria:
clearly defines the certification responsibilities of the certifying
8.1.1.1 Have a developed document specifying the “mini-
body and outlines any other activities of the certifying body
mum level of skills and knowledge” (referred to as the “body
which are not related to certification;
of knowledge”) required of a practitioner in the specialty area.
9.1.2 Publish and make publicly available a general descrip-
The “body of knowledge” document shall be subjected to peer
tion of the procedures used in examination construction and
review by practicing professionals in the field of the specialty
validation, administration, and results reporting;
area.Provisionshallbemadetoupdatethedocumenttoremain
9.1.3 Publish and make publicly available a comprehensive
current and relevant. Such document shall be made available
summary of the information, knowledge, or functions covered
upon request.
by any examination required; and
8.1.1.2 Require applicants for certification to meet mini-
9.1.4 Publish and make publicly available, at least annually,
mumeducationalandexperiencerequirementsforthespecialty
a summary of certification activities, including number of
area.
applicants, and number and names of those certified.
8.1.1.3 Require applicants for certification to document
education. The certifying body shall verify that minimum
10. Certifying Body Responsibilities to Applicants
educational requirements have been met.
10.1 The Certifying Body Shall:
8.1.1.4 Require applicants for certification to supply refer-
10.1.1 Not give preferential or prejudicial treatment to any
ences supporting relevant experience in the specialty area.
applicant;
References shall be contacted by the certifying body to verify
10.1.2 Provide all applicants with written copies of proce-
relevant experience.
dures to apply for and attain certification;
8.1.1.5 Have a professional code of ethics that applicants
10.1.3 Maintain a written policy for the periodic review of
requesting certification are provided with and that certificants
application and testing procedures to ensure consistency and
are required to adhere to in their professional practice.
equitableness;
8.1.1.6 Award certification only if the applicant passes a
10.1.4 Report examination results to applicants in a timely
comprehensive examination based on the requirements of the
manner;
document specified in 8.1.1.1; and meets all other stipulated
10.1.5 Provide, upon request, to all applicants who fail the
certification requirements.
examination or fail to meet the requirements of the certifica-
8.1.1.7 New certification programs may grant certification
tion, a written response indicating the general areas of defi-
to applicants on the basis of education and demonstrated
ciency;
experience, without examination, for a limited period of time
10.1.6 Consider and treat the specific and detailed exami-
not exceeding approximately two years, provided all other
nation results of each applicant as confidential; and
certification requirements are met.After that time, no applicant
10.1.7 Publish and maintain a written policy detailing ap-
shall be certified other than by examination.
peal procedures.
8.1.1.8 Award certification for a predefined and limited
period of time, not exceeding approximately five years, after
11. Certifying Body Responsibilities to the Public and
which recertification shall be required.
Consumers
8.1.1.9 Establish re-certification requirements.
8.2 Provide any sponsoring professional organization(s), 11.1 The Certifying Body Shall:
and those who employ or otherwise use environmental services 11.1.1 Ensure that the examination measures the knowl-
within the specialty area an opportunity for input into the edge, skill, and abilities required for practice in the specialty
policies of the certifying body; area;
E1929–98
11.1.2 Award certification only after the examination has the accreditation organization which conducted
been successfully passed and all other certification require- the accreditation and provide the address and
ments have been met; phone number).”
12.5 Independent (third party) accreditation of conformance
11.1.3 Maintain a publicly accessible roster of individuals
with this standard shall be re-evaluated by the accrediting body
awarded certification;
within a period not exceeding approximately five years.
11.1.4 Maintain written due process policies and procedures
12.6 Independent (third party) accreditation shall require
fo
...

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4.1.2 Number and scope of treaties, as well as the implementing laws and regulations; parties in these treaties include multilateral organizations and indigenous peoples;  
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4.1.4 Costs of compliance with environmental regulations;  
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4.1 This guide may be used for environmental compliance performance assessment in the United States in a wide variety of applications and is not particularly limited to one type of user. The following groups of users may find the guide particularly helpful:  
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1.2 Background:  
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Standard Guide for Selection and Documentation of Existing Wells for Use in Environmental Site Characterization and Monitoring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes a general approach for the use of existing wells in environmental investigations with a primary focus on the subsurface and major factors affecting the surface and subsurface environment.  
4.2 Existing wells represent a valuable source of information for subsurface environmental investigations. Specific uses of existing wells include:  
4.2.1 Well driller logs provide information on subsurface lithology and major water-bearing units in an area. Existing wells can also offer access for downhole geophysical logging for stratigraphic and aquifer interpretations. Examples include natural gamma logs in cased wells and an entire suite of methods in uncased bedrock wells (see Guide D5753). This information can assist in developing the preliminary conceptual model of the site.  
4.2.2 Well tests using existing wells may provide information on the hydrologic characteristics of an aquifer.  
4.2.3 Monitoring of water levels in existing wells, provided that they are cased in the aquifer of interest, allow development of potentiometric maps and interpretations of groundwater flow directions and gradients.  
4.2.4 Existing wells are the primary means by which regional drinking water quality is evaluated and monitored.  
4.2.5 Existing wells may assist in the mapping of contaminant plumes, and in ongoing monitoring of groundwater quality changes at the site-specific level.  
4.3 Data from existing wells should only be used when characteristics of the well have been sufficiently documented to determine that they satisfy criteria for the purpose for which the data are to be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of existing wells for environmental site characterization and monitoring. It covers the following major topics: criteria for determining the suitability of existing wells for hydrogeologic characterization and groundwater quality monitoring, types of data needed to document the suitability of an existing well, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of existing large- and small-capacity wells.  
1.2 This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5730, that provides a general approach for environmental site investigations.  
1.3 This guide does not specifically address design and construction of new monitoring or supply wells. Refer to Practices D5092/D5092M and D5787.  
1.4 This guide does not specifically address groundwater sampling procedures. Refer to Guide D5903.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5980-16(2024)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Documentation of Existing Wells for Use in Environmental Site Characterization and Monitoring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes a general approach for the use of existing wells in environmental investigations with a primary focus on the subsurface and major factors affecting the surface and subsurface environment.  
4.2 Existing wells represent a valuable source of information for subsurface environmental investigations. Specific uses of existing wells include:  
4.2.1 Well driller logs provide information on subsurface lithology and major water-bearing units in an area. Existing wells can also offer access for downhole geophysical logging for stratigraphic and aquifer interpretations. Examples include natural gamma logs in cased wells and an entire suite of methods in uncased bedrock wells (see Guide D5753). This information can assist in developing the preliminary conceptual model of the site.  
4.2.2 Well tests using existing wells may provide information on the hydrologic characteristics of an aquifer.  
4.2.3 Monitoring of water levels in existing wells, provided that they are cased in the aquifer of interest, allow development of potentiometric maps and interpretations of groundwater flow directions and gradients.  
4.2.4 Existing wells are the primary means by which regional drinking water quality is evaluated and monitored.  
4.2.5 Existing wells may assist in the mapping of contaminant plumes, and in ongoing monitoring of groundwater quality changes at the site-specific level.  
4.3 Data from existing wells should only be used when characteristics of the well have been sufficiently documented to determine that they satisfy criteria for the purpose for which the data are to be used.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the use of existing wells for environmental site characterization and monitoring. It covers the following major topics: criteria for determining the suitability of existing wells for hydrogeologic characterization and groundwater quality monitoring, types of data needed to document the suitability of an existing well, and the relative advantages and disadvantages of existing large- and small-capacity wells.  
1.2 This guide should be used in conjunction with Guide D5730, that provides a general approach for environmental site investigations.  
1.3 This guide does not specifically address design and construction of new monitoring or supply wells. Refer to Practices D5092/D5092M and D5787.  
1.4 This guide does not specifically address groundwater sampling procedures. Refer to Guide D5903.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this guide be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2247-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Process for Forestland or Rural Property

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Uses—This practice is intended for use on a voluntary basis by parties who wish to assess the environmental condition of forestland or rural property taking into account commonly known and reasonably ascertainable information. While use of this practice is intended to constitute all appropriate inquiries for purposes of the LLPs, it is not intended that its use be limited to that purpose. This practice is intended primarily as an approach to conducting an inquiry designed to identify recognized environmental conditions in connection with a subject property. No implication is intended that a person shall use this practice in order to be deemed to have conducted inquiry in a commercially prudent or reasonable manner in any particular transaction. Nevertheless, this practice is intended to reflect good commercial and customary practice. (See 1.5.)  
4.2 Clarifications on Use:  
4.2.1 Use Not Limited to CERCLA—This practice is designed to assist the user in developing information about the environmental condition of a subject property and as such, has utility for a wide range of persons, including those who may have no actual or potential CERCLA liability and/or may not be seeking the LLPs.  
4.2.2 Residential Occupants/Lessees/Purchasers and Others—No implication is intended that it is currently customary practice for residential occupants/lessees of multifamily residential buildings, occupants/lessees of single-family homes or other residential real estate, or purchasers of dwellings for one's own residential use, to conduct an environmental site assessment in connection with these transactions. Thus, these transactions are not included in the term forestland or rural property transactions, and it is not intended to imply that such persons are obligated to conduct an environmental site assessment in connection with these transactions for purposes of all appropriate inquiries or for any other purpose.  
4.2.3 Site-specific—This practice is site-specific in tha...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this practice is to provide an alternative method to ASTM E1527 for good commercial and customary practices in the United States of America for conducting a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment2 of forestland or rural property with respect to the range of contaminants within the scope of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and petroleum products. As such, this practice is intended to permit a user to satisfy one of the requirements to qualify for the innocent landowner, contiguous property owner, or bona fide prospective purchaser limitations on CERCLA liability (hereinafter, the “landowner liability protections,” or “LLPs”): that is, the practice that constitutes “all appropriate inquiries” into the previous ownership and uses of a property consistent with good commercial and customary standards and practices as defined at 42 U.S.C. §9601(35)(B). (See Appendix X1 for an outline of CERCLA's liability and defense provisions.) Controlled substances are not included within the scope of this standard. Persons conducting an environmental site assessment as part of an EPA Brownfields Assessment and Characterization Grant awarded under CERCLA 42 U.S.C. §9604(k)(2)(B) must include controlled substances as defined in the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. §802) within the scope of the assessment investigations to the extent directed in the terms and conditions of the specific grant or cooperative agreement. Additionally, an evaluation of business environmental risk (BER) associated with a parcel of commercial real estate may necessitate investigation beyond that identified in this practice (see 1.4 and Section 13).  
1.1.1 Standard Practice Selection—The methodology included in this practice is an effective and practical process for achieving the objectives of a Phase I Environmental Site Assessment of forestland or rural property when some of the metho...

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ASTM E2173-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Disclosure of Environmental Liabilities

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance—This guide provides additional guidance to preparers of environmental disclosures; these materials are needed to address changing audience needs, the increased regulatory and accounting complexity around environmental matters, and the emergence of a variety of long-term trends and factors, including but not limited to:  
4.1.1 Number and scope of domestic, and foreign environmental laws and their implementing regulations;  
4.1.2 Number and scope of treaties, as well as the implementing laws and regulations; parties in these treaties include multilateral organizations and indigenous peoples;  
4.1.3 Judicial decisions clarifying the impact of laws, regulations, and treaties;  
4.1.4 Costs of compliance with environmental regulations;  
4.1.5 Number of known chemical compounds (see Chemical Abstracts Service REGISTRYSM, which contains over 193 million unique organic and inorganic substances);  
4.1.6 Cost and accuracy of soil, sediment, air, soil vapor, surface water and groundwater testing equipment and procedures;  
4.1.7 Knowledge about benefits and effects of chemical compounds on human health, ecological receptors, and the environment;  
4.1.8 Number and efficacy of remedial technologies;  
4.1.9 Experience with assessing and remediating environmental conditions;  
4.1.10 Assumptions regarding impacts of environmental conditions, through modeling and other forecasting tools;  
4.1.11 Number of environmental, social and governance (ESG) metrics and their pace of adoption;  
4.1.12 Frequency and financial impact of counterparty failure; and  
4.1.13 Development of comparable accounting standards by other authorities; and  
4.1.14 Investor interest in the impact of these trends and factors on their investments.  
4.2 Uses—This guide is intended for use on a voluntary basis by a reporting entity that provides financial and qualitative disclosure regarding environmental liabilities. Disclosure is integrated with preceding elements of f...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose—The purpose of this guide is to provide a series of options or instructions consistent with good commercial and customary practice in the United States for environmental liability disclosures accompanying audited and unaudited financial statements. This guide is consistent with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)2 issued by Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB), as well as related statements, rules, regulations, and/or procedures issued by Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB), Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), and Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB). This guide is intended to be consistent with national and multinational issuers of accounting standards and practices, including International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).  
1.2 Objectives—The objectives of this guide are to:  
1.2.1 Identify the common terminology used in environmental disclosures,  
1.2.2 Explain the need for environmental disclosures,  
1.2.3 Define the conditions warranting disclosure, and  
1.2.4 Illustrate the report formats and content typically used in environmental disclosures.  
1.3 History of development of this guide—In 1993-1994, a group of insurance companies approached ASTM to request a best practice environmental cost estimation and disclosure standard, as they were experiencing high environmental remediation and asbestos claims from policyholders that were reporting no material liabilities in their annual reports. At the same time, asbestos and environmental liabilities were triggering bankruptcy more frequently, again with little prior disclosure by companies other than boilerplate legal language that costs were too uncertain or not estimable, or that such costs would not be material. Research by the ASTM standard working committee at the time found such shortcomings as (a) rarely attempting to identify a full portfo...

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ASTM D6044-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Representative Sampling for Management of Waste and Contaminated Media

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.2 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.  
4.3 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.  
4.4 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.  
4.5 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).  
4.7 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.  
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.  
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.  
1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.  
1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step-by-step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.  
1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicabi...

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