D34 - Waste Management

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice can be used in sampling ash from a kiln or incinerator, soils, and process waste from conveying systems, such as a conveyer and vertical lifts. Some slurries, such as the bottom solids, can be sampled from the quench waters at the end of a kiln.  
4.2 This practice can be used to determine material balances for burner efficiency studies and compliance studies.  
4.3 This practice can be used on lifts, sloping, and horizontal conveyor systems. The type of conveyor and the amount and type of sample required will dictate the type of sampling equipment required to get a representative sample.  
4.4 The sample is taken directly from the conveyor before emptying into the waste container or pile for disposal or recycling using a scoop, dipper, or shovel depending upon the sample requirements (see Practice D5633). The sample is then put into the sample container for analysis.  
4.5 The place, quantity, frequency, and time of sampling is dependent upon the conveying system equipment, data quality objectives (DQOs) (Practice D5792), work or sampling plan (see Practice D5283 and Guide D4687), and analysis to be run.  
4.5.1 Large particles can be mechanically excluded on a belt system. Large particles may accumulate at the bottom of an inclined/sloped belt system. Therefore, steps, if possible, need to be taken so that particles of all sizes have equal chances of being sampled.  
4.5.2 The number of samples and sample time is dependent upon the system, the precision required, the decisions that are to be made, the cost, and the degree of heterogeneity of the material (see Guides D5956 and D6311).  
4.5.3 In general, the ideal sampling location is nearest to the point of generation since temperature, oxidation, and air movement may change some samples with time.  
4.6 The practice does not address issues related to the heterogeneity of the sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes standard procedures for sampling waste on open and closed conveying systems and is applicable to any waste material that can be conveyed to a waste pile or container. The conveyor system can be a vertical (vertical lifts), sloped, or horizontal type.  
1.2 This practice is intended for particles and slurries, which can be sampled using scoop, dipper, or shovel type samplers.  
1.3 The practice is not intended for large size sample constituents, such as boulders, large rocks, and debris.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended as a means for obtaining sequential extracts of a waste. The extracts may be used to estimate the release of certain constituents of the waste under the laboratory conditions described in this test method.  
4.2 The pH of the extraction fluid used in this test method is to reflect the pH of acidic precipitation in the geographic region in which the waste being tested is to be disposed.
Note 1: Possible sources of information concerning the pH of precipitation in the geographic region of interest include state and federal environmental agencies, state universities, libraries, etc.  
Note 2: For sequential batch extraction of waste using a nonacidic extraction fluid, see Test Method D4793.  
4.3 An intent of this test method is for the final pH of each of the extracts to reflect the interaction of the extractant with the buffering capacity of the waste.  
4.4 This test method is not intended to provide extracts that are representative of the actual leachate produced from a waste in the field or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis of engineering design.  
4.5 This test method has not been demonstrated to simulate actual disposal site leaching conditions.  
4.6 This test method produces extracts that are amenable to the determination of both major and minor (trace) constituents. When minor constituents are being determined, it is especially important that precautions be taken in sample storage and handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.  
4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its applicability to certain inorganic components in the waste. This test method has not been tested for applicability to organic substances, volatile matter (see Note 5), or biologically active samples.  
4.8 The agitation technique, rate, liquid-to-solid ratio, and filtration conditions specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all types of wastes (see Sections 7 and 8 and Appendix X1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a procedure for the sequential leaching of a waste containing at least 5 % dry solids in order to generate solutions to be used to determine the constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.  
1.2 This test method calls for the shaking of a known weight of waste with acidic extraction fluid of a specified composition as well as the separation of the liquid phase for analysis. The pH of the extraction fluid is to reflect the pH of acidic precipitation in the geographic region in which the waste being tested is to be disposed. The procedure is conducted ten times in sequence on the same sample of waste, and it generates ten solutions.  
1.3 This test method is intended to describe the procedure for performing sequential batch extractions only. It does not describe all types of sampling and analytical requirements that may be associated with its application.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard is for determining the fusibility of ash produced from RDF.  
4.2 Limitations of Ash Fusibility Data—Ash fusibility data are often over-interpreted. In practice, types of burning equipment, rate of burning, temperature and thickness of fire bed or ball, distribution of ash forming mineral matter in the RDF, and viscosity of the molten ash may influence ash behavior more than the ash fusibility characteristics determined by the laboratory test. Also, conditions existing during applied combustion of RDF are so complex that they are impossible to duplicate completely in a small-scale laboratory test. Therefore, the analysis should be considered an empirical one and the data only qualitative.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the observation of the temperatures at which triangular pyramids (cones) prepared from RDF ash attain and pass through certain stages of fusing and flow when heated at a specific rate in controlled, mildly reducing, and oxidizing atmospheres.  
1.2 The test method is empirical, and strict observance of the requirements and conditions is necessary to obtain reproducible temperatures and enable different laboratories to obtain comparable results.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The elemental analysis of liquid hazardous waste is often important for regulatory and process-specific requirements. This test method provides the user an accurate, rapid method for trace and major element determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of trace and major element concentrations by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF) in liquid hazardous waste (LHW).  
1.2 This test method has been used successfully on numerous samples of aqueous and organic-based LHW for the determination of the following elements: Ag, As, Ba, Br, Cd, Cl, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, I, K, Ni, P, Pb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, V, and Zn.  
1.3 This test method is applicable for other elements (Si-U) not listed in 1.2.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended as a rapid means for obtaining an extract of solid waste. The extract may be used to estimate the release of constituents of the solid waste under the laboratory conditions described in this procedure.  
4.1.1 This practice is not intended to be used as a kinetic test to simulate weathering of ore, metal mining, and metallurgical processing wastes. For kinetic testing of ore, metal mining, and metallurgical processing wastes, refer to Test Method D5744 to determine release rates for constituents of interest. For static testing of metal mining ore and metal mining or metallurgical processing waste materials, refer to Test Methods E1915 and D6234. If the conditions of this practice are not suitable for the test material, Test Method E2242 may be used, if applicable to the ore or waste.  
4.2 This practice is not intended to provide an extract that is representative of the actual leachate produced from a solid waste in the field, or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis of engineering design.  
4.3 This practice is not intended to simulate site-specific leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate actual disposal site leaching conditions.  
4.4 The intent of this practice is that the final pH of the extract reflects the interaction of the extractant with the buffering capacity of the solid waste.  
4.5 The intent of this practice is that the water extraction simulates conditions where the solid waste is the dominant factor in determining the pH of the extract.  
4.6 The practice produces an extract that is amenable to the determination of both major and minor constituents. When minor constituents are being determined, it is especially important that precautions are taken in sample storage and handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.  
4.6.1 This practice has been tested to determine its applicability to certain inorganic components in metal mining and metallurgical processing wastes.  
4....
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for leaching of solid waste to obtain an aqueous solution to be used to determine the constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.  
1.1.1 This practice includes a procedure for the shake leaching of metal mining ore, waste rock, or metallurgical processing waste containing at least 80 % dry solids (≤20 % moisture) in order to generate a solution to be used to determine the inorganic constituents leached under the specified testing conditions and for regulatory jurisdictions requiring a water leach practice.  
1.2 This practice provides for the shaking of a known mass of waste with water of specified composition and the separation of the aqueous phase for analysis.  
1.2.1 This practice is intended to describe the procedure for performing single-batch extractions only. It does not describe all types of sampling, sample preservation, and analytical requirements that may be associated with its application.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The analysis of trace elements is often a regulatory and process-specific requirement for facilities utilizing LHWF. With proper instrument standardization, set-up, and quality control, this test method provides the user an accurate, rapid, nondestructive method for trace element determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method applies to the determination of trace element concentrations by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry in typical liquid hazardous waste fuels (LHWF) used by industrial furnaces.  
1.2 This test method has been used successfully on numerous samples of LHWF that are mixtures of solvents, oils, paints, and pigments for the determination of the following elements: Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl.  
1.3 This test method also may be applicable to elements not listed above and to the analysis of trace metals in organic liquids other than those used as LHWF.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is intended as a means for obtaining sequential extracts of a waste. The extracts may be used to estimate the release of certain constituents of the waste under the laboratory conditions described in this test method.  
4.2 This test method is not intended to provide extracts that are representative of the actual leachate produced from a waste in the field or to produce extracts to be used as the sole basis of engineering design.  
4.3 This test method is not intended to simulate site-specific leaching conditions. It has not been demonstrated to simulate actual disposal site leaching conditions.  
4.4 An intent of this test method is that the final pH of each of the extracts reflects the interaction of the extractant with the buffering capacity of the waste.  
4.5 An intent of this test method is that the water extractions reflect conditions where the waste is the dominant factor in determining the pH of the extracts.  
4.6 This test method produces extracts that are amenable to the determination of both major and minor constituents. When minor constituents are being determined, it is especially important that precautions are taken in sample storage and handling to avoid possible contamination of the samples.  
4.7 This test method has been tested to determine its applicability to certain inorganic components in the waste. This test method has not been tested for applicability to organic substances, volatile matter (see Note 3 in 5.15), or biologically active samples.  
4.8 The agitation technique, rate, liquid-to-solid ratio, and filtration conditions specified in the procedure may not be suitable for extracting all types of wastes (see Sections 7, 8, and the discussion in Appendix X1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a procedure for the sequential leaching of a waste containing at least five percent solids to generate solutions to be used to determine the constituents leached under the specified testing conditions.  
1.2 This test method calls for the shaking of a known weight of waste with water of a specified purity and the separation of the aqueous phase for analysis. The procedure is conducted ten times in sequence on the same sample of waste and generates ten aqueous solutions.  
1.3 This test method is intended to describe the procedure for performing sequential batch extractions only. It does not describe all types of sampling and analytical requirements that may be associated with its application.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has been developed by the U.S. EPA Region 5 Chicago Regional Laboratory (CRL).  
5.2 PFAS are widely used in various industrial and commercial products; they are persistent, bio-accumulative, and ubiquitous in the environment. PFAS have been reported to exhibit developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone disturbance. A draft Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is available.7 PFAS have been detected in soils, sludges, and surface and drinking waters. Hence, there is a need for a quick, easy, and robust method to determine these compounds at trace levels in various soil matrices for understanding of the sources and pathways of exposure.  
5.3 This method has been used to determine selected PFAS in sand (Table 4) and four ASTM reference soils (Table 5).
SCOPE
1.1 This procedure covers the determination of selected polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in a soil matrix using solvent extraction, filtration, followed by liquid chromatography (LC) and detection with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These analytes are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This method adheres to multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry. This procedure utilizes a quick extraction and is not intended to generate an exhaustive accounting of the content of PFAS in difficult soil matrices. An exhaustive extraction procedure for PFAS, such as published by Washington et al.,2 for difficult matrices should be considered when analyzing PFAS. The approach from this standard was utilized to screen laboratory coats (textiles) to identify if PFAS would be leached from the materials.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The method of detection limit3 and reporting range4 for the target analytes are listed in Table 1.    
1.3.1 The reporting limit in this test method is the minimum value below which data are documented as non-detects. Analyte detections between the method detection limit and the reporting limit are estimated concentrations and are not reported following this test method. In most cases, the reporting limit is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 2 for the PFAS after taking into account a 2 g sample weight and a final extract volume of 10 mL, 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid. The final extract volume is assumed to be 10 mL because 10 mL of 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid was added to each soil sample and only the liquid layer after extraction is filtered, leaving the solid and any residual solvent behind. It is raised above the Level 1 calibration concentration for PFOS, PFHxA, FHEA, and FOEA; these compounds can be identified at the Level 1 concentration but the standard deviation among replicates at this lower spike level resulted in a higher reporting limit.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is a screening procedure for determining the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. If a sample of the contaminant fuel is available for use in calibration, the approximate concentration of the fuel in the soil can be calculated. If the fuel type is known but a sample of the contaminant fuel is not available for calibration, an estimate of the contaminant fuel concentration can be calculated using average response factors based on composition of the fuel in the soil. If the composition of the contaminant fuel is unknown, a contaminant concentration cannot be calculated, and this practice can only be used only to indicate the presence or absence of fuel contamination.  
5.2 Fuels containing aromatic compounds, such as diesel fuel and gasoline, as well as other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials, such as crude oil, coal oil, and motor oil, can be determined by this practice. The quantitation limit for diesel fuel is about 75 mg/kg. Approximate quantitation limits for other aromatic-containing hydrocarbon materials that can be determined by this screening practice are given in Table 1. Quantitation limits for highly aliphatic materials, such as aviation gasoline and synthetic motor oil, are much higher than those for more aromatic materials, such as coal oil and diesel fuel.  
Note 1: The quantitation limits listed in Table 1 are estimated values because in this practice, the quantitation limit can be influenced by the particular fuel type and soil background. For information on how the values given in Table 1 were determined, see Appendix X1. Data generated during the development of this screening practice and other information pertaining to this practice can be found in the referenced research reports (1, 2).3  
5.3 When applying this practice to sites contaminated by diesel fuel, care should be taken in selecting the appropriate response factor from the list given in Table 2, with consideration given to whether or not t...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is a screening procedure for assessing the presence of fuels containing aromatic compounds in soils. If a sample of the contaminant fuel is available, the concentration of the fuel in the soil can be determined. If the contaminant fuel type is known but a sample of the contaminant fuel is not available, an estimate of the concentration of the fuel in the soil can be made using average response factors based on composition of the fuel in the soil. If the kind of contaminant fuel is unknown, this screening method can be used to identify the presence of contamination.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 PFAS are widely used in various industrial and commercial products; they are persistent, bio-accumulative, and ubiquitous in the environment. PFAS have been reported to exhibit developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and hormone disturbance. PFAS have been detected in soils, sludges, surface, and drinking waters. This is a quick, easy, and robust method to quantitatively determine these compounds at trace levels in soil/biosolid matrices.  
5.2 This test method has been validated using four ASTM reference soils (CH-1, ML-1, CL-1, and SP-1). ASTM reference soil CH-1 is Fat Clay (CH)—Vicksburg Buckshot Clay; ASTM reference soil ML-1 is silt (ML)—Vicksburg silt; ASTM reference soil CL-1 is lean clay (CL)—Annapolis clay; and ASTM reference soil SP-1 is sand (SP)—Frederick sand and four biosolids (Missouri, California, Idaho, and Georgia). Refer to the Precision and Bias (Section 17).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in soil/biosolid matrices by solvent extraction, filtering, separation using liquid chromatography (LC), and detection with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). These analytes are extracted from soil/biosolids with basic water and methanol then qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this test method. Quantitation is by selected reaction monitoring (SRM), sometimes referred to as multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).  
1.2 The reporting limit (RL) and reporting range (see Note 2) for the target analytes are listed in Table 1. The reporting limit is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 5 for the PFAS after taking into account a 2 g sample weight and a final extract volume of 10 mL, 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid. The final extract volume is assumed to be 10 mL because 10 mL of 50 % water/50 % MeOH with 0.1 % acetic acid was added to each soil sample and only the liquid layer after extraction is filtered, leaving the solid and any residual solvent behind. Sporadic PFAS hits due to PFAS contamination in consumables/collection tools used during sample collection and preparation is possible while executing this standard and must be monitored. All samples should be taken at a minimum as duplicates in order to compare the precision between the two prepared samples to help ensure the concentration/positive result is reliable.
Note 1: This standard only includes the determination of the analytes listed in Table 1 and is only applicable to soil and biosolid matrices; any added compost or soil additives may contain PFAS that may be bound and not able to be determined by this method. Analysis of packaging materials and polymeric PFAS moieties are not amenable to this standard.
Note 2: Injection volume variations and sensitivity of the instrument used will change the reporting limit and ranges.  
1.2.1 Recognizing continual advancements in the sensitivity of instrumentation, advancements in column chromatography, and other processes not recognized here, the reporting limit may be lowered assuming the minimum performance requirements of this test method at the lower concentrations are met.  
1.2.2 Depending on data usage, you may modify this test method but limit to modifications that improve performance while still meeting or exceeding the method quality acceptance criteria. Modifications to the solvents, ratio of solvent to sample, or shortening the chromatographic run simply to save time are not allowed. Use Practice E2935 or similar statistical tests to confirm that modifications produce equivalent results on non-interfering samples. In addition, use Guide E2857 or equivalent statistics to revalidate the modified test.  
1.2.3 Analyte detections under the reporting limit are estimated concentrations. If results are to be reported below the RL using this standard and following the method detection limit procedure in 40 CFR Part 136 Appen...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This compilation of methods is intended for use by those in the waste management and related industries to determine the presence of cyanides.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is applicable to the screening of cyanides in waste liquids, sludges, semisolids, and solids. The following screening methods are included:    
Sections  
Method A—Chloramine T  
13 – 15  
Method B—Prussian Blue  
16 – 18  
Method C—Cyanide Test Paper  
19 – 21  
Method D—Gas Detector Tube  
22 – 26  
Method E—Ion Selective Electrode  
27 – 31  
1.2 This practice is designed and intended as a compilation of screening tests to complement more sophisticated quantitative analytical techniques that may be used to determine cyanide concentration. This practice provides the user the option and the ability to “screen” waste for potentially hazardous levels of cyanide when the more sophisticated techniques are not available and the total waste composition is unknown.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 8 and 18.5.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to generate an extract with a concentration of the target analyte(s) representative of the expected release under the scenario simulated, and which can be compared with concentration levels acceptable in waste disposal, treatment, or production activities.  
5.2 The extraction conditions of the test method were chosen to simulate a potential disposal scenario to which the wastes may be exposed.  
5.3 One intent of this test method is that the amount of acid in the extraction fluids reflects the acid available from the leachate of a specific landfill where municipal and industrial wastes were co-disposed.6  
5.4 One intent of this test method is to not allow the pH of the extraction fluid to be lower than that of the leachate of a specific landfill where municipal and industrial wastes were co-disposed. Therefore, the pH of the extraction fluid was chosen with the following considerations:
(1) Not to be less than 4.93 ± 0.05 for the extraction of wastes with an acid neutralization capacity of less than the acid available in the total volume of extraction fluid used in the method (Extraction Fluid No. 1).
(2) At 2.88 ± 0.05, as defined by the pH of the acid, for the extraction of wastes with an acid neutralization capacity of more than the acid available in the extraction fluid used in the method (Extraction Fluid No. 2).  
5.5 The interpretation and use of the results of this test method are limited by the assumptions of a single co-disposal scenario and by the factors affecting the composition of a landfill leachate and chemical or other differences between a selected extraction fluid and the real landfill leachate.  
5.6 This test method may be affected by biological changes in the waste, and it is not designed to isolate or measure the effect of such processes.  
5.7 This test method produces extracts that are amenable to the determination of both minor and major constituents. When minor constituents are being determined,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is applicable to the extraction of samples of treated or untreated solid wastes or sludges, or solidified waste samples, to provide an indication of the leaching potential.  
1.2 This test method is intended to provide an extract for measurement of the concentration of the analytes of concern. The measured values may be compared against set or chosen acceptance levels in some applications.  
1.3 If the sole application of the test method is such a pass/fail comparison and a total analysis of the waste demonstrates that individual analytes are not present in the waste, or that the chosen acceptance concentration levels could not possibly be exceeded, the test method need not be run.  
1.4 If the sole application of the test method is such a pass/fail comparison and an analysis of any one of the liquid fractions of the extract indicates that the concentration of the target analyte is so high that, even after accounting for dilution from the other fractions of the extract, it would be equal to or above an acceptance concentration level, then the waste fails the test. In such a case it may not be necessary to analyze the remaining fractions of the extract.  
1.5 This test method is intended to provide an extract suitable for the measurement of the concentration of analytes that will not volatilize under the conditions of the test method.  
1.6 Presence of volatile analytes may be established if an analysis of the extract obtained using this test method detects the target volatile analyte. If its concentration is equal to or exceeds an acceptance level for that analyte, the waste fails the test. However, extract from this test method shall not be used to determine the concentration of volatile organic analytes.  
1.7 This test method is intended to describe only the procedure for performing a batch extraction. It does not describe all of the sampling and analytical requirements that may be associate...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most facilities disposing or using waste materials are prohibited from handling wastes that contain radioactive materials. This practice provides the user a rapid method for screening waste material for the presence or absence of radioactivity at user-established levels that consider background radiation and the intended use of the screening method. It is important to these facilities to be able to verify generator-supplied information in regard to radiation and to meet worker health and safety needs.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the screening for α–, β–, and γ radiation above ambient background levels or user-defined criteria, or both, in liquid, sludge, or solid waste materials.  
1.2 This practice is intended to be a gross screening method for determining the presence or absence of radioactive materials in liquid, sludge, or solid waste materials. It is not intended to replace more sophisticated quantitative analytical techniques, but to provide a method for rapidly screening samples for radioactivity above ambient background levels or user-defined criteria, or both, for facilities prohibited from handling radioactive waste.  
1.3 This practice may or may not be suitable for applications such as site assessments and remediation activities, depending on the data quality objectives or intended use.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is meant to allow for a rapid (24 h) index of a geomedia's sorption affinity for given solutes in environmental waters or leachates. A large number of samples may be run in parallel using this test method to determine a comparative ranking of those samples, based upon the amount of solute sorbed by the geomedia, or by various geomedia or leachate constituents. The 24 h time is used to make the test convenient and also to minimize microbial, light, or hydrolytic degradation which may be a problem in longer timed procedures. While Kd values are directly applicable for screening and comparative ranking purposes, their use in predictive field applications generally requires the assumption that Kd be a fixed value.  
5.2 While this test method may be useful in determining 24 h Kd values for nonvolatile organic constituents, interlaboratory testing has been carried out only for the nonvolatile inorganic species arsenic and cadmium (see Section 12). However, the procedure has been tested for single-laboratory precision with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and is believed to be useful for all stable and nonvolatile inorganic and organic constituents. This test method is not considered appropriate for volatile constituents.  
5.3 The 24 h time limit may be sufficient to reach a steady-state Kd; however, the calculated Kd value should be considered a non-equilibrium measurement unless steady-state has been determined. To report this determination as a steady-state Kd, this test method should be conducted for intermediate times (for example, 12, 18, and 22 h) to ensure that the soluble concentrations in the solution have reached a steady state by 24 h. If a test duration of greater than 24 h is required, refer to Test Method D4319 for an alternate procedure of longer duration.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for determining the sorption affinity of waste solutes by unconsolidated geologic material in aqueous suspension. The waste solute may be derived from a variety of sources such as wells, underdrain systems, or laboratory solutions such as those produced by waste extraction tests like the Practice D3987 shake extraction method.  
1.2 This test method is applicable in screening and providing relative rankings of a large number of geomedia samples for their sorption affinity in aqueous leachate/geomedia suspensions. This test method may not simulate sorption characteristics that would occur in unperturbed geologic settings.  
1.3 While this procedure may be applicable to both organic and inorganic constituents, care must be taken with respect to the stability of the particular constituents and their possible losses from solution by such processes as degradation by microbes, light, hydrolysis, or sorption to material surfaces. This test method should not be used for volatile chemical constituents (see 6.1).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. Decision makers must determine whether the levels of assurance associated with the data are sufficient in quality for their intended use.  
5.2 Data generation efforts involve three parts: development of DQOs and subsequent project plan(s) to meet the DQOs, implementation and oversight of the project plan(s), and assessment of the data quality to determine whether the DQOs were met.  
5.3 To determine the level of assurance necessary to support the decision, an iterative process must be used by decision makers, data collectors, and users. This practice emphasizes the iterative nature of the process of DQO development. Objectives may need to be reevaluated and modified as information related to the level of data quality is gained. This means that DQOs are the product of the DQO process and are subject to change as data are gathered and assessed.  
5.4 This practice defines the process of developing DQOs. Each step of the planning process is described.  
5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in developing DQOs, those planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and those assessing data quality.  
5.6 The impacts of a successful DQO process on the project are as follows: (1) a consensus on the nature of the problem and the desired decision shared by all the decision makers, (2) data quality consistent with its intended use, (3) a more resource-efficient sampling and analysis design, (4) a planned approach to data collection and evaluation, (5) quantitative criteria for knowing when to stop sampling, and (6) known measure of risk for making an incorrect decision.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO process. This practice describes the DQO process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design. Therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the practice's examples for illustration purposes.  
1.2 DQO development is the first of three parts of data generation activities. The other two aspects are (1) implementation of the sampling and analysis strategies, see Guide D6311; and (2) data quality assessment, see Guide D6233.  
1.3 This guide should be used in concert with Practices D5283, D6250, and Guide D6044. Practice D5283 outlines the quality assurance (QA) processes specified during planning and used during implementation. Guide D6044 outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, identifies sources that can affect representativeness, and describes the attributes of a representative sample. Practice D6250 describes how a decision point can be calculated.  
1.4 Environmental data related to waste management activities include, but are not limited to, the results from the sampling and analyses of air, soil, water, biota, process or general waste samples, or any combinations thereof.  
1.5 The DQO process is a planning process and should be completed prior to sampling and analysis activities.  
1.6 This practice presents extensive requirements of management, designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must” and “shall” (requirements), “should” (recommendation), and “may” (optional), have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements in this practice. The extent to which all requirements will be met remains a matter of technical judgment.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This terminology defines terms and specialized meanings of terms in the subject areas of waste and management of waste.  
3.2 This terminology is not intended for subjects other than waste and waste management. For terms applicable to other subject areas, the appropriate terminology standard(s) should be consulted. See the current edition of the Compilation of ASTM Standard Definitions4 and the list of terminology standards cited therein.  
3.3 Standards relating to subcategories of waste or waste management may use terms defined more narrowly than those included here. The more specialized terminology standards relating to the applicable specific subcategory, or terms defined within individual standards, or both, should be consulted for the exact meaning intended within a given standard.  
3.4 The Thesaurus on Resource Recovery Terminology (Special Technical Publication (STP) 832)5 contains many terms and may be useful for those not listed in terminology standards. However, a definition in a standard terminology shall be considered governing when the term is used in the sense or meaning defined therein.  
3.5 Statistical terms are not defined in this terminology to the extent that the terms, when used regarding waste and management of waste, have the same meanings as in Practice E177 or Terminology E456.  
3.6 Regulatory terms are often developed by regulatory agencies for special regulatory purposes and may have technical content or meaning different from terms defined herein. When a regulatory term exists that differs in meaning from a term given here, the regulatory term should be considered to take precedence for regulatory matters.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology contains standard definitions of terms used in the general area of waste and waste management. It is intended to promote understanding by providing precise technical definitions of terms used in the standards developed by Committee D34 and its subcommittees.  
1.2 Terms used only within an individual standard, and having a meaning unique to that standard, may be defined or explained in the terminology section of that individual standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to document the mass flow rate of a resource recovery unit operation in a plant and as a means of relating operation to design objectives.  
5.2 This test method is also used in conjunction with measurements of the performance of materials separators (particularly recovery and purity). As such, throughput should not generally be measured by sampling the feed since this may change its performance. Processing equipment that does not perform separations can be sampled at either the feed or product streams.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for measuring the throughput, or mass flow rate, of a resource-recovery unit operation, or series of unit operations.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Paragraph 9.1.2 indicates the equivalent weight in pounds for samples with particle size greater than 90 mm.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given in Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This classification is intended for use in the marketing of mixed nonferrous metals.  
4.2 Mixed nonferrous metals covered by this classification are suitable for use by one or more of the following industries:  
4.2.1 Secondary aluminum smelters,  
4.2.2 Primary aluminum producers,  
4.2.3 Scrap dealers and processors,  
4.2.4 Zinc refiners, and  
4.2.5 Copper refiners.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers municipal mixed nonferrous metals (MNM), not source-separated, that are recovered from municipal waste destined for disposal.  
1.2 The mixed nonferrous metals (MNM) have been subdivided according to processing history, nonferrous metal content, size, and moisture content.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides a list of applications and appropriate test procedures to establish selected uses for the lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts.  
4.2 The lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts covered by this guide may vary in composition from one source to another. It is therefore advised that the use of such products be undertaken only after their specific compositions, physical properties, performance characteristics, and the anticipated variabilities have been evaluated for the service intended. Until the degree of variability in the dust source or sources has been established, frequent performance testing is recommended.  
4.3 Specifications should be prepared to facilitate uses, environmental protection, and engineering designs by the responsible persons.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to evaluate and describe lime kiln dusts and portland cement kiln dusts for use in commercial applications. This guide is not intended to cover uses for lime or portland cement.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides guidance to persons managing or responsible for designing sampling and analytical plans for determining whether sample compositing may assist in more efficiently meeting study objectives. Samples must be composited properly, or useful information on contamination distribution and sample variance may be lost.  
5.2 The procedures described for mixing samples and obtaining a representative subsample are broadly applicable to waste sampling where it is desired to transport a reduced amount of material to the laboratory. The mixing and subsampling sections provide guidance to persons preparing sampling and analytical plans and field personnel.  
5.3 While this guide generally focuses on solid materials, the attributes and limitations of composite sampling apply equally to static liquid samples.
SCOPE
1.1 Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample, and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample(s) from a larger sample. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample.  
1.2 The guide does not address: where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives) (see Guide D6044), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or determine the number of samples to collect or calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives (see Practice D5792). Standard procedures for planning waste sampling activities are addressed in Guide D4687.  
1.3 The sample mixing and subsampling procedures described in this guide are considered inappropriate for samples to be analyzed for volatile organic compounds. Volatile organics are typically lost through volatilization during sample collection, handling, shipping, and laboratory sample preparation unless specialized procedures are used. The enhanced mixing described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles such as combining directly into methanol (see Guide D4547).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The standard is available to producers and users of RDF for determining the content and forms of chlorine present in refuse-derived fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the forms of chlorine in refuse-derived fuel-three (RDF): total chlorine, water-soluble chloride, and water-insoluble chlorine.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statements, see Section 6 and 11.2.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The calorific value, or heat of combustion, is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. Knowledge of this value is essential in assessing the commercial worth of the fuel and to provide the basis of contract between producer and user.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the gross calorific value of a prepared analysis sample of solid forms of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) by the bomb calorimeter method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific cautionary and precautionary statements, see 6.9 and Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard is intended to provide a method for determining the weight percent of carbon and hydrogen in an RDF analysis sample.  
5.2 Carbon and hydrogen are components of RDF and, when determined, can be used for calculating RDF combustion characteristics.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is for the determination of total carbon and hydrogen in a sample of refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Both carbon and hydrogen are determined in one analysis. This test method yields the total percentages of carbon and hydrogen in RDF as analyzed and the results include not only carbon and hydrogen in the organic matter, but also the carbon present in mineral carbonates and the hydrogen present in the free moisture accompanying the analysis sample as well as hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
Note 1: It is recognized that certain technical applications of the data derived from this test procedure may justify additional corrections. These corrections could involve compensation for the carbon present as carbonates, the hydrogen of free moisture accompanying the analysis sample, and the calculated hydrogen present as water of hydration.  
1.2 This test method may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Using this procedure a sample of RDF can be converted into a physical form suitable for laboratory fuel analysis.  
5.2 As indicated in Test Method E791, air-dry moisture, which is determined by this procedure, is essential to the calculation of other laboratory results on an as-received basis. The air-dry moisture value is used in conjunction with the results of the residual moisture determination in Test Method E790 to calculate total sample moisture.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of RDF laboratory samples for analysis, the laboratory samples having been previously obtained from representative RDF samples.  
1.2 The determination of the air-dry loss of the RDF is part of this preparation procedure and must be performed prior to the particle size reduction.  
1.3 The practice given may also be used for other RDF types but additional sample preparation steps may be necessary prior to the application of this method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement in parentheses in this standard are informational.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method is used to document the ability of solid waste resource recovery separators to concentrate or classify a particular component (or components) present in solid waste.  
5.2 The purity determined in this way is used to calculate the recovery achieved by a separator as another measure of its performance, according to Test Method E1108.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the composition of a materials stream in a solid waste resource recovery processing facility. The composition is determined with respect to one or more defined components. The results are used for determining the purity resulting from the operation of one or more separators, and in conjunction with Test Method E1108 used to measure the efficiency of a materials separation device.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations, 40 CFR 266, require that boilers, cement kilns, and other industrial furnaces utilizing waste-derived fuel adhere to specific guidelines in assessing potential metals emissions. A common approach for estimating potential emissions is performing total metals analysis on all feed stream materials. This practice describes a multi-stage microwave-assisted digestion procedure that solubilizes trace elements for spectroscopic analyses.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the multi-stage microwave digestion of typical industrial furnace feed stream materials using nitric, hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, and boric acids for the subsequent determination of trace metals.  
1.2 This practice has been used successfully on samples of coal, coke, cement raw feed materials, and waste-derived fuels composed primarily of waste paint-related material in preparation for measuring the following trace elements: Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sb, and Tl. This practice may be applicable to elements not listed above.  
1.3 This practice is also effective for other waste materials (for example, fly ash, foundry sand, alum process residue, cement kiln dust, etc.).  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Other units of measurement in parentheses in this standard are informational.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of total moisture is important for assessing the fuel quality. Water content will affect the heating value of fuels directly and can contribute to instability in the operation of an industrial furnace or adversely impact performance in other applications. Additionally, high water content can present material handling and storage problems during winter months or in cold environments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination by Karl Fischer (KF) titrimetry of total moisture in solid or liquid hazardous waste fuels used by industrial furnaces.  
1.2 This test method has been used successfully on numerous samples of hazardous waste fuel composed of solvents, spent oils, inks, paints, and pigments. The range of applicability for this test method is between 1.0 and 100 %; however, this evaluation was limited to samples containing approximately 5 to 50 % water.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Bucket augers (Fig. 1) are relatively inexpensive, readily available, available in different types depending on the media to be sampled, and most can be easily operated by one person. They collect a reasonably cylindrical but disturbed sample of surface or subsurface soil or waste. They are generally not suited for sampling gravelly or coarser soil and are unsuitable for sampling rock. There are other designs of hand augers, such as the Edelman auger, used to retrieve difficult materials such as waste, sands, peat, and mud.
FIG. 1 Bucket Auger  
5.2 Bucket augers are commonly used equipment because they are inexpensive to operate, especially compared to powered equipment (that is, direct push and drill rigs). When evaluated against screw augers (Guide D4700), bucket augers generally collect larger samples with less chance of mixing with soil from shallow depths because the sample is retained within the auger bucket. Bucket augers are commonly used to depths of 3 m but have been used to much greater depths depending upon the soil or waste characteristics. In general, bucket augers can maintain open holes in unsaturated soils and saturated clay soils below the water table. Saturated sands will cave below the water table and perched zones and cohesionless dry sands may also cave. The sampling depth is limited by the force required to rotate the auger and the depth at which the bore hole collapses (unless bore casings or liners are used).  
5.3 Bucket augers may not be suitable for the collection of samples for determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) because the sample is disturbed and exposed to atmosphere during the collection process, which may lead to losses resulting in a chemically unrepresentative sample.  
5.4 If VOC analysis is required, the bucket auger is used to reach the desired sample depth, a planer auger can be used to clean the base of the hole, and a hammered drive tube sampler (Fig. 2) can be used at the bottom of the hole. Drive ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures and equipment used to collect surface and subsurface soil and contaminated media samples for chemical analysis using a hand-operated bucket auger (sometimes referred to as a barrel auger). Several types of bucket augers exist and are designed for sampling various types of soil. All bucket augers collect disturbed samples. Bucket augers can also be used to auger to the desired sampling depth and then, using a core-type sampler, collect a relatively undisturbed sample suitable for chemical analysis.  
1.2 This practice does not cover the use of large 300 mm or greater diameter bucket augers mechanically operated by large drill rigs or similar equipment, such as those described in Practice D1452/D1452M, paragraph 5.2.4. Practice D1452/D1452M on auger borings refers to this hand auger included in Practice D6907 as a barrel auger.  
1.3 Refer to Guides D4700 and D6232 for information on other hand samplers. The bucket auger is often used for shallow surface soil sampling, but there are many other types of handheld augers, flight, screw, rotary powered, and agricultural push tube samplers. Practice D1452/D1452M addresses larger powered solid stem flight auger systems.  
1.4 This standard does not address soil samples obtained with mechanical drilling, direct push, and sonic machines (refer to Guides D6286/D6286M and D6169/D6169M) or for collecting cores from submerged sediments (Guide D4823).  
1.5 This practice does not address sampling objectives (see Practice D5792), general sample planning (see Guide D4687), and sampling design (for example, where to collect samples and what depth to sample (see Guide D6044)). Sampling for volatile organic compounds (see Guide D4547), equipment cleaning and decontamination (see Practice D5088), sample handling after collection such as compositing and subsampling (see Guide D6051), and sample preservation (Guide D4220/D4220M) are used in this s...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of unconsolidated solid materials from drums or similar containers, including those that are unstable, ruptured, or compromised otherwise. Special handling procedures (for example, remote drum opening, overpressurized drum opening, drum deheading, etc.) are described in EPA/600/2-86/013, Drum Handling Practices at Hazardous Waste Sites.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 U.S. gal (416 L) or less. These methods are applicable to hazardous material, product, or waste. Specific sample collection and handling requirements should be described in the site-specific work plan.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The procedures covered in this guide are general and provide the user with information helpful for writing sampling plans, safety plans, labeling and shipping procedures, chain-of-custody procedures, general sampling procedures, general cleaning procedures, and general preservation procedures.  
3.2 For purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the user has knowledge of the waste being sampled and the possible safety hazards.  
3.3 This guide is not to be used when sampling sites or wastes when safety hazards are unknown. In such cases, the user shall use other more appropriate procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling (see 1.2) that are common to most waste sampling situations.  
1.2 The aspects of sampling that this guide addresses are as follows:    
Section  
Safety plans  
4  
Sampling plans  
5  
Quality assurance considerations  
6  
General sampling considerations  
7  
Preservation and containerization  
8  
Cleaning equipment  
9  
Packaging, labeling, and shipping procedures  
10  
Chain-of-custody procedure  
11  
1.3 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the procedures used are proper and adequate.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary statements see 3.2, 3.3, and Section 4.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Search sampling strategies have found wide utility in geologic exploration where drilling is required to detect subsurface mineral deposits, such as when drilling for oil and gas. Using such strategies to search for buried wastes and subsurface contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, is a logical extension of these strategies.  
4.2 Systematic sampling strategies are often the most cost-effective method for searching for hot spots.  
4.3 This practice may be used to determine the risk of missing a hot spot of specified size and shape given a specified sampling pattern and sampling density.  
4.4 This practice may be used to determine the smallest hot spot that can be detected with a specified probability and given sampling density.  
4.5 This practice may be used to select the optimum grid sampling strategy (that is, sampling pattern and density) for a specified risk of not detecting a hot spot.  
4.6 By using the algorithms given in this practice, one can balance the cost of sampling versus the risk of missing a hot spot.  
4.7 Search sampling patterns may also be used to optimize the locations of additional groundwater monitoring wells or vadose zone monitoring devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Hot spots may include former surface impoundments and waste disposal pits, as well as contaminant plumes in groundwater or the vadose zone.  
1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried contaminants are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are usually not clear and distinct.  
1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects, including underground utilities, where such buried objects can be detected by these methods (see Guide D6429).  
1.4 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D5730). Sampling may be conducted by drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D6311.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The intended use of this guide is to provide practical assistance in the development of an optimized sampling design. This standard describes or discusses:  
4.1.1 Sampling design selection criteria,  
4.1.2 Factors impacting the choice of a sampling design,  
4.1.3 Selection of a sampling design,  
4.1.4 Techniques for optimizing candidate designs, and  
4.1.5 The criteria for evaluating an optimized sampling design.  
4.2 Within a formal USEPA data generation activity, the planning process or data quality objectives (DQOs) development is the first step. The second and third are the implementation of the sampling and analysis design and the data quality assessment. Within the DQO planning process, the selection and optimization of the sampling design is the last step, and therefore, the culmination of the DQO process. The preceding steps in the DQO planning process address:  
4.2.1 The problem that needs to be addressed,  
4.2.2 The possible decisions,  
4.2.3 The data input and associated activities,  
4.2.4 The boundaries of the study,  
4.2.5 The development of decision rules, and  
4.2.6 The specified the limits on decision error.  
4.3 This guide is not intended to address the aspects of the planning process for development of the project objectives. However, the project objectives must be outlined and communicated to the design team, prior to the selection and optimization of the sample design.  
4.4 This guide references statistical aspects of the planning and implementation process and includes an appendix for the statistical calculation of the optimum number of samples for a given sampling design.  
4.5 This guide is intended for those who are responsible for making decisions about environmental waste management activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This document provides practical guidance on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process.  
1.2 This document (1) provides guidance for selection of sampling designs; (2) outlines techniques to optimize candidate designs; and (3) describes the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design.  
1.3 The contents of this guide are arranged by section as follows:
1.  
Scope  
2.  
Referenced Documents  
3.  
Terminology  
4.  
Significance and Use  
5.  
Summary of Guide  
6.  
Factors Affecting Sampling Design Selection  
6.1  
Sampling Design Performance Characteristics  
6.2  
Regulatory Considerations  
6.3  
Project Objectives  
6.4  
Knowledge of the Site  
6.5  
Physical Sample Issues  
6.6  
Communication with the Laboratory  
6.7  
Analytical Turn Around Time  
6.8  
Analytical Method Constraints  
6.9  
Health and Safety  
6.10  
Budget/Cost Considerations  
6.11  
Representativeness  
7.  
Initial Design Selection  
8.  
Optimization Criteria  
9.  
Optimization Process  
9.2  
Practical Evaluation of Design Alternatives  
9.3  
Statistical and Cost Evaluation  
10.  
Final Selection  
Annex A1  
Types of Sampling Designs  
A1.1  
Commonly Used Sampling Designs  
A1.2  
Sampling Design Tools  
A1.3  
Combination Sample Designs  
Appendix X1. Additional References  
Appendix X2. Choosing Analytical Method Based on Variance and Cost  
Appendix X3. Calculating the Number of Samples: A Statistical Treatment  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standa...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is available to producers and users of RDF to use in converting laboratory data from one basis to another.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method gives equations to enable analytical data from the application of RDF analysis procedures to be expressed on various different bases in common use. Such bases are: as-received; dry; dry, ash-free; and others.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in identifying the common solvent constituents in hazardous waste samples. This test method is designed to support field or site assessments, recycling operations, plant operations, or pollution control programs.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine qualitatively and quantitatively the presence of the following compounds in waste samples using gas chromatography. This test method is intended for use as a screening method with a typical reporting level of 0.1 %.    
Dichodifluoromethane  
Tetrahydrofuran  
Trichlorofluoromethane  
Acetone  
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-
trifluoroethane  
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
MIBK  
Methanol  
Cyclohexanone  
Ethanol  
Ethyl Acetate  
Isopropanol  
Propyl Acetate  
n-Propanol  
Butyl Acetate  
Isobutanol  
Benzene  
n-Butanol  
Toluene  
tert-Butanol  
Ethylbenzene  
Methylene Chloride  
Xylenes  
Chloroform  
Styrene  
Carbon Tetrachloride  
Chlorobenzene  
1,1-Dichloroethane  
Dichlorobenzenes  
1,2-Dichloroethane  
Nitrobenzene  
1,2-Dichloropropane  
Fluorobenzene  
1,1-Dichloroethylene  
n-Propyl Benzene    
1,2-Dichloroethene  
Isopropyl Benzene  
1,1,1-Trichloroethane  
Isobutyl Benzene  
Tetrachloroethylene  
n-Butyl Benzene    
Trichloroethylene  
2-Ethoxyethanol  
Tetrachloroethane  
2-Butoxyethanol  
Cyclopentane  
2-Ethoxyethanol Acetate  
Pentane  
2-Methoxyethanol  
Hexane  
Bromoform  
Heptane  
Carbitol  
Cyclohexane  
Ethyl Ether  
Isooctane  
1,4-Dioxane  
Nitropropane  
Diacetone Alcohol  
Ethanolamine  
Acetonitrile  
Nitromethane  
Pyridine  
Ethylene Chloride  
Toluidine  
Benzyl Chloride  
Ethylene Glycol  
Propylene Glycol  
1.1.1 This compound list is a compilation of hazardous solvents and other constituents that are commonly seen in hazardous waste samples.  
1.2 The scope of this test method may be expanded to include other volatile and semivolatile organic constituents such as but not limited to those described below, provided the intended use data quality objectives including sampling, recovery, and analytic data quality are demonstrated as satisfied by the user.  
1.2.1 Hydrocarbon mixtures such as kerosene and mineral spirits.  
1.2.2 High-boiling organics, defined here as compounds which boil above n-Hexadecane.  
1.2.3 Other organics that the analyst is able to identify, either through retention time data or gas chromatography/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analysis.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although many technical papers address topics important to efficient and accurate sampling investigations (DQOs, study design, QA/QC, data assessment; see Guides D4687, D5730, D6009, D6051, and Practice D5283), the selection and use of appropriate sampling equipment is assumed or omitted.  
5.2 The choice of sampling equipment can be crucial to the task of collecting a sample appropriate for the intended use.  
5.3 When a sample is collected, all sources of potential bias should be considered, not only in the selection and use of the sampling device, but also in the interpretation and use of the data generated. Some major considerations in the selection of sampling equipment for the collection of a sample are listed below:  
5.3.1 The ability to access and extract from every relevant location in the target population,  
5.3.2 The ability to collect a sufficient mass of sample such that the distribution of particle sizes in the population are represented, and  
5.3.3 The ability to collect a sample without the addition or loss of constituents of interest.  
5.4 The characteristics discussed in 5.3 are particularly important in investigations when the target population is heterogeneous, such as when particle sizes vary, liquids are present in distinct phases, a gaseous phase exists, or materials from different sources are present in the population. The consideration of these characteristics during the equipment selection process will enable the data user to make appropriate statistical inferences about the target population based on the sampling results.  
5.5 If samples are to be collected for the determination of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), all sampling equipment should be made of fluorine-free materials. Other considerations for PFAS sampling may exist but are beyond the scope of this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria which should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide. However, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide includes automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, coring, augering, passive, and vapor sampling devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.  
1.1.1 Table 1 lists selected equipment and its applicability to sampling matrices, including water (surface and ground), sediments, soils, liquids, multi-layered liquids, mixed solid-liquid phases, and consolidated and unconsolidated solids. The guide does not specifically address the collection of samples of any suspended materials from flowing rivers or streams. Refer to Guide D4411 for more information.  
1.2 Table 2 presents the same list of equipment and its applicability for use based on compatibility of sample and equipment; volume of the sample required; physical requirements such as power, size, and weight; ease of operation and decontamination; and whether it is reusable or disposable.  
1.3 Table 3 provides the basis for selection of suitable equipment by the use of an index.  
1.4 Lists of advantages and disadvantages of selected sampling devices and line drawings and narratives describing the operation of sampling devices are also provided.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard. ...

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of silica in refuse-derived fuel (RDF), RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag. The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences. Silicon compounds shall be dissolved by alkali fusion and dehydrated with hydrochloric acid (HCl). Dehydration is completed by ignition, and the silica is volatilized as silicon tetrafluoride.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of silica in refuse-derived fuel (RDF), RDF ash, fly ash, bottom ash, or slag.  
1.2 The test method is an acid dehydration gravimetric procedure and is independent of interferences.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statement, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is suitable for sampling heterogeneous wastes.  
4.2 The focus of this guidance is on wastes; however, the approach described in this guide may be applicable to non-waste populations as well.  
4.3 Sections 5 – 10 describe a guide for the sampling of heterogeneous waste according to project objectives. Appendix X1 describes an application of the guide to heterogeneous wastes. The user is strongly advised to read Annex A1 prior to reading and employing Sections 5 – 10 of this guide.  
4.4 Annex A1 contains an introductory discussion of heterogeneity, stratification, and the relationship of samples and populations.  
4.5 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, or implement sampling and analytical plans for the characterization of heterogeneous wastes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is a practical, nonmathematical discussion for heterogeneous waste sampling strategies. This guide is consistent with the particulate material sampling theory as well as inferential statistics, and may serve as an introduction to the statistical treatment of sampling issues.  
1.2 This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures, nor does it serve as a guide to any specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure appropriate procedures are used.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Often during environmental investigations, soils are analyzed after being collected from the surface, the vadose zone (Terminology D653), and sometimes from below the groundwater table to identify and quantify the presence of a chemical contaminant. A contaminant is a substance that is typically hazardous and either is not normally present or that occurs naturally but is of an uncharacteristically high concentration (Guide D4687). A three-dimensional spatial array of samples can often provide information as to the source and route(s) of migration of the contaminant. The resultant information is used to direct remedial and corrective actions or can be used for monitoring purposes. Obtaining a soil sample with a core barrel sampler involves driving this device into the ground and then retrieving it for sample processing. Several methods for advancing a core barrel are generally acceptable (for example, Test Method D1586; Practices D1587, D3550, and D6151; Guides D5784, D5875, D5876, D6169, and D6282). Drilling methods that use drilling fluids (liquids or air) should be avoided because they are more susceptible to cross-contamination (Guide D6286) (see 6.1.6).  
5.2 If samples are to be collected for the determination of per- and poly-fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS), all sampling equipment should be made of fluorine-free materials. Other considerations for PFAS sampling may exist but are beyond the scope of this standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for obtaining soils from core barrel samplers for chemical and physical analysis, with an emphasis on the collection and handling procedures that maintain the representativeness of the chemical contaminants of concern. Core barrel samplers are initially empty (hollow) until they are pushed into the ground to collect and retrieve a cylindrical soil sample with minimal disturbance. The selection of equipment and the sample handling procedures are dependent on the soil properties, the depth of sampling, and the general properties of the chemical contaminants of concern, that is, volatile organic compounds, semi-volatile organic compounds, and inorganic constituents. The sampling procedures described are designed to maintain representative concentrations of the contaminants regardless of their physical state(s), that is, solid, liquid, or gas.  
1.2 This practice covers soil samplers used in Guide D6169 on soils and rock sampling and included in Guide D6232 for waste sampling. Guide D6169 provides additional information on samplers and procedures that will preserve representative contaminate concentrations. Guide D6282 is on direct-push soil samplers that are most frequently used for environmental work. Guide D4547 addresses special sampling of soils for volatile compounds. This standard does not include sediment samplers in Guide D4823, but the same principles may apply to handling of those cores. Guide D4700 includes information on shallow manual push soil samplers.  
1.3 Five general types of core barrel samplers are discussed in this practice: split-barrel, soil corer, ring-lined barrel, thin-walled tube, and solid-barrel samplers.  
1.4 This document does not cover all the core barrel devices that are available for the collection of soil samples.  
1.5 The procedures described may or may not be applicable to handling of samples for assessing certain geotechnical properties, for example, soil porosity.
Note 1: Prior to commencement of any intrusive exploration, the site should be checked for underground utilities.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purpo...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The particle size distribution of RDF-5 strongly influences the storage and handling characteristics of the fuel. Small particles tend to block flow through storage bins and feed hoppers, although correct bin and hopper designs will alleviate this blockage problem.  
4.2 This test method for measuring size manually allows for accurate description of RDF-5 particle size distribution. Manual measurement is superior to sieving techniques, wherein particles may be broken by the size separation technique itself. However, hand measurement is more time consuming than sieving techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the size distribution of a RDF-5 sample. Size is defined as the maximum length of the particle, where length is determined by the RDF-5 manufacturing process. That is, a pellet, cubette, or briquette all have a recognizable length. Fig. 1 displays the sizes and shapes of some RDF-5 particles.
FIG. 1 RDF-5 Sizes  
1.2 An air-dried RDF-5 sample is separated into categories of differing particle sizes. The size distribution is measured as the weight percentage of each size category. A graph of a function of the cumulative fraction of material by weight finer than particle size versus particle size is plotted. From this plot are taken values which describe the size distribution—the uniformity constant and the characteristic particle size.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide defines the meaning of a representative sample, as well as the attributes the sample(s) needs to have in order to provide a valid inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.2 This guide also provides a process to identify the sources of error (both systematic and random) so that an effort can be made to control or minimize these errors. These sources include sampling error, measurement error, and statistical bias.  
4.3 When the objective is limited to the taking of a representative (physical) sample or a representative set of (physical) samples, only potential sampling errors need to be considered. When the objective is to make an inference from the sample data to the population, additional measurement error and statistical bias need to be considered.  
4.4 This guide does not apply to the cases where the taking of a nonrepresentative sample(s) is prescribed by the study objective. In that case, sampling approaches such as judgment sampling or biased sampling can be taken. These approaches are not within the scope of this guide.  
4.5 Following this guide does not guarantee that representative samples will be obtained. But failure to follow this guide will likely result in obtaining sample data that are either biased or imprecise, or both. Following this guide should increase the level of confidence in making the inference from the sample data to the population.  
4.6 This guide can be used in conjunction with the DQO process (see Practice D5792).  
4.7 This guide is intended for those who manage, design, and implement sampling and analytical plans for waste management and contaminated media.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term “representative sample” is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text.  
1.2 This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population. The purpose of the representative sample is to provide information about a statistical parameter(s) (such as mean) of the population regarding some characteristic(s) (such as concentration) of its constituent(s) (such as lead). This process includes the following stages: (1) minimization of sampling bias and optimization of precision while taking the physical samples, (2) minimization of measurement bias and optimization of precision when analyzing the physical samples to obtain data, and (3) minimization of statistical bias when making inferences from the sample data to the population. While both bias and precision are covered in this guide, major emphasis is given to bias reduction.  
1.3 This guide describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.  
1.4 The assessment of the representativeness of a sample is not covered in this guide since it is not possible to ever know the true value of the population.  
1.5 Since the purpose of each sampling event is unique, this guide does not attempt to give a step-by-step account of how to develop a sampling design that results in the collection of representative samples.  
1.6 Appendix X1 contains two case studies which discuss the factors for obtaining representative samples.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicabi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a performance-based method, and modifications are allowed to improve performance.  
5.1.1 Due to the rapid development of newer instrumentation and column chemistries, changes to the analysis described in this standard are allowed as long as better or equivalent performance data result. Any modifications shall be documented and performance data generated. The user of the data generated by this standard shall be made aware of these changes and given the performance data demonstrating better or equivalent performance.  
5.2 TDG is a Schedule 2 compound under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC).6 Schedule 2 chemicals include those that are precursors to chemical weapons, chemical weapons agents, or have a number of other non-military commercial uses. Schedule 2 chemicals can also be found in applications unrelated to chemical weapons. These chemicals are used as ingredients to produce insecticides, herbicides, lubricants, and some pharmaceutical products. TDG is a mustard gas precursor and a degradant as well as an ingredient in water-based inks, ballpoint pen inks, dyes, and some pesticides.  
5.3 This method has been investigated for use on surface wipes. TDG is also a human metabolite resulting from sulfur mustard exposure but this method has not been investigated for such determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This procedure details the determination of thiodiglycol (TDG), also known as 2,2’-thiobis-ethanol, on wipes with 3,3’-thiodipropanol (TDP) as the surrogate. This method is based upon solvent extraction of wipes by either sonication or a pressurized fluid extraction (PFE) technique as an alternative option. The extract is filtered, concentrated, and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). TDG is qualitatively and quantitatively determined.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The method detection limit (MDL)2 and reporting range3 for TDG are listed in Table 1.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These procedures are used by producers and users of RDF for determining the total sulfur content of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods present two alternative procedures for the determination of total sulfur in prepared analysis samples of solid refuse-derived fuel (RDF). Sulfur is included in the ultimate analysis of RDF.  
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Test  
Sections  
Eschka Method  
8 – 11  
Bomb Washing Method  
12 and 13  
1.3 These test methods may be applicable to any waste material from which a laboratory analysis sample can be prepared.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Section 6.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This is a performance-based method, and modifications are allowed to improve performance.  
5.1.1 Due to the rapid development of newer instrumentation and column chemistries, changes to the analysis described in this standard are allowed as long as better or equivalent performance data result. Any modifications shall be documented and performance data generated. The user of the data generated by this standard shall be made aware of these changes and given the performance data demonstrating better or equivalent performance.  
5.2 Organophosphate pesticides affect the nervous system by disrupting the enzyme that regulates acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter. They were developed during the early 19th century, but their effects on insects, which were similar to their effects on humans, were discovered in 1932. Some are poisonous and were used as chemical weapon agents. Organophosphate pesticides are usually not persistent in the environment.7,8  
5.3 This test method is for the analysis of selected organophosphorous based pesticide degradation products.  
5.4 This method has been investigated for use with various soils.
SCOPE
1.1 This procedure covers the determination of Diisopropyl Methylphosphonate (DIMP), Ethyl Methylphosphonic Acid (EMPA), Isopropyl Methylphosphonic Acid (IMPA), Methylphosphonic Acid (MPA), and Pinacolyl Methylphosphonic Acid (PMPA), referred to collectively as organophosphonates (OPs) in this test method, in soil. This method is based upon solvent extraction of a soil by pressurized fluid extraction (PFE). The extract is filtered and analyzed by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). OPs are qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The method detection limit2 (MDL), electrospray ionization (ESI) mode, and reporting range3 for the OPs are listed in Table 1.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is applicable to sampling liquid wastes and other stratified liquids. The COLIWASA is used to obtain a vertical column of liquid representing an accurate cross section of the sampled material. To obtain a representative sample of stratified liquids, the COLIWASA should be open at both ends so that material flows through it as it is slowly lowered to the desired sampling depth. The COLIWASA must not be lowered with the stopper in place. Opening the stopper after the tube is submerged will cause material to flow in from the bottom layer only, resulting in gross over-representation of that layer.  
5.2 This practice is to be used by personnel acquiring samples.  
5.3 This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide D4687 which covers sampling plans, safety, QA, preservation, decontamination, labeling, and chain-of-custody procedures; Practice D5088 which covers decontamination of field equipment used at waste sites; Practice D5283 which covers project specifications and practices for environmental field operations; and Practice D5743 which covers drum sampling.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for sampling liquids with the composite liquid waste sampler, or “COLIWASA.” The COLIWASA is an appropriate device for obtaining a representative sample from stratified or unstratified liquids. Its most common use is for sampling containerized liquids, such as tanks, barrels, and drums. It may also be used for pools and other open bodies of stagnant liquid.  
Note 1: A limitation of the COLIWASA is that the stopper mechanism may not allow collection of approximately the bottom 2.54 cm (1 in.) of material, depending on construction of the stopper.  
1.2 The COLIWASA should not be used to sample flowing or moving liquids.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A high percentage of insoluble, suspended solid material can create pumping, filtering, or grinding difficulties in the off-loading of bulk shipments of OLHW and can contribute to excessive wear on processing equipment. High solids can also decrease the quality and consistency of commingled solutions by decreasing the effectiveness of agitation in storage tanks. These issues are of concern to the recycling industries (solvents, paints, and other materials handled in significant quantities) in addition to those activities that propose to use the waste as a fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the approximate amount of insoluble, suspended solid material in organic liquid hazardous waste (OLHW).  
1.2 This test method is intended to be used in approximating the amount of insoluble, suspended solids in determining the material-handling characteristics and fuel quality of OLHW. It is not intended to replace more sophisticated procedures for the determination of total solids.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure in this test method for a sample as specified herein is intended for the purpose of determining the residual moisture present in a RDF analysis sample.  
5.2 The residual moisture value is used to correct as-determined analysis results such as gross heating value, sulfur, and ash to dry sample basis results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of residual moisture in refuse-derived fuel (RDF) analysis samples. It is used to calculate on a dry basis other determinations performed on analysis RDF samples. It is used with air-dry moisture results to calculate total moisture (Note 1). The total moisture is used to calculate as-received values or other analyses performed on a sample.  
Note 1: In some instances, RDF moisture may change during size-reduction steps of the RDF analysis sample preparation procedure. This moisture change, unless suitable corrections are made, will affect the accuracy of the total moisture value as calculated from the air-dry and residual moisture results.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific precautionary information, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use in collecting samples of contaminated soils and similar materials.  
5.2 Scoops are used primarily for collecting samples near the surface. Subsurface samples can be obtained by first removing higher layers using a shovel or other suitable equipment and collecting the sample with the scoop.  
5.3 Because of their simplicity, scoops are useful in taking samples of waste materials where decontamination or disposal is a problem with other types of sampling equipment. Scoops are also suitable for use in rapid screening programs, pilot studies, and other semi-quantitative investigations.  
5.4 Samples should be collected in accordance with an appropriate work plan (see Practice D5283 and Guide D4687).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the method and equipment used to collect surface and near-surface samples of soils and physically similar materials using a scoop.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is applicable to sampling soils and similar fine-grained cohesive materials. This practice is to be used by personnel who are to acquire the samples.  
5.2 This practice should be used in conjunction with Guide D4687, which covers sampling plans, safety, quality assurance, preservation, decontamination, labeling, and chain-of-custody procedures; Practice D5088, which covers the decontamination of field equipment used at waste sites; and Practice D5283, which covers project specifications and practices for environmental field operations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling using a trier. A trier resembles an elongated scoop as shown in Fig. 1. The trier is used to collect samples of granular or powdered materials that are moist or sticky and have a particle diameter less than one half the diameter of the trier.
FIG. 1 Triers (Typical)  
1.2 The trier can be used as a vertical coring device only when it is certain that a relatively complete and cylindrical sample can be extracted.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 TDG is a Schedule 2 compound under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). Schedule 2 chemicals include those that are precursors to chemical weapons, chemical weapons agents, or have a number of other commercial uses. They are used as ingredients to produce insecticides, herbicides, lubricants, and some pharmaceutical products. Schedule 2 chemicals can be found in applications unrelated to chemical weapons. TDG is both a mustard gas precursor and a degradant as well as an ingredient in water-based inks, ballpoint pen inks, dyes, and some pesticides.5  
5.2 This method has been investigated for use with soil.
SCOPE
1.1 This procedure covers the determination of thiodiglycol (TDG) in soil using pressurized fluid extraction (PFE). A commercially available PFE system2 is used, followed by analysis using liquid chromatography (LC), and detected with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). TDG is qualitatively and quantitatively determined by this method. This method adheres to single reaction monitoring (SRM) mass spectrometry.  
1.2 The method detection limit (MDL) and reporting range for TDG are listed in Table 1.  
1.2.1 The MDL is determined following the Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 136, Appendix B.  
1.2.2 The reporting limit (RL) is calculated from the concentration of the Level 1 calibration standard as shown in Table 4. The RL for this method is 200 ppb. Reporting range concentrations are calculated from Table 4 concentrations assuming a 5 μL injection of the lowest level calibration standard, 5 g sample, and a 2 mL final extract volume.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice can be used in sampling drums, tanks, and similar containers and in sampling monitoring and waste wells including small-diameter (2.5 cm (1 in.)) wells. The pump can collect samples from multiple depths. The samples can be high-viscosity fluids, aggressive and corrosive fluids, high-purity solutions, and abrasive fluids. The pump can be used to mix samples (see Guide D6063).  
5.2 Peristaltic pumps use a vacuum to transport the samples. This vacuum may cause some degassing and loss of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the sample. When precise quantitative data for VOCs and dissolved gases are not required, peristaltic pumps may be used.  
5.3 The pump is self-priming, runs dry without damage, and is completely isolated from the pumped fluid. A sample can be taken on the intake or discharge side of the pump.  
5.4 Some additional advantages of the peristaltic pump are: decontamination of the pump motor is not necessary and the tubing in the pump is disposable and easy to replace. The pumps can be easily started and stopped and can pump fluids at a wide range of pressures and flow rates.  
5.5 The place, quality and quantity, frequency, and time of sampling are dependent upon the decisions that are to be made (see Practice D6250), sampling design (see Guide D6311), the sample, the heterogeneity of the samples (see Guide D5956), how representative the sample is (see Guide D6044), and the parameters to be tested as determined by the data quality objectives (DQOs) (see Practice D5792).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of a peristaltic pump for sampling liquids from multiple depths. It is applicable for a wide range of fluids including: high-viscosity fluids, aggressive and corrosive fluids, high-purity solutions, and abrasive fluids. It is especially useful for sampling liquids that require complete isolation from the pump.  
1.2 This practice includes the determination of sample depth, pump setup, and collecting a sample to be analyzed.  
1.3 This practice is not intended to give detailed instructions for running a peristaltic pump or to recommend which peristaltic pump to purchase. It instructs the field personnel how to connect the pump and collect a sample.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.