ASTM E2200-02
(Specification)Standard Specification for Information Included with Packaging of Multi-Cellular Biological Control Organisms (Withdrawn 2010)
Standard Specification for Information Included with Packaging of Multi-Cellular Biological Control Organisms (Withdrawn 2010)
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers package information or information included with packages containing beneficial insects, beneficial mites or beneficial nematodes for biological control of pests, or a combination thereof.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers package information and/or information included with packages containing beneficial insects, beneficial mites or beneficial nematodes for biological control of pests.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E35 on Pesticides and Alternative Control Agents, this specification was withdrawn in October 2010 because it is not relevant to current needs or practice.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2200 – 02
Standard Specification for
Information Included with Packaging of Multi-Cellular
1
Biological Control Organisms
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2200; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2 Where it is not practical to place information on each
package, the information should be included with the package
1.1 This specification covers package information and/or
on a separate sheet of paper.
information included with packages containing beneficial in-
sects, beneficial mites or beneficial nematodes for biological
4. Supplemental Information
control of pests.
4.1 Supplemental information shall be included with the
2. Referenced Documents product to convey information essential to its successful
understanding and use.
2.1 Other Standards
4.1.1 Genus and species, common name, if available,
ANBP Quality Standards, ANBP Bio-Control Matters, Fall
4.1.2 Family and order,
1996:4-5
4.1.3 Life stages shipped,
3. Product Marking
4.1.4 Preferred host/prey,
4.1.5 Preferred host plant(s)/habitat (optional),
3.1 At the minimum, package information should show:
4.1.6 Expected minimum ratio of females to males in
3.1.1 The scientific name(s) to species of the beneficial
package,
species in the package. The author’s name automatically
4.1.7 Expected developmental periods at a given tempera-
references the taxonomic descriptions by the author,
ture,
3.1.2 The number of beneficial individuals guaranteed to be
4.1.8 Acceptable environment for maintaining product’s
obtained from the package,
health and vigor (for example, acceptable range in temperature
3.1.3 The reference date,
and relative humidity),
3.1.4 Additional contents (for example, host material, type
4.1.9 Statement of impact of pesti
...
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1.5 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this assay.
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1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a reproducible (1)2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 700888 biofilm under high shear. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than being representative of one particular environment.
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5.1 This practice is to help in the development of protocols to assess the survival, removal and/or inactivation of human pathogens or their surrogates in indoor air. It accommodates the testing of technologies based on physical (for example, UV light) and chemical agents (for example, vaporized hydrogen peroxide) or simple microbial removal by air filtration or a combination thereof.
5.2 While this practice is designed primarily for work with aerobic, mesophilic vegetative bacteria, it can be readily adapted to handle other classes of microbial pathogens or their surrogates.
5.3 The pieces of equipment given here are as examples only. Other similar devices may be used as appropriate.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is to assess technologies for microbial decontamination of indoor air using a sealed, room-sized chamber (~24 m3) as recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (3). The test microbe is aerosolized inside the chamber where a fan uniformly mixes the aerosols and keeps them airborne. Samples of the air are collected and assayed, firstly to determine the rates of physical and biological decay of the test microbe, and then to assess the air decontaminating activity of the technology under test as log10 or percentage reductions in viability per m3 (1). The air temperature and relative humidity (RH) in the chamber are measured and recorded during each test.
1.2 The chamber can be used to assess microbial survival in indoor air as well as to test the ability of physical (for example, ultraviolet light) and chemical agents (for example, vaporized hydrogen peroxide) to inactivate representative pathogens or their surrogates in indoor air.
1.3 This practice does not cover testing of microbial contamination introduced into the chamber as a dry powder.
1.4 This practice does not cover work with human pathogenic viruses, which require additional safety and technical considerations.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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5.1 In the battle to reduce medical device and implant-related infections, prevention of bacterial colonization of surfaces is a logical strategy. Bacterial colonization of a surface is a precursor to biofilm formation. Biofilm is the etiological agent of many implant and device-related infections and once established, microorganisms in biofilm can be up to 1000 times more tolerant to antibiotic therapy. Often the best treatment strategy is removal of the implant or device at a high socioeconomic cost. Catheter associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) are the most prevalent of the device-related healthcare associated infections. Catheter associated infections account for 37 % of all hospital acquired infections (HAI) and 70 % of all nosocomial urinary tract infections (UTI) in the U.S. (2, 3). The Intraluminal Catheter Model (ICM) was developed to evaluate the ability of antimicrobial catheters to inhibit biofilm growth on the catheter lumen.
5.2 The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in how to grow, sample, and analyze an E. coli biofilm in a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine. The test method incorporates operational parameters utilized in similar published methods (4). The E. coli biofilm that grows has a patchy appearance that varies across the catheter. Microscopically, the biofilm is heterogenous, with large clusters in some areas, and flat sheets of cells or even single cells in others. By 24 h, the biofilm is developed in the control catheters. If the goal is to monitor early stage biofilm development, then tubing and effluent samples need to be collected prior to the 24 h sample collection. Monitoring biofilm development requires sampling. The biofilm generated in the Intraluminal Catheter Model is suitable for comparison testing between antimicrobial and control catheters.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to assess the ability of antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent or control biofilm growth. Efficacy is reported as the log reduction in viable bacteria when compared to a repeatable (1)2 Escherichia coli biofilm grown in the intra-lumen of a urinary catheter under a constant flow of artificial urine.
1.2 The test method is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilms and suspended bacteria of different species, although this will require changing the operational parameters to optimize the method based upon the growth requirements of the new organism.
1.3 This test method may be used to evaluate surface modified urinary catheters that contain no antimicrobial agent.
1.4 This test method describes how to sample and analyze catheter segments and effluent for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log colony forming units per surface area. Suspended bacterial population density is reported as log colony forming units per volume.
1.5 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There are no reproducible standardized protocols for preparing specimens used to evaluate the microbicidal efficacy of non-chemical treatments such as ultraviolet (UV), highenergy electron beam, or other forms of non-chemical antimicrobial technologies.
5.2 Conventional protocols for applying bioburdens to carriers (see Test Method E2197) cause cells to stack upon one another, thereby creating multiple cell layers in which cells in layers closer to the carrier are masked by cells in overlying layers, which makes relative comparison of different non-chemical antimicrobial treatments more difficult.
5.3 Steel and other metal carriers have asperities that can shield a percentage of the applied cells from direct exposure to electromagnetic irradiation.
5.4 The combined effects of 5.2 and 5.3 confound determination of the microbicidal effect of electromagnetic irradiation on test specimens.
5.5 The practice addresses these two confounding factors by:
5.5.1 Using glass microscope slides – the surfaces of which are asperity-free – as carriers.
5.5.2 Reliably depositing bacterial cells onto the carrier as a monolayer.
5.6 The resulting specimen ensures that all microbes deposited onto the carrier are exposed equally to the irradiation source thereby ensuring that the only variables are the controlled ones – starting inoculum concentration, wavelength (λ – in nm), exposure time(s), and resulting energy dose (J).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a protocol for creating bacterial cell monolayers on a flat surface.
1.2 The cultures used and culture preparation steps in this Practice are similar to AOAC Method 961.02 and US EPA MB-06. However, test bacteria are applied to the carrier using an automated deposition device (6.2) rather than as a suspension droplet.
1.3 The carrier inspection protocol is similar to US EPA MB-03 except that carrier surfaces are inspected microscopically rather than visually, unaided.
1.4 A monolayer of cells eliminates the confounding effect caused by the shadowing effect of outer layers of bacteria stacked upon other bacteria on test specimens – thereby attenuating directed energy beams (that is, ultraviolet light, high-energy electron beams) before they can reach underlying cells.
1.5 An asperity-free surface eliminates the shadowing effect of specimen surface topology that can block direct exposure of target bacteria to non-chemical antimicrobial treatments.
1.6 This practice provides a reproducible target microbe and surface specimen to minimize specimen variability within and between testing facilities. This facilitates direct data comparisons among various non-chemical antimicrobial technologies.
1.6.1 Antimicrobial pesticides used in clinical and industrial applications are expected to overcome shadowing effects. However, this practice meets a need for a protocol that facilitates relative comparisons among non-chemical antimicrobial treatments.
1.6.2 This practice is not intended to satisfy or replace existing test requirements for liquid chemical antimicrobial treatments (for example Test Methods E1153 and E2197) or established regulatory agency performance standards such as US EPA MB-06.
1.7 This practice was validated using Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442) using a protocol based on AOAC Method 961.02. If other cultures are used, the suitability of this practice must be confirmed by inspecting prepared surfaces, by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or comparable high-resolution microscopy.
1.8 The specimens prepared in accordance with this practice are not meant to simulate end-use conditions.
1.8.1 Non-chemical technologies are only to be used on visibly clean, non-porous surfaces. Consequently, a soil load is not used.
1.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Substrate–bonded, antimicrobial agents are not typically free to diffuse into their environment under normal conditions of use. This test method ensures good contact between the bacteria and the treated fiber, fabric, or other substrate, by constant agitation of the test specimen in a challenge suspension during the test period.
5.2 The metabolic state of the challenge species can directly affect measurements of the effectiveness of particular antimicrobial agents or concentrations of agents. The susceptibility of the species to particular biocides could be altered depending on its life stage (cycle). One-hour contact time in a buffer solution allows for metabolic stasis in the population. This test method standardizes both the growth conditions of the challenge species and substrate contact times to reduce the variability associated with growth phase of the microorganism.
5.3 Leaching of an antimicrobial is dependent upon the test conditions being utilized and the ultimate end use of the product. Additional testing may be required to determine if a compound is substrate-bound in all conditions or during the end use of the product.
5.4 This test method cannot determine if a compound is leaching into solution or is immobilized on the substrate. This test method is only intended to determine efficacy as described in subsequent portions of the method.
5.5 The test is suitable for evaluating stressed or modified specimens, when accompanied by adequate controls.
Note 1: Stresses may include laundry, wear and abrasion, radiation and steam sterilization, UV exposure, solvent manipulation, temperature susceptibility, or similar physical or chemical manipulation.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of antimicrobial-treated specimens under dynamic contact conditions. This dynamic shake flask test was developed for routine quality control and screening tests in order to overcome difficulties in using classical antimicrobial test methods to evaluate substrate-bound antimicrobials. These difficulties include ensuring contact of inoculum to treated surface (as in AATCC TM100), flexibility of retrieval at different contact times, use of inappropriately applied static conditions (as in AATCC TM147), sensitivity, and reproducibility.
1.2 This test method allows for the ability to evaluate many different types of treated substrates and a wide range of microorganisms. Treated substrates used in this test method can be subjected to a wide variety of physical/chemical stresses or manipulations and allows for the versatility of testing the effect of contamination due to such things as hard water, proteins, blood, serum, various chemicals, and other contaminants.
1.3 Surface antimicrobial activity is determined by comparing results from the test sample to controls run simultaneously.
1.4 This test method may not be appropriate for all types of antimicrobial-treated articles or antimicrobial agents. The proper test methodology should be determined based on antimicrobial mode of action and end-use expectations (Guide E2922)
1.5 Proper neutralization of all antimicrobials must be confirmed using Test Methods E1054.
1.6 This test method should be performed only by those trained in microbiological techniques.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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5.1 This procedure describes a standardized method of processing cellulose wipes in a biosafety level 3 laboratory in order to detect and provide a semi-quantitative estimate of B. anthracis contamination after sampling of non-porous surfaces. Sampling may be conducted to characterize the extent of contamination or for clearance of an area after decontamination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a standardized method of processing cellulose wipes in a biosafety level 3 (BSL3) laboratory in order to detect and provide a semi-quantitative estimate of Bacillus anthracis contamination after sampling of non-porous surfaces. Sampling may be conducted to characterize the extent of the contamination, or for area clearance after decontamination.
1.2 The laboratory procedures should be performed in a BSL3 laboratory by those trained for BSL3 microbiological techniques.
1.3 This test method is specific to B. anthracis, but could be adapted for use with other organisms.
1.4 The interlaboratory study was conducted with cellulose sponge wipes pre-moistened with neutralizing buffer. All reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity data are based on the performance of these wipes. A review was conducted by subcommittee in 2019, and re-confirmed these ILS data are valid.
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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