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ASTM E2899-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Surface cracks are among the most common defects found in structural components. An accurate characterization and understanding of crack-front behavior is necessary to ensure successful operation of a structure containing surface cracks. The testing of laboratory specimens with surface cracks provides a means to understand and quantify surface crack behavior, but the test results must be interpreted correctly to ensure transferability between the laboratory specimen and the structure.  
5.2 Transferability refers to the capacity of a fracture mechanics methodology to correlate the crack-tip stress and strain fields of different cracked bodies. Traditionally, the correlation has been based on the presence at fracture of a dominant, asymptotically singular, crack-tip field with amplitude set by the value of a single parameter, such as the stress intensity factor, KI, or the J-integral. For components and specimens with high crack-tip constraint, the singular crack-tip field dominates over microstructurally significant size scales for loads ranging from globally linear-elastic conditions to moderately large-scale plasticity. For specimens with low crack-tip constraint, a dominant single-parameter crack-tip field exists only at low levels of plasticity. At higher levels of plasticity, the opening mode stress of the low constraint specimen is lower than predicted by the single-parameter, asymptotically singular fields. Therefore, low constraint specimens often exhibit larger fracture toughness than do high constraint specimens. If feasible, users are strongly encouraged to generate high constraint fracture toughness data using methods such as E399 or E1820 prior to testing the surface crack geometry.  
5.2.1 To address this phenomenon, two-parameter fracture criteria are used to include the influence of crack-tip constraint. Crack-tip constraint has been quantified using various scalar parameters including the T-stress (6, 7, 8), Q   (9, 10), stress triaxiality (11...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the method for testing fatigue-sharpened, semi-elliptically shaped surface cracks in rectangular flat panels subjected to monotonically increasing tension or bending. Tests quantify the crack-tip conditions at initiation of stable crack extension or immediate unstable crack extension.  
1.2 This test method applies to the testing of metallic materials not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness. Materials are assumed to be essentially homogeneous and free of residual stress. Tests may be conducted at any appropriate temperature. The effects of environmental factors and sustained or cyclic loads are not addressed in this test method.  
1.3 This test method describes all necessary details for the user to test for the initiation of crack extension in surface crack test specimens. Specific requirements and recommendations are provided for test equipment, instrumentation, test specimen design, and test procedures.  
1.4 Tests of surface cracked, laboratory-scale specimens as described in this test method may provide a more accurate understanding of full-scale structural performance in the presence of surface cracks. The provided recommendations help to assure test methods and data are applicable to the intended purpose.  
1.5 This test method prescribes a consistent methodology for test and analysis of surface cracks for research purposes and to assist in structural assessments. The methods described here utilize a constraint-based framework (1, 2)2 to evaluate the fracture behavior of surface cracks.Note 1—Constraint-based framework. In the context of this test method, constraint is used as a descriptor of the three-dimensional stress and strain fields in the near vicinity of the crack tip, where material contractions due the Poisson effect may be suppressed and therefore produce an elevated, tensile stress state (3, 4). (See further discussions in Terminology and Significance and Use....

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2013
ICS
19.040 - Environmental testing
Technical Committee
E08 - Fatigue and Fracture
Drafting Committee
E08.07 - Fracture Mechanics
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E2899-15 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending
Effective Date
01-Jun-2015
Referred By
ASTM E1823-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing
Effective Date
01-Jul-2013

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ASTM E2899-13 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and BendingASTM E2899-13 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending
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ASTM E2899-13 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E2899 −13
StandardTest Method for
Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks
1
Under Tension and Bending
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2899; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
TerminologyandSignificanceandUse.)Whenaparameterdescribingthis
1. Scope
stress state, or constraint, is used with the standard measure of crack-tip
1.1 This test method describes the method for testing
stress amplitude (K or J), the resulting two-parameter characterization
fatigue-sharpened, semi-elliptically shaped surface cracks in broadens the ability of fracture mechanics to accurately predict the
response of a crack under a wider range of loading. The two-parameter
rectangular flat panels subjected to monotonically increasing
methodology produces a more complete description of the crack-tip
tension or bending. Tests quantify the crack-tip conditions at
conditions at the initiation of crack extension.The effects of constraint on
initiationofstablecrackextensionorimmediateunstablecrack
measured fracture toughness are material dependent and are governed by
extension.
the effects of the crack-tip stress-strain state on the micromechanical
failure processes specific to the material. Surface crack tests conducted
1.2 This test method applies to the testing of metallic
with this test method can help to quantify the material sensitivity to
materials not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness.
constraint effects and to establish the degree to which the material
Materials are assumed to be essentially homogeneous and free
toughness correlates with a constraint-based fracture characterization.
of residual stress. Tests may be conducted at any appropriate
1.6 This test method provides a quantitative framework to
temperature.Theeffectsofenvironmentalfactorsandsustained
categorize test specimen conditions into one of three regimes:
or cyclic loads are not addressed in this test method.
(I)alinear-elasticregime,(II)anelastic-plasticregime,or(III)
1.3 This test method describes all necessary details for the a field-collapse regime. Based on this categorization, analysis
usertotestfortheinitiationofcrackextensioninsurfacecrack techniques and guidelines are provided to determine an appli-
test specimens. Specific requirements and recommendations cable crack-tip parameter for the linear-elastic regime (K or J)
areprovidedfortestequipment,instrumentation,testspecimen or the elastic-plastic regime (J), and an associated constraint
design, and test procedures. parameter. Recommendations are provided to assess the test
datainthecontextofatoughness-constraintlocus (2).Theuser
1.4 Tests of surface cracked, laboratory-scale specimens as
is directed to other resources for evaluation of the test
described in this test method may provide a more accurate
specimen in the field-collapse regime when extensive plastic
understanding of full-scale structural performance in the pres-
deformation in the specimen eliminates the identifiable crack-
ence of surface cracks.The provided recommendations help to
front fields of fracture mechanics.
assure test methods and data are applicable to the intended
1.7 The specimen design and test procedures described in
purpose.
thistestmethodmaybeappliedtoevaluationofsurfacecracks
1.5 This test method prescribes a consistent methodology
inwelds;however,themethodsdescribedinthistestmethodto
fortestandanalysisofsurfacecracksforresearchpurposesand
analyze test measurements may not be applicable. Weld frac-
to assist in structural assessments.The methods described here
ture tests generally have complicating features beyond the
2
utilize a constraint-based framework (1, 2) to evaluate the
scope of data analysis in this test method, including the effects
fracture behavior of surface cracks.
of residual stress, microstructural variability, and non-uniform
NOTE 1—Constraint-based framework. In the context of this test
strength. These effects will influence test results and must be
method, constraint is used as a descriptor of the three-dimensional stress
considered in the interpretation of measured quantities.
and strain fields in the near vicinity of the crack tip, where material
contractions due the Poisson effect may be suppressed and therefore 1.8 This test method is not intended for testing surface
produce an elevated, tensile stress state (3, 4). (See further discussions in
cracks in steel in the cleavage regime. Such tests are outside
the scope of this test method.Amethodology for evaluation of
cleavage fracture toughness in ferritic steels over the ductile-
1
This test m
...

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Standard Test Method for Measurement of Initiation Toughness in Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Surface cracks are among the most common defects found in structural components. An accurate characterization and understanding of crack-front behavior is necessary to ensure successful operation of a structure containing surface cracks. The testing of laboratory specimens with surface cracks provides a means to understand and quantify surface crack behavior, but the test results must be interpreted correctly to ensure transferability between the laboratory specimen and the structure.  
5.2 Transferability refers to the capacity of a fracture mechanics methodology to correlate the crack-tip stress and strain fields of different cracked bodies. Traditionally, the correlation has been based on the presence at fracture of a dominant, asymptotically singular, crack-tip field with amplitude set by the value of a single parameter, such as the stress intensity factor, KI, or the J-integral. For components and specimens with high crack-tip constraint, the singular crack-tip field dominates over microstructurally significant size scales for loads ranging from globally linear-elastic conditions to moderately large-scale plasticity. For specimens with low crack-tip constraint, a dominant single-parameter crack-tip field exists only at low levels of plasticity. At higher levels of plasticity, the opening mode stress of the low constraint specimen is lower than predicted by the single-parameter, asymptotically singular fields. Therefore, low constraint specimens often exhibit larger fracture toughness than do high constraint specimens. If feasible, users are strongly encouraged to generate high constraint fracture toughness data using methods such as Test Methods E399 or E1820 prior to testing the surface crack geometry.  
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1.1 This test method describes the method for testing fatigue-sharpened, semi-elliptically shaped surface cracks in rectangular flat panels subjected to monotonically increasing tension or bending. Tests quantify the crack-tip conditions at initiation of stable crack extension or immediate unstable crack extension.  
1.2 This test method applies to the testing of metallic materials not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness. Materials are assumed to be essentially homogeneous and free of residual stress. Tests may be conducted at any appropriate temperature. The effects of environmental factors and sustained or cyclic loads are not addressed in this test method.  
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4.1 Results obtained from this practice can be used to compare the relative durability of materials subjected to the specific test cycle used. No accelerated test can be specified as a perfect simulation of natural or field exposures. Results obtained from this practice can be considered as representative of natural weathering only when a sufficient magnitude of mathematical correlation exists between exposures.  
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1.1 This guide applies to nonmetallic materials, (hereinafter called materials) under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined below. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion; it does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as physical aging, degradation, abrasion, hardening, or embrittlement, except when these might contribute to an ignition.  
1.2 When this document was originally published in 1980, it addressed both metals and nonmetals. Its scope has been narrowed to address only nonmetals and a separate standard Guide G94 has been developed to address metals.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.
Note 2: In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.  
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ASTM G154-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Operating Fluorescent Ultraviolet (UV) Lamp Apparatus for Exposure of Materials

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5.1 The use of this apparatus is intended to induce property changes consistent with the end use conditions, including the effects of the UV portion of sunlight, moisture, and heat. Typically, these exposures would include moisture in the form of condensing humidity. Exposures are not intended to simulate the deterioration caused by localized weather phenomena, such as atmospheric pollution, biological attack, and saltwater exposure. Alternatively, the exposure may simulate the effects of sunlight through window glass. (Warning—Refer to Practice G151 for full cautionary guidance applicable to all laboratory weathering devices.)  
5.2 This practice provides general procedures for operating fluorescent UV lamp weathering devices that allow for a wide range of exposure conditions. Therefore, no reference shall be made to results from the use of this practice unless accompanied by a report detailing the specific operating conditions in conformance with Section 10.  
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5.2.3 Comparison of results obtained from specimens exposed in different models of apparatus should not be made unless correlation has been established among devices for the material to be tested (see Guide D6631 for guidance).
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1.1 This practice is limited to the basic principles for operating a fluorescent UV lamp and water apparatus; on its own, it does not deliver a specific result.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for assessing the adhesion of coating films to substrate by using a knife.  
1.2 This test method is used to establish whether the adhesion of a coating to a substrate or to another coating (in multi-coat systems) is at a generally adequate level.
Note 1: The term “substrate” relates to the basic surface on which a coating adheres (may be steel, concrete, etc. or other coating).  
1.3 This method can be used in the laboratory and field.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2111-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Intergranular Attack or End Grain Pitting on Metals Caused by Aircraft Chemical Processes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 If not properly qualified, chemicals and chemical processes can attack metals used during aircraft maintenance and production. It is important to qualify only processes and chemical formulas that do not have any deleterious effects on aircraft metallic skins, fittings, components, and structures. This test procedure is used to detect and measure intergranular attack or pitting depth caused by aircraft maintenance chemical processes, hence, this test procedure is useful in selecting a process that will not cause intergranular attack or end grain pitting on aircraft alloys.  
4.2 The purpose of this practice is to aid in the qualification or process conformance testing or production of maintenance chemicals for use on aircraft.  
4.2.1 Actual aircraft processes in the production environment shall give the most representative results; however, the test results cannot be completely evaluated with respect to ambient conditions which normally vary from day to day. Additionally, when testing chemicals requiring dilutions, water quality and composition can play a role in the corrosion rates and mechanism affecting the results.  
4.2.2 Some examples of maintenance and production chemicals include: organic solvents, paint strippers, cleaners, deoxidizers, water-based or semi-aqueous cleaners, or etching solutions and chemical milling solutions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for testing and measuring intergranular attack (IGA) and end grain pitting on aircraft metals and alloys caused by maintenance or production chemicals.  
1.2 The standard does not purport to address all qualification testing parameters, methods, critical testing, or criteria for aircraft production or maintenance chemical qualifications. Specific requirements and acceptance testing along with associated acceptance criteria shall be found where applicable in procurement specifications, materials specifications, appropriate process specifications, or previously agreed upon specifications.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    3 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off