ASTM D5360/D5360M-23

Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Asphalt Surface Treatments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is to be used as a guide and not a specification.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the design and construction of asphalt surface treatments. It is a guide and should be used as such. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 9.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2023
• ICS: 93.080.20 - Road construction materials
• Technical Committee: D04 - Road and Paving Materials
• Drafting Committee: D04.24 - Asphalt Surface Treatments

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5360-15 - Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Bituminous Surface Treatments
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2023

Overview

ASTM D5360/D5360M-23: Standard Practice for Design and Construction of Asphalt Surface Treatments provides standardized guidance for the design and construction of bituminous (asphalt) surface treatments. Developed by ASTM International, this practice serves as a guide, not a specification, allowing adaptation to specific project and user requirements. Asphalt surface treatments, such as chip seals and seal coats, are widely used to maintain and extend the service life of pavements, offering enhanced durability, skid resistance, and weather protection.

This standard addresses both SI units and inch-pound units individually and highlights the importance of adhering to appropriate safety, health, and environmental protocols prior to application. It is intended for use by civil engineers, highway agencies, contractors, and infrastructure owners seeking consistent approaches to asphalt surface treatment projects.

Key Topics

• Scope and Applicability

  • Establishes best practices rather than mandatory requirements
  • Covers both single and multiple surface treatments
  • Applicable to roads, bridges, and general paving

• Material Selection

  • Bituminous materials: asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, cutback asphalt, and road tar
  • Aggregates: size, cleanliness, and proper shape (preferably cubical)
  • Emphasizes matching material choice to climate, traffic, and job requirements

• Construction Procedures

  • Surface preparation: patching, cleaning, and ensuring a dry, debris-free base
  • Application of bituminous material and aggregate: specified rates, calibration, and timing
  • Rolling and compaction: techniques for embedding aggregate into the asphalt layer

• Safety and Environmental Considerations

  • Guidance on temperature thresholds and weather limitations
  • Precautions to ensure safe and environmentally responsible application

• Quality Assurance

  • Sampling and testing protocols for materials and finished work to ensure conformance

Applications

Asphalt surface treatments following ASTM D5360/D5360M-23 are widely applied for:

• Extending the service life of existing pavements by sealing cracks and preventing water intrusion
• Improving surface texture and skid resistance on both urban and rural roadways
• Providing cost-effective preventive maintenance for municipal streets and parking lots
• Treating bridge decks and other transportation infrastructure subjected to weathering
• Reducing maintenance costs by delaying more extensive pavement rehabilitation

Facilities management teams, municipal authorities, and transportation agencies benefit from utilizing this practice to optimize road safety, minimize disruption, and manage lifecycle pavement costs.

Related Standards

The following ASTM standards are frequently referenced together with ASTM D5360/D5360M-23 and support its effective implementation:

• ASTM D140/D140M: Practice for Sampling Asphalt Materials
• ASTM D448: Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction
• ASTM D977: Specification for Emulsified Asphalt
• ASTM D1139/D1139M: Specification for Aggregate for Single or Multiple Asphalt Surface Treatments
• ASTM D1369: Practice for Quantities of Materials for Asphalt-Aggregate Surface Treatments
• ASTM D2027/D2027M & D2028/D2028M: Specifications for Cutback Asphalt
• ASTM D2995: Practice for Estimating Application Rate and Residual Application Rate of Bituminous Distributors
• ASTM D3381/D3381M & D946/D946M: Specifications for Asphalt Binders used in Pavement Construction

Adherence to ASTM D5360/D5360M-23 enhances the performance and longevity of asphalt surface treatments, supporting robust pavement management strategies and contributing to safer, more resilient road infrastructure.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5360/D5360M − 23
Standard Practice for
Design and Construction of Asphalt Surface Treatments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5360/D5360M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D490 Specification for Road Tar (Withdrawn 2023)
D946/D946M Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt
1.1 This practice covers the design and construction of
Binder for Use in Pavement Construction
asphalt surface treatments. It is a guide and should be used as
D977 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt
such. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to
D1139/D1139M Specification for Aggregate for Single or
job and user requirements.
Multiple Asphalt Surface Treatments
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D1369 Practice for Quantities of Materials for Asphalt-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Aggregate Surface Treatments
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
D2027/D2027M Specification for Cutback Asphalt
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
(Medium-Curing Type)
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
D2028/D2028M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-
with the standard.
Curing Type)
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes D2397/D2397M Specification for Cationic Emulsified As-
phalt
which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered D2399 Practice for Selection of Cutback Asphalts
D2995 Practice for Estimating Application Rate and Re-
as requirements of the standard.
sidual Application Rate of Bituminous Distributors
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
D3381/D3381M Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Binder for Use in Pavement Construction
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D3628 Practice for Selection and Use of Emulsified Asphalts
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
D5624 Practice for Determining the Transverse-Aggregate
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Spread Rate for Surface Treatment Applications (With-
For specific precautions, see Section 9.
drawn 2022)
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
D6114/D6114M Specification for Asphalt-Rubber Binder
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D6154 Specification for Chemically Modified Asphalt Ce-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
ment for Use in Pavement Construction
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D6373 Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Binder
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3. Terminology
2. Referenced Documents
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.1 multiple surface treatment—the asphalt surface pro-
D140/D140M Practice for Sampling Asphalt Materials
duced by the repeat application of bitumen and aggregate a
D448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and
second or even a third time, with the aggregate size usually
Bridge Construction
becoming smaller with each application. Each layer is imme-
diately rolled, preferably with a pneumatic-tired roller.
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and
3.1.2 single surface treatment—the asphalt surface pro-
Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.24 on
duced by the application of bitumen to a prepared surface
Asphalt Surface Treatments.
followed at once by an aggregate cover. The surface is
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published January 2024. Originally
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5360 – 15. DOI:
immediately rolled, preferably with a pneumatic-tired roller.
10.1520/D5360_D5360M-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5360/D5360M − 23
conditions and amount and type of traffic.
3.1.3 surface treatment—an application of asphalt material
followed by a layer of mineral aggregate. Multiple applications
7.2 When cutback asphalt is used, it shall conform to either
of asphalt material and mineral aggregate may be used.
Specification D2027/D2027M or Specification D2028/
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The terms “seal coat” and “chip seal”
D2028M.
have been used interchangeably with the term “surface treat-
NOTE 4—Selection of cutback type (rapid-cure or medium-cure) and
ment.”
grade depends on the type of construction, climatic conditions, amount
and nature of traffic, and cleanliness of aggregate. Refer to Practice D2399
4. Significance and Use
for selection guide.
4.1 This practice is to be used as a guide and not a
7.3 When emulsified asphalt is used, it shall conform to
specification.
either Specification D977 or Specification D2397/D2397M.
NOTE 5—The emulsified asphalt type and grade to be used depends on
5. Ordering Information
the type of construction, climatic conditions, amount and nature of traffic,
5.1 Orders for seal coat and surface treatment materials
and cleanliness of aggregate. Use Practice D3628 for a selection guide.
under this guide shall include the following information: Other types of emulsified asphalt may be used if experience has shown
that satisfactory performance will result.
5.1.1 Type of bitumen (asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt,
cutback asphalt, road tar) specification designation, 7.4 When road tar is used, it shall conform to Specification
5.1.2 Grade of bitumen, D490.
5.1.3 Quantity of bitumen required,
8. Application Rates
5.1.4 Type of aggregate (crushed stone, crushed gravel,
crushed slag, gravel, slag) specification designation,
8.1 The asphalt material application rate shall be estimated
5.1.5 Size or sizes of aggregate to be furnished, by using Practice D1369 for guidance.
5.1.6 Quantity of aggregate required, and
8.2 The asphalt material shall be applied by an asphalt
5.1.7 Special requirements.
distributor that has had the transverse and longitudinal appli-
cation rates determined by Practice D2995.
6. Aggregate
8.3 The aggregate application rate shall be estimated by
6.1 Cover Aggregate, shall conform to Sp
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5360 − 15 D5360/D5360M − 23
Standard Practice for
Design and Construction of BituminousAsphalt Surface
Treatments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5360;D5360/D5360M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the design and construction of bituminousasphalt surface treatments. It is a guide and should be used as
such. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given in
parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered stated in each
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautions, see Section 9.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D140D140/D140M Practice for Sampling Asphalt Materials
D448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and Bridge Construction
D490 Specification for Road Tar (Withdrawn 2023)
D946D946/D946M Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement Construction
D977 Specification for Emulsified Asphalt
D1139D1139/D1139M Specification for Aggregate for Single or Multiple Asphalt Surface Treatments
D1369 Practice for Quantities of Materials for Asphalt-Aggregate Surface Treatments
D2027D2027/D2027M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Medium-Curing Type)
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.24 on Asphalt
Surface Treatments.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2015Dec. 1, 2023. Published January 2016January 2024. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20092015 as
D5360 – 09.D5360 – 15. DOI: 10.1520/D5360-15.10.1520/D5360_D5360M-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5360/D5360M − 23
D2028D2028/D2028M Specification for Cutback Asphalt (Rapid-Curing Type)
D2397D2397/D2397M Specification for Cationic Emulsified Asphalt
D2399 Practice for Selection of Cutback Asphalts
D2995 Practice for Estimating Application Rate and Residual Application Rate of Bituminous Distributors
D3381D3381/D3381M Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Binder for Use in Pavement Construction
D3628 Practice for Selection and Use of Emulsified Asphalts
D5624 Practice for Determining the Transverse-Aggregate Spread Rate for Surface Treatment Applications (Withdrawn 2022)
D6114D6114/D6114M Specification for Asphalt-Rubber Binder
D6154 Specification for Chemically Modified Asphalt Cement for Use in Pavement Construction
D6373 Specification for Performance-Graded Asphalt Binder
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 multiple surface treatment—the bituminousasphalt surface produced by the repeat application of bitumen and aggregate a
second or even a third time, with the aggregate size usually becoming smaller with each application. Each layer is immediately
rolled, preferably with a pneumatic-tired roller.
3.1.2 single surface treatment—the bituminousasphalt surface produced by the application of bitumen to a prepared surface
followed at once by an aggregate cover. The surface is immediately rolled, preferably with a pneumatic-tired roller.
3.1.3 surface treatment—an application of bituminousasphalt material followed by a layer of mineral aggregate. Multiple
applications of bituminousasphalt material and mineral aggregate may be used.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
The terms “seal coat” and “chip seal” have been used interchangeably with the term “surface treatment.”
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This practice is to be used as a guide and not a specification.
5. Ordering Information
5.1 Orders for seal coat and surface treatment materials under this guide shall include the following information:
5.1.1 Type of bitumen (asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, cutback asphalt, road tar) specification designation,
5.1.2 Grade of bitumen,
5.1.3 Quantity of bitumen required,
5.1.4 Type of aggregate (crushed stone, crushed gravel, crushed slag, gravel, slag) specification designation,
5.1.5 Size or sizes of aggregate to be furnished,
5.1.6 Quantity of aggregate required, and
5.1.7 Special requirements.
6. Aggregate
6.1 Cover Aggregate, shall conform to Specification D1139D1139/D1139M and Classification D448.
1 1
6.2 Size—Aggregate should be as close to one size as is economically practical, preferably in the range of ⁄212.5 to ⁄4 in. (136
1 1 1
mm [ ⁄2 to 6 ⁄4 mm)in.] for single surface treatments. For multiple surface treatments, aggregate in the range of 125 to ⁄2 in. (25
1 1
to 1312.5 mm [1 to ⁄2 mm)in.] is used for the bottom layer with each successive layer using aggregate approximately ⁄2half the
size of the previous aggregate layer. Larger sizes may be used in multiple treatments.
D5360/D5360M − 23
NOTE 1—Aggregates larger than 12.5 mm [ ⁄2 in. (13 mm)in.] can cause objectionable tire noise.
NOTE 2—Aggregates finer than 3 mm [ ⁄8 in. (3 mm)in.] are difficult to spread evenly. Also, the finer the aggregate, the smaller is the tolerable range for
the bituminousasphalt material application rate.
6.3 Shape—The ideal shape is cubical. Flat or elongated particles are undesirable. Flat particles tend to become aligned on their
flat sides and may be completely covered with bituminousasphalt material when enough is used to hold the cubical particles in
place. Rounded particles tend to roll and have poor retention, and therefore, are undesirable.
6.4 Cleanliness—Clean ag
...