ASTM D7154-15(2021)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
Standard Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Fiber Optical Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The freezing point of an aviation fuel is an index of the lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Solid hydrocarbon crystals can restrict the flow of fuel in the fuel system of the aircraft. The temperature of the fuel in the aircraft tank normally decreases during flight depending on aircraft speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing point of the fuel must always be lower than the minimum operational fuel temperature.
5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measurement of the freezing point.
5.3 This test method expresses results with a resolution of 0.1 °C.
5.4 This test method eliminates most of the operator time and judgment required by Test Method D2386.
5.5 When the specification requires the use of Test Method D2386, do not substitute this test method or any other method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the temperature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels.
Note 1: This test method describes an alternative procedure and automatic apparatus which closely mimics the apparatus and procedure described in Test Method D2386.
1.2 The measuring range of the apparatus is from –70 °C to 0 °C, however the precision statements were derived only from samples with freezing point temperatures from –60 °C to –42 °C.
Note 2: Typical aviation fuel has freezing point temperatures in the –60 °C to –40 °C range.
1.3 Some results from this test method (14 % of samples included in the 2003 round robin2) incorrectly identified sample contamination where no contaminants were present in the samples (see research report2 for further information).
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: D7154 − 15 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels (Automatic Fiber Optical
Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Editorially removed logo for IP 528, which was withdrawn by the EI, in November 2021.
INTRODUCTION
This test method is nearly identical to Test Method D5901. The difference in this test method is the
version of software (versionV.22) that is utilized in the apparatus.This version of software is intended
to better identify samples that are contaminated. Since the algorithm in this version of software is
different than previous versions utilized in this apparatus, the subcommittee determined to publish a
separate test method with a different standard designation.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tem-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
perature below which solid hydrocarbon crystals may form in
For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.
aviation turbine fuels.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE 1—This test method describes an alternative procedure and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
automatic apparatus which closely mimics the apparatus and procedure
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
described in Test Method D2386.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 The measuring range of the apparatus is from –70 °C to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
0 °C, however the precision statements were derived only from
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
samples with freezing point temperatures from –60 °C to
–42 °C.
2. Referenced Documents
NOTE 2—Typical aviation fuel has freezing point temperatures in the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
–60 °C to –40 °C range.
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
1.3 Some results from this test method (14 % of samples
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
included in the 2003 round robin ) incorrectly identified Petroleum Products
sample contamination where no contaminants were present in
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
the samples (see research report for further information). Petroleum Products
D5901 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
(Automated Optical Method) (Withdrawn 2010)
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D6708 Practice for StatisticalAssessment and Improvement
standard.
of Expected Agreement Between Two Test Methods that
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Purport to Measure the Same Property of a Material
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
IP 16 Determination Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.07 on Flow Properties.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021. Published November 2021. Originally
approved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7154 – 15. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D7154-15R21E01. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Supporting data (2003 Interlaboratory Cooperative Test Program) have been Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting the ASTM website.
Research Report RR:D02-1572. Contact ASTM Customer Service at The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
service@astm.org. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D7154 − 15 (2021)
3. Terminology closureassemblyforthetestchamber,whichpreventsmoisture
from combining with the test specimen. The apparatus shall be
3.1 Definitions:
capable of measuring the temperature of the test specimen,
3.1.1 freezing point, n—in aviation fuels, the fuel tempera-
continuously stirring the test specimen at the prescribed rate,
ture at which solid hydrocarbon crystals, formed on cooling,
automatically cooling and then heating the test specimen,
disappear when the temperature of the fuel is allowed to rise
monitoring the test specimen with an electronic optical system
under specified conditions of test.
for appearance and disappearance of the crystals in the test
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
specimen under the conditions of the test, and recording the
3.2.1 automatic fiber optical method, n—the robotic auto-
appearance and disappearance temperatures.
mation of a manual procedure and apparatus and use of fiber
6.2 Circulating Bath, refrigeration unit equipped with a
optics to transmit crystal detection signals to and from the
circulating pump capable of maintaining the temperature of a
specimen test chamber.
quantity of methyl alcohol at least 20 °C lower than the
minimum test specimen temperature expected.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 After insertion of 25 mL of the test specimen into a test NOTE3—Toachieveatypicaltestchambercoolingconditionof–75 °C,
the circulating bath should be capable of achieving –85 °C to –90 °C,
chamber, the test specimen is cooled while being continuously
sinceapproximately5 °Cto10 °Cisconsumedinthecirculationlinesand
stirred and monitored by a fiber optical system. The tempera-
insulation.
ture of the specimen is measured with an electronic tempera-
6.3 Instrument and Software Version—The HCP 860 appa-
ture measuring device. When crystal formation is detected in
ratus with V.22 software was used in the 2003 Interlaboratory
the specimen, the temperature is recorded and the specimen in
Program that determined the precision and relative bias in
the test chamber is warmed, while being continuously stirred
Section 13.
and monitored by the optical system, until the crystals in the
specimen completely disappear. The temperature of the speci-
7. Reagents and Materials
menwhenthelastcrystalsdisappearisrecordedasthefreezing
point (automatic fiber optical method).
7.1 Cooling Medium, Methyl Alcohol—A commercial or
technicalgradeofanhydrousmethanolissuitableforuseasthe
5. Significance and Use
cooling medium. (Warning—Extremely flammable. Toxic.
5.1 The freezing point of an aviation fuel is an index of the
May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed or inhaled.)
lowest temperature of its utility for certain applications. Solid
7.2 Nitrogen Gas, dry nitrogen gas which has a dew point
hydrocarbon crystals can restrict the flow of fuel in the fuel
below the lowest temperature expected to be attained by the
systemoftheaircraft.Thetemperatureofthefuelintheaircraft
test specimen under the conditions of the test. (Warning—
tank normally decreases during flight depending on aircraft
Compressed gas under high pressure. Inert gas can be an
speed, altitude, and flight duration. The freezing point of the
asphyxiant when inhaled.)
fuel must always be lower than the minimum operational fuel
7.3 Cleaning Solvents, suitable for cleaning and drying the
temperature.
test chamber, such as petroleum naphtha and methyl alcohol.
5.2 Petroleum blending operations require precise measure-
(Warning—Flammable. Liquid causes eye burns.Vapor harm-
ment of the freezing point.
ful. Toxic. May be fatal or cause blindness if swallowed or
5.3 This test method expresses results with a resolution of
inhaled.)
0.1 °C.
8. Sampling
5.4 This test method eliminates most of the operator time
and judgment required by Test Method D2386.
8.1 Obtain a sample in accordance with Practice D4057 or
D4177.
5.5 When the specification requires the use of Test Method
D2386, do not substitute this test method or any other method.
8.2 At least 25 mLof sample is required for each test. Refer
to Practice D4057.
6. Apparatus (see Annex A1)
6.1 Automatic Fiber Optical Apparatus —The apparatus as
9. Preparation of Apparatus
described in Annex A1 shall consist of a test chamber
9.1 Prepare the apparatus for operation in accordance with
comprising a jacketed test tube supported in a jacketed
the manufacturer’s instructions.
enclosure configuration that is capable of cooling and heating
the test specimen to the temperatures required in the test. The 9.2 Clean and dry the test chamber with petroleum naphtha
apparatus shall have a nitrogen purge collar as part of the
to rinse out any previous specimen followed by a second rinse
of alcohol to remove naphtha. Dry with moisture-free air or
gas. Ensure that moisture does not remain inside the test
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
chamber.
is Herzog model HCP 860 Freezing Point Analyzer with software version V.22,
available from Walter Herzog, Lauda, Germany. If you are aware of alternative
9.3 Prepare the refrigerated circulating bath for operation in
suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters.
accordance with the ma
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