ASTM C1472-00
(Guide)Standard Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
Standard Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information on performance factors such as movement, construction tolerances, and other effects that should be accounted for to properly establish sealant joint size. It also provides procedures to assist in calculating and determining the required width of a sealant joint enabling it to respond properly to those movements and effects. Information in this guide is primarily applicable to single- and multicomponent, cold-applied joint sealants and secondarily to precured sealant extrusions when used with properly prepared joint openings and substrate surfaces.
1.2 Although primarily directed towards the understanding and design of sealant joints for walls for buildings and other areas, the information contained herein is also applicable to sealant joints that occur in horizontal slabs and paving systems as well as various sloped building surfaces.
1.3 This guide does not describe the selection and properties of joint sealants (1), which are described by Guide C1299, nor their use and installation, which is described by Guide C1193.
1.4 The values and calculations stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parantheses and inch-pound units are provided for information only. SI units in this guide are in conformance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997.
1.5 The Committee having jurisdiction for this guide is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C 1472 – 00
Standard Guide for
Calculating Movement and Other Effects When Establishing
Sealant Joint Width
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1472; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C719 Standard Test Method forAdhesion and Cohesion of
Elastomeric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement
1.1 This guide provides information on performance factors
(Hockman Cycle)
such as movement, construction tolerances, and other effects
C794 Standard Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elas-
that should be accounted for to properly establish sealant joint
tomeric Joint Sealants
size. It also provides procedures to assist in calculating and
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
determining the required width of a sealant joint enabling it to
C1193 Standard Guide for Use of Building Sealants
respond properly to those movements and effects. Information
C1299 Standard Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-
in this guide is primarily applicable to single- and multi-
Applied sealants
component, cold-applied joint sealants and secondarily to
2.2 American Concrete Institute (ACI) and American Soci-
precured sealant extrusions when used with properly prepared
ety of Civil Engineers (ASCE):
joint openings and substrate surfaces.
Building Code Requirements for Masonry Structures (ACI
1.2 Although primarily directed towards the understanding
530-88/ASCE 5-88) and Specifications for Masonry
and design of sealant joints for walls for buildings and other
Structures (ACI 530.1-88/ASCE 6-88)
areas, the information contained herein is also applicable to
2.3 Prestressed Concrete Institute (PCI):
sealant joints that occur in horizontal slabs and paving systems
Manual for Quality Control for Plants and Production of
as well as various sloped building surfaces.
Architectural Precast Concrete Products, MNL-177-77
1.3 Thisguidedoesnotdescribetheselectionandproperties
2.4 American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-
ofjointsealants (1),whicharedescribedbyGuideC1299,nor
Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE):
their use and installation, which is described by Guide C1193.
Chapter 26, Climatic Design Information, Tables 1A, 1B,
1.4 The values and calculations stated in SI units are to be
2A, 2B, 3A, 3B,ASHRAE 1997 Fundamentals Handbook
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses and
2.5 Brick Institute of America (BIA):
inch-pound units are provided for information only. SI units in
Movement, Volume Changes, and Effect of Movement, Part
this guide are in conformance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997.
I,TechnicalNotesonBrickConstructionNo.18Revised
1.5 The Committee having jurisdiction for this guide is not
2.6 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
aware of any comparable standards published by other orga-
(IEEE) and ASTM:
nizations.
IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997 Standard for Use of the Interna-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tional System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1 Definitions:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.1 Refer to Terminology C717 for definitions of the
2. Referenced Documents followingtermsusedinthisguide:bandaidsealantjoint,bond
breaker,bridgesealantjoint,buttjoint,buttsealantjoint,creep,
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cure, cured, elongation, expansion joint, fillet sealant joint,
C216 Standard Specification for Facing Brick (Solid Ma-
joint, joint filler, modulus, primer, seal, sealant, sealant back-
sonry Units Made From Clay or Shale)
ing, silicone sealant, spalling, substrate
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 coeffıcient of linear thermal movement—an increase
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C24 on Building or decrease in unit length per unit change in material tempera-
Seals and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.10 on
ture of a material or assembly of materials.
Specifications, Guides and Practices.
Current edition approved June 10, 2000. Published July 2000.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1472–00
3.2.2 coeffıcient of solar absorption—afactordescribingthe
T = Minimum winter installation wall surface tempera-
IW
capability of a material or assembly of materials to absorb a
ture
percentage of incident solar radiation.
T = Hottest summer wall surface temperature
S
T = Coldest winter wall surface temperature
3.2.3 durability—ability of a sealant joint to perform its W
DT = Maximum expected temperature difference
M
required function over a period of time under the influence of
DT = Summer installation temperature difference
S
the environment.
DT = Winter installation temperature difference
W
3.2.4 durability limit—point at which loss of performance
DT = Temperature difference for a particular condition
X
leads to the end of service life.
W = Final designed sealant joint width
W = Sealant joint width required for movement
3.2.5 heat capacity constant—a factor describing the capa- M
W = Sealant joint width at rest prior to movement
R
bility of a material or assembly of materials to store heat
generated by absorbed solar radiation.
4. Significance and Use
3.2.6 premature deterioration—failure to achieve predicted
4.1 Designprofessionals,foraestheticreasons,havedesired
service life.
tolimitthespacingandwidthofsealantjointsonexteriorwalls
3.2.7 service life—actual period of time during which no
and other locations of new buildings. Analysis of the perfor-
excessive expenditure is required for maintenance or repair of
mance factors and especially tolerances that affect a sealant
a sealant joint.
joint is necessary to determine if a joint will have durability
3.3 Symbols:
andbeeffectiveinmaintainingasealagainstthepassageofair
and water and not experience premature deterioration. If
performance factors and tolerances are not understood and
a = Coefficient of linear thermal movement
included in the design of a sealant joint, then the sealant may
a = Coefficient of linear thermal movement for brick
B
reach its durability limit and failure is a distinct possibility.
a = Coefficient of linear thermal movement for a par-
X
4.2 Sealant joint failure can result in increased building
ticular material
energy usage due to air infiltration or exfiltration, water
A = Coefficient of solar absorption
infiltration, and deterioration of building systems and materi-
A = Coefficient of solar absorption for brick
B
als. Infiltrating water can cause spalling of porous and friable
A = Coefficient of solar absorption for a particular
X
buildingmaterialssuchasconcrete,brick,andstone;corrosion
material
of ferrous metals; and decomposition of organic materials,
B = Sealant backing length
among other effects. Personal injury can result from a fall
C = Compression
C = Construction tolerance for brick masonry incurred due to a wetted interior surface as a result of a failed
B
C = Construction tolerance for a particular material or sealant joint. Building indoor air quality can be affected due to
X
system
organic growth in concealed and damp areas. Deterioration is
E = Extension
often difficult and very costly to repair, with the cost of repair
E = Longitudinal extension
L work usually greatly exceeding the original cost of the sealant
E = Transverse extension
T
joint work.
E = Longitudinalortransversemovementforaparticu-
X
4.3 This guide is applicable to sealants with an established
lar condition
movementcapacity,inparticularelastomericsealantsthatmeet
H = Heat capacity constant
SpecificationC920withaminimummovementcapacityrating
H = Heat capacity constant for a particular material
X 1 1
of 6 12 ⁄2 percent. In general, a sealant with less than 6 12 ⁄2
I = Moisture-induced irreversible growth
percent movement capacity can be used with the joint width
L = Unrestrained length or sealant joint spacing
sizing calculations; however, the width of a joint using such a
DL = Dimensional change due to brick thermal move-
B
sealant will generally become too large to be practically
ment
considered and installed. It is also applicable to precured
DL = Dimensional change due to compression
C
sealant extrusions with an established movement capacity,
DL = Dimensional change due to extension
E
although there presently is no ASTM specification for these
DL = Dimensional change due to irreversible moisture
I
materials.
movement
4.4 The intent of this guide is to describe some of the
DL = Dimensional change due to longitudinal extension
L
performance factors and tolerances that are normally consid-
DL = Dimensional change due to precast concrete ther-
P
mal movement ered in sealant joint design. Equations and sample calculations
DL = Dimensional change due to reversible moisture are provided to assist the user of this guide in determining the
R
movement
required width and depth for single and multi-component,
DL = Dimensional change due to transverse extension
liquid-applied sealants when installed in properly prepared
T
DL = Dimensional change for a particular condition
X joint openings. The user of this guide should be aware that the
R = Moisture induced reversible growth
singlelargestfactorcontributingtonon-performanceofsealant
S = Sealant movement capacity
jointsthathavebeendesignedformovementispoorworkman-
T = Hottest summer air temperature
A
ship.Thisresultsinimproperinstallationofsealantandsealant
T = Maximum summer installation wall surface tem-
IS
joint components. The success of the methodology described
perature
bythisguideispredictedonachievingadequateworkmanship.
C1472–00
4.5 Joints for new construction can be designed by the opening width, depending on construction procedures and
recommendations in this guide as well as joints that have material or wall system types, could be established during one
of those stages.
reached the end of their service life and need routine mainte-
nance or joints that require remedial work for a failure to
5.3.2 Determining realistic material or wall surface tem-
perform. Guide C1193 should also be consulted when design-
peratures to establish the expected degree of thermal move-
ing sealant joints. Failure to install a sealant and its compo-
ment can be challenging. The ASHRAE Fundamentals Hand-
nents following its guidelines can and frequently will result in
book,Chapter26ClimaticDesignInformation,listswinterand
failure of a joint design.
summer design dry bulb air temperatures for many cities.
4.6 Peer reviewed papers, published in various ASTM Theselistedvaluescanbeusedtoassistincalculatingexpected
surface temperatures for use in joint width calculations. For
SpecialTechnicalPublications(STP),provideadditionalinfor-
mation and examples of sealant joint width calculations that convenience, dry bulb air temperatures for selected North
expand on the information described in this guide (2-5). For American locations have been included in Table 1.
cases in which the state of the art is such that criteria for a
5.4 Thermal Movement Environmental Influences—The ef-
particular condition is not firmly established or there are
fect of a sudden rain shower or the clouding over of the sky
numerous variables that require consideration, a reference
may also have to be considered (6). Both of these events can
section is provided for further consideration.
cause a wall material to change in temperature and therefore
dimension. Moisture wetting a warm wall surface cools it and
4.7 To assist the user of this guide in locating specific
information, a detailed listing of guide numbered sections and clouds preventing solar warming of the surface produce the
their headings is included in Appendix X1. same effect. These effects, depending on the wall system or
material, its solar absorptivity, and color, can cause either a
5. Performance Factors time lag and slow rate of movement in a sealant joint for a
concretepanelormasonrysystem,oranalmostimmediateand
5.1 General—Proper sealant joint design can not be ad-
fairly rapid rate of movement for a sealant joint in a light-
equately performed without a knowledge and understanding of
weight, highly insulated, metal and glass curtain wall.
factors that can affect sealant performance. The following
5.5 CoeffıcientofLinearThermalMovement—Inadditionto
describes most of the commonly encountered performance
the temperature extremes a wall material will experience, its
factors that are known to influence sealant joint design. These
coefficient of linear thermal movement (a) must also be
performance factors can act individually or, as is mostly the
determined. Table 2 lists average coefficients of linear thermal
case, in various combinations depending on the characteristics
movement for some of the commonly used construction
of a particular joint design.
materials. For most applications, it is acceptable to use the
5.2 Material and SystemAnchorage—Thetypeandlocation
values for the materials listed in Table 2. For some materials
of various wall anchors has an impact on the performance of a
and applications, the relationship between temperature and
sealant joint (6). Large precast concrete panels with fixed and
linear dimension, over the expected temperature exposure
moving anchors, brick masonry support system deflection
range, may not be truly linear for the entire range. For a
between supports (3), and metal and glass curtain wall fixed
sensitive application, it may be necessary to determine the
and moving anchorages are examples of anchorage conditions
actual linear dimensional response of a material for discrete
that must be considered and evaluated when designing sealant
segments of its service temperature range. This may result in
joints for movement.Anchor types and their locations have an
different linear coefficients for those segments of the service
effect on determining the effective length of wall material or
temperature range. These values would then be used in the
support system deflection characteristics that need to be
calculations to determine sealant joint width. Additionally,
included when designing for sealant joint width.
absorbed moisture can also affect the thermal movement
5.3 Thermal Movement—Walls of buildings respond to
coefficient of a porous material. The coefficient of ther
...
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