ASTM F2711-08(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Bicycle Frames
Standard Test Methods for Bicycle Frames
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These tests are used to verify the durability and strength of a bicycle frame.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods establish procedures for conducting tests to determine the structural performance properties of bicycle frames.
1.2 These test methods describe mechanical tests for determining the following performance properties:
1.2.1 Frame Fatigue—Horizontal Loading,
1.2.2 Frame Fatigue—Vertical Loading, and
1.2.3 Frame Impact Strength.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: F2711 − 08 (Reapproved 2012) An American National Standard
Standard Test Methods for
Bicycle Frames
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2711; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope via the head tube for the fork and lower connection for the
crank/pedal assembly.
1.1 These test methods establish procedures for conducting
tests to determine the structural performance properties of 3.1.4 bottom bracket shell, n—structural member of the
bicycle frames. frame that houses the assembly that supports the bearings,
which support the cranks.
1.2 These test methods describe mechanical tests for deter-
mining the following performance properties: 3.1.5 crank, n—lever arm that receives human energy as
torque to convert into bicycle motion.
1.2.1 Frame Fatigue—Horizontal Loading,
1.2.2 Frame Fatigue—Vertical Loading, and
3.1.6 crown race seat, n—position on the fork where the
1.2.3 Frame Impact Strength.
lower steering axis bearing sits.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.7 down tube, n—lower structural connection between
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
the head tube and the bottom bracket shell.
standard.
3.1.8 dropout centerline, n—hub-mounting axis that passes
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
through both right and left dropouts.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.9 front dropout, n—area where the front wheel hub
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
connects to the fork.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1.10 head tube, n—forward most structural member of the
frame, which provides an interface through top, and bottom
2. Referenced Documents
bearings for the fork.
3.1.10.1 Discussion—The head tube is connected to the seat
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tube through the top tube and the down tube.
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3.1.11 initial running displacement, n—average displace-
3. Terminology
ment between approximately 500 and 1000 cycles during a
durability fatigue test.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 bicycle, n—two-wheeled, single track, articulated ve-
3.1.12 normal attitude, n—intended position of the bicycle
hicle that is solely human powered.
framewhenincontinuousstraight-linemotiononaflatsurface.
3.1.2 bicycle fork, n—structural connection between the
3.1.13 rake, n—straight-line distance from the front axle
front wheel and the frame.
center to the perpendicular of the steering axis.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Theforktransmitssteeringtorquefrom
3.1.14 rear dropout, n—area where the rear wheel hub
the handlebars to the front wheel.
connects to the lower rear and the upper rear frame members.
3.1.3 bicycle frame, n—structural member that supports the
3.1.15 sag, n—amount of compression in a suspension unit,
seat with rear connection for the rear wheel, front connection
given in a percentage.
3.1.16 seat post, n—structural component that connects the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F08 on Sports
seat to the seat tube.
Equipment, Playing Surfaces, and Facilities and is the direct responsibility of
3.1.17 seat tube, n—structural member of the frame into
Subcommittee F08.10 on Bicycles.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published December 2012. Originally which the seat post inserts.
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as F2711 – 08. DOI:
3.1.18 steerer tube, n—section of the bicycle fork that is
10.1520/F2711-08.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or housed within the head tube and bearing assemblies.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1.19 top tube, n—upper structural connection between the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. head tube and the seat tube.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2711 − 08 (2012)
3.2 Acronyms: the dropout position when the suspension fork is compressed
3.2.1 OEM, n—original equipment from manufacturer no more than 20 % of its maximum amount of travel.
6.1.3 The deflection of a test fork is measured at the front
3.3 Symbols:
axle center, resulting from the application of a vertical 1200 N
L = fork length, a straight-line measure from the crown race
load at that point. The fork is fixed in position only at the
seat to the center of the front axle.
steerer tube by a v-block with minimum length of 76 mm. The
δ = deflection of test fork.
steerer tube is fixed horizontally with the crown race seat
adjacent to the v-block.
4. Summary of Test Methods
6.1.4 ThedeflectionratiofortheTestforkfortheHorizontal
4.1 Horizontal Loading Durability Fatigue Test—This test
LoadingFatiguetestandtheVerticalLoadingFatiguetestshall
method restrains the frame at the rear dropouts (see Fig. 1). A
not exceed the value of 1.0 when computed as follows:
cyclicloadisappliedalongthex-axisatthefrontdropouts.The
K 310 000 3δ
number of cycles is measured. The magnitude of the load, and
Deflection ratio 5
L
the minimum number of cycles, are determined by the speci-
fication standard.
Where:
4.2 Vertical Loading Durability Fatigue Test—This test
K (a constant) = 1417 for L and δ in millimetres.
method restrains the frame at the rear dropouts, and allows free
(For example, a fork length of 460 mm, the maximum
rollingatthefork(seeFig.2).Acyclicloadisappliedalongthe
acceptable fork deflection (δ) would be 6.9 mm. Similarly for
Z-axis behind the seat post.The number of cycles is measured.
a fork length of 330 mm, the maximum deflection is 2.5 mm.)
Themagnitudeoftheload,andtheminimumnumberofcycles,
6.1.5 The deflection ratio for the Test fork for the Impact
are determined by the specification standard.
test shall not exceed the value of 1.0 when computed as
4.3 Impact Strength Test—This test method restrains the follows:
frame vertically at the rear dropouts (see Fig. 3). A mass is
K 310 000 3δ
Deflection ratio 5
dropped onto a roller assembly attached to the fork. Permanent
L
set is measured. The height of the drop is determined by the
Where:
specification standard.
K = 709 for L and δ in millimetres.
5. Significance and Use
6.2 Horizontal Loading Durability Fatigue Test:
5.1 These tests are used to verify the durability and strength
6.2.1 A fixture is required to restrain the frame at the rear
of a bicycle frame.
dropouts, while allowing free rotation about the axle (see Fig.
1). In the case of a suspension frame, the suspension must be
6. Apparatus
locked in a position equivalent to the manufacturer’s recom-
6.1 Requirements for Test Forks: mendation for sag, or 25 % sag if none was recommended. If
6.1.1 The test forks shall be designed to mount in a manner the suspension does not permit locking, then replace the
similar to the OEM fork, or in a manner using typical bicycle suspension unit with a solid link providing the equivalent sag
assembly procedures. geometry.
6.1.2 The test forks, when mounted, shall be the same 6.2.2 A test fork meeting the requirements for this test (see
length, L, as the longest fork designed for use with the frame 6.1) shall be used.
and have a rake of 45 6 6 mm. When the test fork is used in 6.2.3 The fork shall be attached to the bicycle frame head
place of an OEM Suspension fork, the length is determined by tube using typical bicycle assembly practices.
FIG. 1 Horizontal Fatigue Test
F2711 − 08 (2012)
FIG. 2 Vertical Fatigue Test
6.2.4 The fork assembly shall be restrained at the dropouts curely attached to the top of this bar such that its height, h, is
in such a way that allows translation along the X-axis, and equal to the maximum saddle height for that particular frame,
rotation about the Y-axis. as shown in Fig. 2.The extension bar shall permit loading with
6.2.5 The front and rear dropouts are to be equal in height a 70 mm rearward offset.
when the frame and fork assembly is fixtured. 6.3.7 An actuator mounted load cell or equivalent apparatus
6.2.6 An actuator mounted load cell or equivalent apparatus that is capable of providing a reversible load, is attached to the
that is capable of
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