ASTM D7407-07
(Guide)Standard Guide for Determining The Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
Standard Guide for Determining The Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
ABSTRACT
This guide discusses the relevancy of applicable test methods, including the materials and conditions involved, in obtaining the vapor transmission in geomembranes. This guide does not purport to critique barrier system permeability, nor does it address transmission through seams. The guide assumes the material being examined exhibits Fickian diffusion behavior. The tests discussed here evaluate gas and vapor transfer through semi-permeable and permeable geomembranes. The data is important for design of containment systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is used as a discussion of the relevancy of several methods to obtain the vapor transmission of geomembranes.
1.2 This guide discusses applicable test methods, test materials and conditions.
1.3 The guide assumes the material being measured exhibits Fickian behavior.
1.4 This guide does not purport to critique barrier system permeability,
1.5 The guide does not address transmission through seams,
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:D7407–07
Standard Guide for Determining
The Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F1769 Test Method for Measurement of Diffusivity, Solu-
bility, and Permeability of Organic Vapor Barriers Using a
1.1 This guide is used as a discussion of the relevancy of
Flame Ionization Detector
several methods to obtain the vapor transmission of geomem-
F1927 Test Method for Determination of Oxygen Gas
branes.
Transmission Rate, Permeability and Permeance at Con-
1.2 This guide discusses applicable test methods, test mate-
trolled Relative HumidityThrough Barrier Materials Using
rials and conditions.
a Coulometric Detector
1.3 Theguideassumesthematerialbeingmeasuredexhibits
Fickian behavior.
3. Terminology
1.4 This guide does not purport to critique barrier system
3.1 Definitions:
permeability,
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applying to this test method
1.5 The guide does not address transmission through seams,
appear in Terminology D4439
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
safety problems, if any associated with its use. It is the
tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
temperature of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Guide
4.1 This guide gives commentary as to the relevancy of
2. Referenced Documents
severalmethodstoobtainFickiandiffusionthroughageomem-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
brane. The tests evaluate gas and vapor transfer through
D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability
semi-permeable and permeable geomembranes. The data is
Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
important for design of containment systems.
D3985 Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric
5. D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability
Sensor
Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
D4439 Terminology for Geosynthetics
5.1 This test method covers the estimation of the steady-
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
state rate of transmission of a gas through plastics in the form
Materials
of film, sheeting, laminates, and plastic-coated papers or
F1249 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate
fabrics. This test method provides for the determination of (1)
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated
gas transmission rate (GTR), (2) permeance, and, in the case of
Infrared Sensor
homogeneous materials, (3) permeability.
5.2 Two procedures are provided: M Manometric and V
Volumetric.
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD35onGeosynthetics
5.3 This is an old test which relies of the physical measure-
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. DOI: 10.1520/ ment of gas through a geomembrane with respect to log time.
D7407-07.
This test has poor accuracy and takes a very long time.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
the ASTM website. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7407–07
6. D3985 Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission water. The cup is then sealed to prevent vapor loss except
Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a through the test sample. An initial weight is taken of the
Coulometric Sensor apparatus and then periodically weighed over time until results
become linear. Caution must be used to assure that all weight
6.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination
loss is due to water vapor transmission through the specimen.
of the steady-state rate of transmission of oxygen gas through
7.4 For geomembrane: inverted cup technique is generally
plastics in the form of film, sheeting, laminates, coextrusions,
conducted with water. Standard conditions are 50 % relative
or plastic-coated papers or fabrics. It provides for the determi-
humidity and 23 deg Celsius. The problem with the test is two
nation of (1) oxygen gas transmission rate (O2GTR), (2) the
fold, a) the mass loss is very small over time compared to the
permeance of the film to oxygen gas (PO2), and ( 3) oxygen
mass of the apparatus being measured and b) the seal of the
permeability coefficient (P’O2) in the case of homogeneous
apparatus to the geomembrane needs to be less permeable than
materials. 7.2 7.3
the geomembrane itself. This second point is difficult to
6.2 This test method does not purport to be the only method
accomplish for geomembranes greater than 20 mil thickness.
for measurement of O2GTR. There may be other methods of
O2GTR determination that use other oxygen sensors and
8. F1249 Standard Test Method for Water Vapor
procedures.
Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting
6.3 Thismethodisusedinthefoodpackagingindustrywere
Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor
plastic films rather than sheet are used. The method looks at
8.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the
oxygen transmission exclusively.Although interesting for food
rate of water vapor transmission through flexible barrier
applications,resultsfromthismethodmaynotcorrelatewellto
materials. The method is applicable to sheets and films up to 3
geomembrane performance in other non-food containment
mm (0.1 in.) in thickness, consisting of single or multilayer
applications.
synthetic or natural polymers and foils, including coated
7. E96/E96M Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor
materials. It provides for the determination of ( 1) water vapor
Transmission of Materials
transmission rate (WVTR), (2) the permeance of the film to
water vapor, and (3) for homogeneous materials, water vapor
7.1 These test methods cover the determination of water
permeability coefficient.
vapor transmission (WVT) of materials through which the
8.2 Values for water vapor permeance and water vapor
passage of water vapor may be of importance, such as paper,
permeability must be used with caution. The inverse relation-
plastic films, other sheet materials, fiberboards, gypsum and
ship of WVTR to thickness and the direct relationship of
plasterproducts,woodproducts,andplastics.Thetestmethods
WVTR to the partial pressure differential of water vapor may
are limited to specimens not over 1.25 in. (32 mm) in
not always apply.
thickness. Two basic methods, the Desiccant Method and the
8.3 This is a good test for geomembranes unfortunately the
Water Method, are provided for the measurement of per-
device used for the method is proprietary.
meance,andtwovariationsincludeserviceconditionswithone
8.4 Like many of the methods critiqued, sealing issues of
side wetted and service conditions with low humidity on one
the device to the geomembrane exist.
side and high humidity on the other. Agreement should not be
8.5 This high end test is sophisticated and relinquishes
expected between results obtained by different methods. The
results quickly.
method should be selected that more nearly approaches the
conditions of use.
9. F1769 Standard Test Method for Measurement of
7.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Diffusivity, Solubility, and Permeability of Organic
separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units are
Vapor Barriers Using a Flame Ionization Detector
shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not
exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used inde- 9.1 This test method covers the measurement of volatile
pendently of the other. Combining values from two systems organic-vapor-barrier properties of films, plastic sheeting,
will result in non-conformance with the standard. However coated papers, and laminates. The specific material properties
derived results can be converted from one system to other measured include diffusivity, solubility, and permeability coef-
using appropriate conversion
...
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