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ASTM A712-07(2013)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys

Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is suitable for the measurement of the electrical resistivity of specimens of soft magnetic materials.  
4.2 The reproducibility and repeatability of this test method are such that it is suitable for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, quality assurance, and research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of electrical resistivity of strip or bar specimens of soft magnetic alloys.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2013
ICS
29.030 - Magnetic materials
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A712-07 - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Referred By
ASTM A901-19 - Standard Specification for Amorphous Magnetic Core Alloys, Semi-Processed Types
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Referred By
ASTM A345-19 - Standard Specification for Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels for Magnetic Applications
Effective Date
01-May-2013

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ASTM A712-07(2013) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic AlloysASTM A712-07(2013) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys
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ASTM A712-07(2013) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A712 − 07(Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
1
Electrical Resistivity of Soft Magnetic Alloys
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A712; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 5. Apparatus
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of electrical 5.1 Kelvin-type resistance bridge or a digital multimeter or
resistivity of strip or bar specimens of soft magnetic alloys. a dc potentiometer and dc ammeter providing resistance
measurementstoanaccuracywithin0.5%oftheacceptedtrue
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
value.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
6. Sampling
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
6.1 Samples shall be representative of the material in the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
physical condition as shipped or agreed upon by the producer
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and the user.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
7. Test Specimen
2. Referenced Documents 7.1 The test specimen shall be a straight strip or bar or wire
2
of substantially uniform cross-sectional area.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A34/A34MPractice for Sampling and Procurement Testing 7.2 It shall have a minimum length of 0.25 m. Strip
of Magnetic Materials specimens preferably should have a uniform width of 0.03 m
minimum, unless not available.
3. Summary of Test Method
7.2.1 If width of the strip material to be sampled prevents
obtaining a sample of 0.03-m minimum width, the specimen
3.1 The electrical resistance of a 0.25-m long (minimum)
width to be used shall be the maximum obtainable and shall be
test specimen is measured with a Kelvin-type resistance bridge
agreed upon between the producer and the user.
or a digital multimeter or the potentiometer-ammeter method.
7.2.2 Bars and wires having circular, rectangular, or other
The resistivity is then calculated from the resistance measure-
sections shall be used in the sectional dimensions as produced,
ment and the dimensions of the specimen and is known as the
unless they are so large as to require cutting a representative
electrical resistivity of the material. This value is equal to the
sample of suitable dimensions.
resistancebetweenoppositefacesofacubeofunitdimensions.
7.3 It shall be free of obvious surface defects.
4. Significance and Use
7.4 The surface shall be cleaned by wiping with a cloth. Oil
4.1 This test method is suitable for the measurement of the
and grease, if present on the surface, shall be removed with a
electrical resistivity of specimens of soft magnetic materials.
suitablesolvent.Normalsurfaceoxideorcoreplatingneednot
4.2 The reproducibility and repeatability of this test method
be removed except in areas in which it is necessary to make
are such that it is suitable for design, specification acceptance,
satisfactory electrical contact.
service evaluation, quality assurance, and research and devel-
opment. 8. Procedure
8.1 Measure the electrical resistance of the test specimen
usingaKelvin-typeresistancebridgeoradigitalmultimeteror
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
potentiometer-ammeter system having separate current and
MagneticPropertiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA06.01onTest
Methods.
potential leads.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2013.PublishedJuly2013.Originallyapproved
8.2 Thedistancebetweeneachpotentialleadcontactandthe
in1975.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2007asA712–07.DOI:10.1520/A0712-
07R13.
corresponding current lead contact shall be at least twice the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
widthofthetestspecimenwiththetwopotentialcontactslying
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
between the current contacts. The distance between the poten-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. tial contacts shall be not less than 0.12 m.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A712 − 07 (2013)
8.3 The dimension of each potential contact in the direction 9.1.2 Eq 1 assumes a negligible mass of any coating
of the length of the specimen shall be not more than 0.5 % of material.
the distance between potential contacts.
9.2 Bar and Wire Specimens—The cross-sectional area of
the test specimen shall be based
...

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1.1 This test method provides a means for determination of the impedance permeability (μz) of ferromagnetic materials under the condition of sinusoidal current (sinusoidal H) excitation. Test specimens in the form of laminated toroidal cores, tape-wound toroidal cores, and link-type laminated cores having uniform cross sections and closed flux paths (no air gaps) are used. The method is intended as a means for determining the magnetic performance of ferromagnetic strip having a thickness less than or equal to 0.025 in. [0.635 mm].  
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ASTM A341/A341M-16(2022)(Test Method)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear with Fig. 1 and in appropriate sections of this document. For the official definitions, see Terminology A340. Note that the term magnetic flux density used in this document is synonymous with the term magnetic induction.
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Permeameter  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter (main current)
A2—Multirange ammeter (hysteresis current)
B—Magnetic flux density test position for Switch S3
F—Electronic Fluxmeter
H—Magnetic field strength test position for Switch S3
N1—Magnetizing coil
N2—Magnetic flux sensing (B) coil
N3—Magnetic field strength (H) sensing coil
R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch for magnetizing current
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat
S3—Fluxmeter selector switch
SP—Specimen  
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4.1 This test method evaluates the performance of flat-rolled magnetic materials over a wide frequency range of ac excitation with and without incremental dc bias, as used on transformers, motors, and other laminated core devices.  
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1.4.2 Magnetic Flux Density  (may also be referred to as Flux Density)—The range of magnetic flux density for this test method is governed by the test specimen properties and by the available instruments and other equipment components. Normally, for many materials, the magnetic flux density range is from 1 to 15 kG [0.1 to 1.5 T].  
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1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for determination of the permeability [relative permeability]2 of materials having a relative permeability not exceeding 6.0.  
1.2 The test methods covered are as follows:  
1.2.1 Test Method 1—Fluxmetric Method is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
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1.2.4 Test Method 4—Flux Distortion is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 2.0. In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.4  
1.2.5 Test Method 5—Vibrating Sample Magnetometry is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This test method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
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1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Test Method for Direct Current Magnetic Properties of Low Coercivity Magnetic Materials Using Hysteresigraphs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hysteresigraphs permit more rapid and efficient collection of data as compared to the point by point ballistic Test Methods A341/A341M and A596/A596M. The high measurement point density offered by computer-automated systems is often required for computer aided design of electrical components such as transformers, motors, and relays.  
5.2 Hysteresigraphs are particularly desirable for testing of semi-hard and hard magnetic materials, where either the entire second quadrant (demagnetization curve) or entire hysteresis loop is of primary concern. Test Method A977/A977M describes the special requirements for accurate measurement of hard magnetic (permanent magnet) materials.  
5.3 Hysteresigraphs are not recommended for measurement of initial permeability, µi, of materials with high magnetic permeability such as nickel-iron, amorphous, and nanocrystalline materials due to errors associated with integrator drift; in these cases, Test Method A596/A596M is a more appropriate method.  
5.4 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk sample or lot, this test method is well suited for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.
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1.1 This test method provides dc hysteresigraph procedures for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, spirally wound toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes that may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for initial and normal magnetization curves and hysteresis loop determination taken under conditions of continuous sweep magnetization. Rate of sweep may be varied, either manually or automatically at different portions of the curves during measurement.  
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ASTM A596/A596M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Direct-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Point by Point (Ballistic) Method and Ring Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Test methods using suitable ring-type specimens4 are the preferred methods of determining the basic magnetic properties of a material caused by the absence of demagnetizing effects and are well suited for specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.  
3.2 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk material as is usually the case for thin strip and wire, this test is also suitable for design purposes.  
3.3 When the test specimen is not necessarily representative of the bulk material such as a ring machined from a large forging or casting, the results of this test method may not be an accurate indicator of the magnetic properties of the bulk material. In such instances, the test results when viewed in context of past performance history will be useful for judging the suitability of the current material for the intended application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers dc testing for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes which may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for determination of the normal magnetization curve and hysteresis loop taken under conditions of steep wavefront reversals of the direct-current magnetic field strength.  
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for a testing range from very low magnetic field strength up to 200 or more Oe [15.9 or more kA/m]. The lower limit is determined by integrator sensitivity and the upper limit by heat generation in the magnetizing winding. Special techniques and short duration testing may extend the upper limit of magnetic field strength.  
1.4 Testing under this test method is inherently more accurate than other methods. When specified dimensional or shape requirements are observed, the measurements are a good approximation to absolute properties. Test accuracy available is primarily limited by the accuracy of instrumentation. In most cases, equivalent results may be obtained using Test Method A773/A773M or the test methods of IEC Publication 60404-4.  
1.5 This test method permits a choice of test specimen to permit measurement of properties in any desired direction relative to the direction of crystallographic orientation without interference from external yoke systems.  
1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear in Fig. 1 and Sections 5, 6, 9, and 10. For the official definitions see Terminology A340.  
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Ring-Type Cores  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter, main-magnetizing current circuit
A2—Multirange ammeter, hysteresis-current circuit
N1—Magnetizing (primary) winding
N2—Flux-sensing (secondary) winding
F—Electronic integrator
  R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat  
1.7 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm ) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.8 The values stated in either customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, the SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections fo...

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ASTM
ASTM A34/A34M-06(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials.  
4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.  
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.  
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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