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ASTM D4056-01(2010)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Knowledge of the water content is important in lubrication, as large amounts of water can cause corrosion fatigue in steel bearings, and the complete absence of water can cause metal scuffing.
High water content has an accelerating effect on oxidation of lubricants, and can also contribute to foaming, especially at high altitude or temperature, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 and 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2010
ICS
75.100 - Lubricants, industrial oils and related products
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.L0.07 - Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids (Formally D02.1100)
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4056-01(2006) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
Effective Date
01-May-2010

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ASTM D4056-01(2010) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester LubricantsASTM D4056-01(2010) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
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ASTM D4056-01(2010) - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4056 − 01(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Estimation of Solubility of Water in Hydrocarbon and
Aliphatic Ester Lubricants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4056; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon
D2502Test Method for Estimation of Mean Relative Mo-
andaliphaticesterlubricants,attemperaturesbetween277and
lecular Mass of Petroleum Oils from Viscosity Measure-
373K.Thetestmethodislimitedtoliquidsoflowtomoderate
ments
polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not
D3238Test Method for Calculation of Carbon Distribution
over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by
and Structural Group Analysis of Petroleum Oils by the
weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.
n-d-M Method
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro
compounds, and alcohols.
3. Terminology
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
containing widely different chemical species. This excludes
3.1.1 charge transfer parameter—the portion of the solubil-
blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing
ity parameter not attributed to London or Keesom forces.
detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying
3.1.1.1 Discussion—It includes hydrogen bonds, induced
additives.
dipoles, and other quasichemical forces.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1.1.2 Discussion—The square of the solubility parameter
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information equals the sum of the squares of the three partial parameters.
only.
3.1.2 dispersion parameter—the portion of the solubility
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the parameter attributed to London forces.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 polar parameter—the portion of the solubility param-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
eter attributed to Keesom (permanent dipole) forces.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.4 solubility parameter—the square root of the cohesive
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
energy density (heat of vaporization minus work of
vaporization, per unit volume of liquid), at 298 K.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2 Symbols:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D94Test Methods for Saponification Number of Petroleum
CA
Products
C = percentage of aromatic carbons,
A
D1218Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive
C = percentage of naphthenic carbons,
N
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
d = density of lubricant at 298 K, g/mL,
G = solubility by weight, mg/kg (ppm),
M = molecular weight of lubricant, g/mol,
n = refractive index of lubricant at 298 K,
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
RH = relative humidity,%,
D02.L0.07 on Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids
S = saponification number, mg of KOH/g of lubricant,
(Formally D02.1100).
T = system temperature, K,
Current edition approved May 1, 2010. Published May 2010. Originally
V = molar volume of lubricant, mL/mol,
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D4056–01 (2006).
x = mole fraction of water in equilibrium mixture,
DOI: 10.1520/D4056-01R10.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
y = Lorentz-Lorenz refractivity function,
0.5
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
δ = dispersion parameter, (MPa) ,
d
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on 0.5
P = polar parameter, (MPa) ,
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4056 − 01 (2010)
0.5
6.4.2 Calculate the parameter as follows:
H = charge transfer parameter, (MPa) ,
φ = volume fraction of lubricant in equilibrium mixture,
P 50.00815 Sdand (6)
and
0.5
H 50.00173 SM/V (7)
φ = volume fraction of water in equilibrium mixture.
6.5 Calculate the volume fraction of water at 298 K and
4. Summary of Test Method
saturation as follows:
2 2
4.1 Data required are the density, refractive index, and φ 5exp[0.00726φ 18.00 2δ 12.39 15.55 (8)
~~ ! ~
2 1 d
molecularweightofahydrocarbon.Thesaponificationnumber
2 2
2P) 12.39 ~16.27 2 H! )1~1 218/V!φ ]
is also required for an ester. From these are calculated the 1
NOTE 1—For hydrocarbons, it may be safely assumed that φ =1.00.
carbon distribution for a hydrocarbon, and then the partial 1
However, that can introduce a significant error for some esters, so
solubility parameters. These in turn are used to calculate the
calculateφ stepwise.Startwithφ =1.00,nextstepφ =1−φ fromthe
2 1 1 2
volume fraction of water dissolved at 298 K at saturation.This
first step, and so on until no further significant change is noted.
is converted to mole fraction, and adjusted to system tempera-
6.5.1 Rarely are more than three steps needed to obtain
ture. The mole fraction is then converted to solubility by
constancy to three significant figures. A small programmable
weight.Ifthesystematmosphereisnotsaturated,thesolubility
calculator, which is strongly recommended for the whole
is multiplied by the relative humidity.
procedure,canreadilybesetintotheinterativecycledescribed.
5. Significance and Use
6.6 Calculate the mole fraction at 298 K as follows:
5.1 Knowledge of the water content is important in
x 5Vϕ /18 (9)
lubrication, as large amounts of water can cause corrosion
6.7 Calculatethesolubilitybyweightat298K,usingEq10:
fatigueinsteelbearings,andtheco
...

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