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ASTM D6201-99

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation

Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation

SCOPE
1.1 This test method coves an engine dynamometer test procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of unleaded spark-ignition engine fuels. This test uses a Ford Ranger 2.3 L four-cylinder engine. The following details the procedure, hardware, and operations used for this test.
1.2 The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) is responsible for engine test stand certification as well as issuance of information letters after test method modifications are approved by Subcommittee D02.A and Committee D02. Users of this test method shall request copies of recent information letters from the TMC to ensure proper conduct of the test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Approximate inch-pound units are shown in parenthesis for information.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given throughout this test method.
1.4 This test method is arranged as follows:SubjectSectionScope1Referenced Documents2Terminology3Summary of Test Method4Significance and Use5Apparatus6Laboratory Facilities6.1Test Stand Laboratory Equipment6.2Test Engine Hardware6.3Special Measurement and Assembly Equipment6.4Reagents and Materials7Fuel7.1Engine Oil and Assembly Lubricant7.2Engine Coolant7.3Solvents and Cleaners7.4Fuel Injector Test Fluid7.5Valve Lapping Compound7.6Crushed Walnut Shells7.7Desiccant7.8Hazards8Specific Hazards8.1Reference Fuel9Reference Base Fuel Batch Approval Process9.1Fuel Batch Analyses9.2Fuel Batch Shipment and Storage9.3Preparation of Apparatus10Test Stand Preparation10.1Engine Block Preparation10.2Preparation of Miscellaneous Engine Components10.3Cylinder Head Preparation10.4Cylinder Head Assembly10.5Cylinder Head Installation10.6Final Engine Assembly10.7Calibration11Test Stand Calibration11.1Instrumentation Calibration11.2Test Procedure12Pretest Procedure12.1Engine Operating Procedure12.2Periodic Measurements and Functions12.3End of Test Procedures12.4Determination of Test Results13Post-test Intake Valve Weighing Procedure13.1Photographs of Parts - General13.2Induction System Rating13.3Determination of Test Validity - Engine Conformance13.4Final Test Report14Standard Report14.1Data Acquisition Summary Report14.2Photographs of Specific Parts14.3Precision and Bias15Precision15.1Bias15.2Keywords16AnnexesDetailed Specifications and Photographs of ApparatusAnnex A1Engine Part Number ListingAnnex A2

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.A0 - Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D6201-00 - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001

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ASTM D6201-99 - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit FormationASTM D6201-99 - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
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ASTM D6201-99 - Standard Test Method for Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
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28 pages
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 6201 – 99 An American National Standard
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS
100 Barr Harbor Dr., West Conshohocken, PA 19428
Reprinted from the Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Copyright ASTM
Standard Test Method for
Dynamometer Evaluation of Unleaded Spark-Ignition Engine
Fuel for Intake Valve Deposit Formation
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 6201; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Subject Section
Crushed Walnut Shells 7.7
1.1 This test method coves an engine dynamometer test
Desiccant 7.8
procedure for evaluation of intake valve deposit formation of
Hazards 8
Specific Hazards 8.1
unleaded spark-ignition engine fuels. This test uses a Ford
Reference Fuel 9
Ranger 2.3 L four-cylinder engine. The following details the
Reference Base Fuel Batch Approval Process 9.1
procedure, hardware, and operations used for this test. Fuel Batch Analyses 9.2
Fuel Batch Shipment and Storage 9.3
1.2 The ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) is respon-
Preparation of Apparatus 10
sible for engine test stand certification as well as issuance of
Test Stand Preparation 10.1
information letters after test method modifications are ap- Engine Block Preparation 10.2
Preparation of Miscellaneous Engine Components 10.3
proved by Subcommittee D02.A and Committee D02. Users of
Cylinder Head Preparation 10.4
this test method shall request copies of recent information
Cylinder Head Assembly 10.5
letters from the TMC to ensure proper conduct of the test
Cylinder Head Installation 10.6
Final Engine Assembly 10.7
method.
Calibration 11
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
Test Stand Calibration 11.1
standard. Approximate inch-pound units are shown in paren- Instrumentation Calibration 11.2
Test Procedure 12
thesis for information.
Pretest Procedure 12.1
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Engine Operating Procedure 12.2
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Periodic Measurements and Functions 12.3
End of Test Procedures 12.4
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Determination of Test Results 13
priate safety and health practices and determine applicability
Post-test Intake Valve Weighing Procedure 13.1
Photographs of Parts - General 13.2
of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary
Induction System Rating 13.3
statements are given throughout this test method.
Determination of Test Validity - Engine Conformance 13.4
1.5 This test method is arranged as follows:
Final Test Report 14
Standard Report 14.1
Subject Section
Data Acquisition Summary Report 14.2
Scope 1
Photographs of Specific Parts 14.3
Referenced Documents 2
Precision and Bias 15
Terminology 3
Precision 15.1
Summary of Test Method 4
Bias 15.2
Significance and Use 5
Keywords 16
Apparatus 6
Laboratory Facilities 6.1
Annexes
Test Stand Laboratory Equipment 6.2
Detailed Specifications and Photographs of Apparatus Annex A1
Test Engine Hardware 6.3
Engine Part Number Listing Annex A2
Special Measurement and Assembly Equipment 6.4
Reagents and Materials 7
2. Referenced Documents
Fuel 7.1
Engine Oil and Assembly Lubricant 7.2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Engine Coolant 7.3
D 86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products
Solvents and Cleaners 7.4
Fuel Injector Test Fluid 7.5
D 235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
Valve Lapping Compound 7.6
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvents)
D 287 Test Method for API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and
Petroleum Products (Hydrometer Method)
D 381 Test Method for Existent Gum in Fuels by Jet
This test method is under jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum
Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D02.A on
Evaporation
Gasoline.
Current edition approved June 10, 1999. Published August 1999. Originally
published as D 6201 – 97. Last previous edition D 6201 – 97. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.01.
2 4
ASTM Test Monitoring Center, 6555 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15206-4489. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 06.04.
D 6201
D 525 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Gasoline J254 Instrumentation and Techniques for Exhaust Gas
(Induction Period Method) Emissions Measurement
D 873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels
3 3. Terminology
(Potential Residue Method)
D 1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition en-
(Lamp Method)
D 1298 Practice for Density, Relative Density (Specific gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but
may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactiva-
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
tors, dyes, or oxygenates, or a combination thereof.
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
3.1.2 blowby, n—the combustion products and unburned
D 1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
air/fuel mixture that enter the crankcase.
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
3.1.3 deposit control additive, n—material added to the base
D 1744 Test Method for Determination of Water in Liquid
fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
Petroleum Products by Karl Fischer Reagent
system.
D 2427 Test Method for Determination of C Through C
2 5
3.1.3.1 Discussion—For the purpose of this test method, the
Hydrocarbons in Gasolines by Gas Chromatography
performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited
D 2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
to the tulip area of intake valves.
X-ray Spectrometry
3.1.4 exhaust emissions, n—combustion products from the
D 3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic
test fuel including unburned hydrocarbons (HC), carbon mon-
Absorption Spectrometry
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO ), unreacted oxygen (O ), and
2 2
oxides of nitrogen (NO ).
Petroleum Products
x
D 4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by 3.1.5 intake system, n—components of the engine whose
function it is to prepare and deliver an air/fuel mixture to the
Energy-Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy
D 4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine combustion chamber and includes the throttle, intake manifold,
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and positive crankcase venti-
Fuel
D 4953 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Gasoline and lation (PCV) ports, cylinder head runners and ports, intake
valves, and fuel injectors.
Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends (Dry Method)
3.1.6 intake valve deposit, n—material accumulated on the
D 5059 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by X-ray Spec-
tulip area of the intake valve, generally composed of carbon,
troscopy
other fuel, lubricant, and additive decomposition products, and
D 5190 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
atmospheric contaminants.
ucts (Automatic Method)
3.1.7 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of
D 5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
a deposit control additive.
ucts (Mini Method)
D 5302 Test Method for Evaluation of Automotive Engine
4. Summary of Test Method
Oils for Inhibition of Deposit Formation and Wear in a
4.1 This test method utilizes a 1994 Ford 2.3 L in-line, four
Spark-Ignition Internal Combustion Engine Fueled with
cylinder, Ford Ranger truck engine with 49 state emission
Gasoline and Operated under Low-Temperature, Light-
calibration. The cylinder block and cylinder head are con-
Duty Conditions
structed of cast iron. The engine features an overhead cam-
D 5482 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
shaft, a cross-flow, fast burn cylinder head design, and elec-
ucts (Mini Method - Atmospheric)
tronic port fuel injection.
E 203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer
4.2 Each test engine is built to a rigid set of specifications
Titration
using a specially designated intake valve deposit parts kit
E 1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by
produced by the Ford Motor Co. New, weighed, intake valves
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration
are used to rebuild the cylinder head. A standard engine oil is
2.2 ANSI Standard:
used for each test and a new oil filter is installed. The test
MC96.1 Temperature Measurement-Thermocouples
engine is subjected to a rigorous quality control procedure to
2.3 Coordinating Research Council (CRC):
verify proper engine operation. To ensure compliance with the
CRC Manual 16, Carburetor and Induction System Rating
test objective, data acquisition of key parameters is utilized
Manual
during test operation.
2.4 SAE Standard:
4.3 The complete fuel system is flushed of test fuel from the
previous test. The fuel system is then filled with the new test
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.02.
fuel.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 05.03.
7 4.4 The engine is operated on a cycle consisting of two
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 15.05.
stages. The first stage comprises operating the engine at 2000
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 West 42nd Street,
13th Floor, New York, NY 10036.
r/min and 30.6 kPa (230 mm Hg) manifold absolute pressure
Available from the Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Center
for 4 min. The second stage comprises operating the engine at
Pkwy., Atlanta, GA 30346.
2800 r/min and 71.8 kPa (540 mm Hg) manifold absolute
Available from Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc., 400 Commonwealth
Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001. pressure for 8 min. Ramp time between each stage is 30 s and
D 6201
is independent of the stage times. The cycle is repeated for 100 free of contaminants. The humidity should be maintained at a
h. uniform comfortable level. Because of the delicate nature of
the deposits, do not subject the deposits to extreme changes in
5. Significance and Use
temperature or humidity. See precautionary Note 2.
5.1 Test Method— The Coordinating Research Council
6.1.5 Parts Rating and Intake Valve Weighing Area—The
sponsored testing at EG & G Automotive Research to develop
parts rating area shall be reasonably free from contaminants.
this test method to evaluate a fuel’s tendency to form intake
6.2 Test Stand Laboratory Equipment:
valve deposits.
6.2.1 Test Stand Configuration—An example of a similar
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory
test stand configuration is described in Test Method D 5302
Action—Regulatory action by California Air Resources Board
(Sequence VE lubricant test method) since the same Ford 2.3
(CARB) and the United States Environmental Protection
L base engine is utilized. Mount the engine on the test stand so
Agency (EPA) necessitate the acceptance of a standardized
that the flywheel friction face is 4.0 6 0.5° from the vertical
test method to evaluate the intake system deposit forming
with the front of the engine higher than the rear. The engine
tendency of an automotive spark-ignition engine fuel.
shall be coupled directly to the dynamometer through a
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and
driveshaft. Engine driven accessories include engine water
design of the engine used in this test method are not represen-
pump and alternator or idler pulley configuration as detailed in
tative of all engines. These factors shall be considered when
10.7.9 The alternator serves only as an idler pulley; it is not
interpreting test results.
energized.
5.2 Test Validity:
6.2.2 Dynamometer Speed and Load Control System—The
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not con-
dynamometer used for this test is the Midwest 1014, 175
sidered valid unless the test is completed in compliance with all
horsepower, dry gap dynamometer or equivalent. Equivalency
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the param-
means that the dynamometer and dynamometer control system
eter limits presented in Sections 12, 13, and 14 will result in an
shall be capable of controlling the stage transitions to the
invalid test. Apply engineering judgment during conduct of the
procedural specifications as detailed in Table 1.
test method when assessing any anomalies to ensure validity of
6.2.3 Intake Air Supply System—The intake air supply
the test results.
system is the production intake air system including the
5.2.2 Engine Compliance—A test is not considered valid
extension between the air filter housing and the upper intake
unless the test engine meets the quality control inspection
manifold. Locate the intake air pressure and temperature
requirements as described in Sections 10 and 12.
probes in the production air filter housing between the air filter
6. Apparatus
and the engine intake manifold. Install the intake air tempera-
ture probe 50 6 10 mm into the housing. Install the intake air
NOTE 1—Photographs are provided in Annex A1 depicting the required
pressure probe 5 6 3 mm into the housing. Take humidity
apparatus and suggesting appropriate design details.
readings within the ducting of the intake air supply system
6.1 Laboratory Facilities:
supplying the engine. See Fig. A1.4 for a detailed description.
6.1.1 Engine and Cylinder Head Build-up and Measurement
6.2.4 Exhaust System— The exhaust system consists of the
Area—The engine and cylinder head build-up and measure-
production exhaust manifold, exhaust back pressure control
ment area shall be reasonably free from contaminants and
valve, exhaust back pressure probe, exhaust emissions probe(s)
maintained at a uniform temperature 6 3°C (6 5°F) between
(if applicable), and the engine oxygen sensor. Locate the
10 to 27°C (50 to 80°F).
exhaust emissions probe and the exhaust back pressure probe
6.1.2 Engine Operating Area—The engine operating area
downstream of the engine oxygen sensor at a distance no
should be relatively free from contaminants. The temperature
greater than 400 mm and position the probes at the center of the
and humidity level of the operating area are not specified. Air
exhaust stream. Figure A1.6 gives details regarding the exhaust
from a fan can be routed on to the production air intake system
back pressure probe configuration and location.
to assist in maintaining intake air temperature control.
6.2.5 Fuel Supply System—A schematic diagram of a typi-
6.1.3 Fuel Injector Testing Area—The fuel injector testing
cal fuel supply system is shown in Fig. A1.7. Supply an excess
area shall be reasonably free of contaminants. The humidity
volume of fuel to the fuel rai
...

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Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
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5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation.  
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This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
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1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1322-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.  
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.  
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8147-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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