ASTM D1322-14
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see ASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporting data) involving 11 manual laboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demonstrated objective rating and superior control and should be considered the preferred approach.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D1322 − 14 AnAmerican National Standard
Designation: 598/12
Standard Test Method for
Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* 2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination and application
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determina-
of precision data in relation to methods of test
tion of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a
IP 598 Petroleum products - Determination of the smoke
manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give
point of kerosine, manual and automated method
results with different precision.
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum
1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see
(now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
ASTMRR:D02-1747forsupportingdata)involving11manual
laboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples 3. Terminology
tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demon-
3.1 Definitions:
strated objective rating and superior control and should be
3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate,
considered the preferred approach.
generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as 3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
standard.
3.1.2 kerosine, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling be-
tween 140 and 300°C, generally used in lighting and heating
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the applications.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.2.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- volatility ranges and sulfur content.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres,
2. Referenced Documents
of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specified design.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
4. Summary of Test Method
Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance 4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke
Measurement System Performance point. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with
the test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest
0.5 mm with the manual apparatus and to the nearest 0.1 mm
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
with the automated apparatus.
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
ε1
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D1322 – 12 . DOI:
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative
10.1520/D1322-14.
smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1322 − 14
FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automated)
6.2 Smoke Point Lamp (Automated) , in addition to the
basic components described in Annex A1, as shown in Fig. 2,
automated units also shall be equipped with a digital camera
connectedtoacomputertoanalyzeandrecordtheheightofthe
flame, a candle displacement system to adjust the height of the
flame, and a barometric pressure acquisition system associated
to a calibration database to select the right calibration value for
the automatic calculation of the correction factor defined in
10.1.2.
6.2.1 Thedigitalcameraassociatedtoitsdedicatedsoftware
shall have a minimum resolution of 0.05 mm for the flame
height measurement.
6.3 Barometer—With accuracy of 60.5 kPa.
FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual)
6.4 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality,
having the following characteristics:
fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3
Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4
hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the
Weft 40 tex by 2
more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke
Picks 6 per centimetre
point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
6.5 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A.
5.2 Thesmokepointisquantitativelyrelatedtothepotential
7. Reagents and Materials
radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.
Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the
7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (Warning—
metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section
Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.))
parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for
correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these com-
The sole source of supply of the automated apparatus known to the committee
ponents.
at this time is AD systems (www.adsystems-sa.com), model SP 10 – Smoke Point,
available from AD systems, Allée de Cindais, P.A. Portes de la Suisse Normande,
6. Apparatus 14320 Saint-André-sur-Orne, France. If you are aware of alternative suppliers,
please provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your com-
6.1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual), as shown in Fig. 1 and
ments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical
described in detail in Annex A1. committee, which you may attend.
D1322 − 14
TABLE 1 Reference Fuel Blends
oven,oruseaforced-draftandexplosion-proofovenfordrying
Standard Smoke Point at wicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110°C, and store in a
Toluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
101.3 kPa
dessicator until used.
mm % (V/V) % (V/V)
9.3.1 Extracted wicks are commercially available and may
14.7 40 60
be used, provided that they have been certified as being
20.2 25 75
22.7 20 80 extracted by the procedure outlined in 9.3. Store purchased
25.8 15 85
extracted wicks in a desiccator over desiccant until use. After
30.2 10 90
use, extract these wicks as in 9.3 before using again.
35.4 5 95
42.8 0 100
10. Calibration of Apparatus
Manual Apparatus
7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum purity
10.1 Confirm calibration of the apparatus in accordance
99.75 mass %. (Warning—Flammable, vapor harmful. (See
with 10.1.3 or calibrate, if needed, in accordance with 10.1.1
Annex A2.2.))
prior to first use of the day. Recalibrate when there has been a
7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous. (Warning—
change in the apparatus or operator, or when a change of more
Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.))
than 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric pressure reading.
10.1.1 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the refer-
7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels under
test, prepared accurately from toluene and 2,2,4- ence fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified
trimethylpentane,inaccordancewiththecompositionsgivenin inSection 11and,ifpossible,bracketingthesmokepointofthe
Table 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes, with a sample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends having
precision of 60.2% or better. their smoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.
10.1.2 Determine the correction factor, f, for the apparatus
7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99 mass %. (Warning—
from the equation:
Extremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (See Annex
As ⁄Ad 1 Bs ⁄Bd
A2.4.)) ~ ! ~ !
f 5 (1)
8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples
where:
8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by the
As = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel
procedures described in Practice D4057. Use the sample as
blend,
received. Allow all samples to come to ambient temperature
Ad = the smoke point determined for the first reference fuel
(20 6 5°C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy or
blend,
appears to contain foreign material, filter through qualitative
Bs = the standard smoke point of the second reference fuel
filter paper.
blend, and
Bd = the smoke point determined for the second reference
9. Preparation of Apparatus
fuel blend.
Manual Apparatus
If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactly
matches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend,
9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical position in a room where it
use as the second bracketing reference fuel the reference fuel
canbecompletelyprotectedfromdrafts.Carefullyinspecteach
blend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one.
new lamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the air
Otherwise, use the one with the next closest smoke point.
inlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted, and of
10.1.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of the
propersize.Thegalleryshallbesolocatedthattheairholesare
apparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each day
completely unobstructed.
the apparatus is in use. Record the results and compare the
NOTE 2—Slight variations in these items all have a marked effect on the
average from the database of the control sample using control
precision of the result obtained.
charts or equivalent statistical techniques. If the difference
9.1.1 Iftheroomisnotcompletelydraft-free,placethelamp
exceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, then
in a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistant
the apparatus must be recalibrated.
material (not containing asbestos), open at the front.The top of
the box shall be at least 150 mm above the top of the chimney
Automated Apparatus
and the inside of the box painted dull black.
10.2 The apparatus shall have a calibration database for the
storage of the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1.
Automated Apparatus
Each calibration test performed with the reference fuel blends
9.2 Prepare the apparatus according to the manufacturer’s
shall be stored in this database in addition with the barometric
instructions.
pressure observed at the moment the calibration was per-
9.3 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous formed.
determination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a 10.2.1 The apparatus shall have the capability to automati-
mixture of equal volumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol. cally calculate the correction factor f according to Eq 1 by
Allow the wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in the automatically selecting in its calibration database the reference
D1322 − 14
fuel blends values specified in Table 1, using the procedure
specified in Section 12 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke
point of the sample. If this is not possible, it shall use the two
test blend results having their smoke points nearest to the
smoke point of the sample.
NOTE 3—The digital camera and the associated software replace the
operator eyes for the observation of the flame. Consequently it is not
necessary to recalibrate the apparatus when there has been a change in the
operator.
10.2.2 Record the barometric pressure and check in the
calibration database that the instrument has been calibrated at
that recorded pressure 60.7 kPa. If no calibration values exist
for the seven blends specified in Table 1 at the pressure
observed 60.7 kPa, calibrate the apparatus in accordance with
10.2.3. If calibration values exist for the seven blends specified
in Table 1, in other words, if the instrument has been already
calibrated at the pressure observed, check the apparatus in
accordance with 10.2.4.
NOTE 4—Because the automated apparatus stores the smoke points
obtained with the referencefuelsatdifferentbarometricpressures, it is not
necessary to recalibrate the apparatus when a change of more than 0.7 kPa
occurs in the barometric pressure reading. Depending on the barometric
pressure entered at the test initiation, the apparatus will automatically use
the correct stored values obtained with the fuel blends. If the correct
values are not yet stored, the apparatus will prompt the operator in order
to perform the calibration at the pressure observed.
10.2.3 Calibratetheapparatusbytestingthesevenreference
fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified in
Section 11.
10.2.4 At regular intervals of not more than seven days or
when there has been a change in the apparatus, verify that the
apparatus is performing properly by using a quality control
(QC) sample that is representative of the fuel(s) routinely
tested by the laboratory to confirm that the apparatus is in
statistical control following the guidelines given in Practice
D6299. If the difference exceeds the control limits, recalibrate
the apparatus.
11. Procedure
11.1 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick, not less than
125 mm long, in the sample and place it in the wick tube of the
candle (Fig. 3). Carefully ease out any twists arising from this
operation. In cases of dispute, or of referee tests, always use a
new wick, prepared in the manner specified in 9.3.
11.1.1 It is advisable to resoak the burning-end of the wick
in the sample after the wick is inserted in the wick tube.
11.2 Introduce as near to 20 mL of the prepared sample as
FIG. 3 Wick Tube
available, but not less than 10 mL, at room temperature, into
the clean, dry candle.
4).Thewick-trimmerholderisinsertedoverthetopofthewick
11.3 Placethewicktubeinthecandleandscrewhome.Take tube (Fig. 5—Step 1) and the long-nosed triceps are inserted
carethatthecandleairventisfreefromfuel.Ifawick-trimmer
through the tube and holder (Fig. 5—Step 2). The wick is
assembly is not being used, cut the wick horizontally and trim grasped (Fi
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2
Designation: D1322 − 12 D1322 − 14 An American National Standard
Designation: 598/12
Standard Test Method for
Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
ε NOTE—Corrected Note 4 and Table A1.1 editorially in February 2013.
ε NOTE—Corrected 10.2.2 and Note 4 editorially in February 2014.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel, a manual
procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.
1.2 An interlaboratory study was conducted in 2012 (see ASTM RR:D02-1747 for supporting data) involving 11 manual
laboratories and 13 automated laboratories, with 15 samples tested in blind duplicate. The automated procedure demonstrated
objective rating and superior control and should be considered the preferred approach.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical Measure-
ment System Performance
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP 367 Petroleum products - Determination and application of precision data in relation to methods of test
IP 598 Petroleum products - Determination of the smoke point of kerosine, manual and automated method
NOTE 1—Only IP 598 published in 2012 by the Institute of Petroleum (now Energy Institute) is equivalent to D1322; IP 57 is not equivalent.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel, n—refined petroleum distillate, generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012Oct. 1, 2014. Published November 2012December 2014. Originally approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 20082012
ε1
as D1322D1322 – 12 –08. DOI: 10.1520/D1322-12.10.1520/D1322-14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
3.1.2 kerosine, n—refined petroleum distillate, boiling between 140 and 300°C, generally used in lighting and heating
applications.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1322 − 14
3.1.2.1 Discussion—
Different grades are characterized by volatility ranges and sulfur content.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 smoke point, n—the maximum height, in millimetres, of a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of specified
design.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that is calibrated against pure hydrocarbon blends of known smoke
point. The maximum height of flame that can be achieved with the test fuel without smoking is determined to the nearest 0.5 mm
with the manual apparatus and to the nearest 0.1 mm with the automated apparatus.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuels
in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic
the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.
Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of
gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual), as shown in Fig. 1 and described in detail in Annex A1.
6.2 Smoke Point Lamp (Automated) , in addition to the basic components described in Annex A1, as shown in Fig. 2, automated
units also shall be equipped with a digital camera connected to a computer to analyze and record the height of the flame, a candle
displacement system to adjust the height of the flame, and a barometric pressure acquisition system associated to a calibration
database to select the right calibration value for the automatic calculation of the correction factor defined in 10.1.2.
6.2.1 The digital camera associated to its dedicated software shall have a minimum resolution of 0.05 mm for the flame height
measurement.
6.3 Barometer—With accuracy of 60.5 kPa.
6.4 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality, having the following characteristics:
Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3
Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4
Weft 40 tex by 2
Picks 6 per centimetre
6.5 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A.
7. Reagents and Materials
7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (Warning—Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.))
7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum purity 99.75 mass %. (Warning—Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex
A2.2.))
7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous. (Warning—Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.))
7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels under test, prepared accurately from toluene and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, in
accordance with the compositions given in Table 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes, with a precision of 60.2% or better.
7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99 mass %. (Warning—Extremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (See Annex A2.4.))
8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples
8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by the procedures described in Practice D4057. Use the sample as received. Allow
all samples to come to ambient temperature (20 6 5°C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy or appears to contain
foreign material, filter through qualitative filter paper.
The sole source of supply of the automated apparatus known to the committee at this time is AD systems (www.adsystems-sa.com), model SP 10 – Smoke Point, available
from AD systems, Allée de Cindais, P.A. Portes de la Suisse Normande, 14320 Saint-André-sur-Orne, France. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this
information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee, which you may
attend.
D1322 − 14
FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp (Manual)
9. Preparation of Apparatus
Manual Apparatus
9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical position in a room where it can be completely protected from drafts. Carefully inspect each new
lamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the air inlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted, and of proper size.
The gallery shall be so located that the air holes are completely unobstructed.
NOTE 2—Slight variations in these items all have a marked effect on the precision of the result obtained.
9.1.1 If the room is not completely draft-free, place the lamp in a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistant material
(not containing asbestos), open at the front. The top of the box shall be at least 150 mm above the top of the chimney and the inside
of the box painted dull black.
Automated Apparatus
9.2 Prepare the apparatus according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
9.3 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous determination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a mixture of equal
volumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol. Allow the wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in the oven, or use a
forced-draft and explosion-proof oven for drying wicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110°C, and store in a dessicator until
used.
9.3.1 Extracted wicks are commercially available and may be used, provided that they have been certified as being extracted
by the procedure outlined in 9.3. Store purchased extracted wicks in a desiccator over desiccant until use. After use, extract these
wicks as in 9.3 before using again.
D1322 − 14
FIG. 2 Smoke Point Principle (Automated)
TABLE 1 Reference Fuel Blends
Standard Smoke Point at
Toluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
101.3 kPa
mm % (V/V) % (V/V)
14.7 40 60
20.2 25 75
22.7 20 80
25.8 15 85
30.2 10 90
35.4 5 95
42.8 0 100
10. Calibration of Apparatus
Manual Apparatus
10.1 Confirm calibration of the apparatus in accordance with 10.1.3 or calibrate, if needed, in accordance with 10.1.1 prior to
first use of the day. Recalibrate when there has been a change in the apparatus or operator, or when a change of more than 0.7 kPa
occurs in the barometric pressure reading.
10.1.1 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the reference fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified in
Section 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends having their
smoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.
10.1.2 Determine the correction factor, f, for the apparatus from the equation:
A s ⁄ A d 1 B s ⁄ B d
~ ! ~ !
f 5 (1)
where:
As = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel blend,
Ad = the smoke point determined for the first reference fuel blend,
Bs = the standard smoke point of the second reference fuel blend, and
Bd = the smoke point determined for the second reference fuel blend.
If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactly matches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend, use as
the second bracketing reference fuel the reference fuel blend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one. Otherwise, use the
one with the next closest smoke point.
10.1.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of the apparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each day the
apparatus is in use. Record the results and compare the average from the database of the control sample using control charts or
equivalent statistical techniques. If the difference exceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, then the apparatus must
be recalibrated.
D1322 − 14
Automated Apparatus
10.2 The apparatus shall have a calibration database for the storage of the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1. Each
calibration test performed with the reference fuel blends shall be stored in this database in addition with the barometric pressure
observed at the moment the calibration was performed.
10.2.1 The apparatus shall have the capability to automatically calculate the correction factor f according to Eq 1 by
automatically selecting in its calibration database the reference fuel blends values specified in Table 1, using the procedure
specified in Section 12 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the sample. If this is not possible, it shall use the two test
blend results having their smoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.
NOTE 3—The digital camera and the associated software replace the operator eyes for the observation of the flame. Consequently it is not necessary
to recalibrate the apparatus when there has been a change in the operator.
10.2.2 Record the barometric pressure and check in the calibration database that the instrument has been calibrated at that
recorded pressure 60.7 kPa. If no calibration values exist for the seven blends specified in Table 1 at the pressure observed 60.7
kPa, calibrate the apparatus in accordance with 10.2.3. If calibration values exist for the seven blends specified in Table 1, in other
words, if the instrument has been already calibrated at the pressure observed, check the apparatus in accordance with 10.2.4.
NOTE 4—Because the automated apparatus stores the smoke points obtained with the reference fuels at different barometric pressures, it is not necessary
to recalibrate the apparatus when a change of more than 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric pressure reading. Depending on the barometric pressure entered
at the test initiation, the apparatus will automatically use the correct stored values obtained with the fuel blends. If the correct values are not yet stored,
the apparatus will prompt the operator in order to perform the calibration at the pressure observed.
10.2.3 Calibrate the apparatus by testing the seven reference fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified in
Section 11.
10.2.4 At regular intervals of not more than seven days or when there has been a change in the apparatus, verify that the
apparatus is performing properly by using a quality control (QC) sample that is representative of the fuel(s) routinely tested by the
laboratory to confirm that the apparatus is in statistical control following the guidelines given in Practice D6299. If the difference
exceeds the control limits, recalibrate the apparatus.
11. Procedure
11.1 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick, not less than 125 mm long, in the sample and place it in the wick tube of the
candle (Fig. 3). Carefully ease out any twists arising from this operation. In cases of dispute, or of referee tests, always use a new
wick, prepared in the manner spe
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Questions, Comments and Discussion
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