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ASTM A909/A909M-06(2011)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use

Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use

ABSTRACT
This specification covers wrought, microalloyed carbon steel forgings for general industrial use. Materials shall be produced by melting processes and killing. It shall also be hot forged by hot mechanical work. Conformance of the forgings to chemical composition requirements shall be examined by heat and product analyses. Metallurgical requirements such as grain size and microstructure, and mechanical property requirements such as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation, hardness, and ductility, shall also be evaluated. Steel forgings that fail to meet specified mechanical property values shall be retreated either by tempering or heat treatment, and then retested.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers wrought, microalloyed carbon steel forgings for industrial use. Microalloyed steels develop their properties by the addition of small amounts of microalloying elements such as vanadium, columbium, titanium, or molybdenum. The properties may be influenced also by control of the hot working process and temperature and by control of the subsequent cooling rate.  
1.2 The forgings shall be furnished to chemical composition and mechanical property requirements as specified herein. Chemical composition is based on standard carbon steel grades modified to include microalloying elements. Strength level is specified based on desired mechanical properties in the forgings. Depending on the forging process, different strength classes may be attainable from a single chemical composition. Conversely, mechanical properties of a given strength class may be achieved using different chemical compositions. The manufacturer should be consulted if development of chemical composition is necessary.
1.3 For the purpose of this specification, forgings with maximum section thickness of 4 in. [100 mm] are to be considered.
1.4 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S8 are provided for use when additional controls or requirements are desired. These shall apply only when specified on the purchase order.  
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI (metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text and tables, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this specification.  
1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Mar-2011
ICS
77.140.85 - Iron and steel forgings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.06 - Steel Forgings and Billets
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A909/A909M-06 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use
Effective Date
01-Apr-2011
Referred By
ASTM A788/A788M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, General Requirements
Effective Date
01-Apr-2011

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ASTM A909/A909M-06(2011) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial UseASTM A909/A909M-06(2011) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use
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ASTM A909/A909M-06(2011) - Standard Specification for Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A909/A909M −06(Reapproved 2011)
Standard Specification for
Steel Forgings, Microalloy, for General Industrial Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA909/A909M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers wrought, microalloyed carbon 2.1 ASTM Standards:
steel forgings for industrial use. Microalloyed steels develop A29/A29M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon and Alloy,
their properties by the addition of small amounts of microal- Hot-Wrought, General Requirements for
loying elements such as vanadium, columbium, titanium, or A275/A275M Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of
molybdenum.Thepropertiesmaybeinfluencedalsobycontrol Steel Forgings
of the hot working process and temperature and by control of A370 Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing
the subsequent cooling rate. of Steel Products
A576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,
1.2 The forgings shall be furnished to chemical composition
Special Quality
and mechanical property requirements as specified herein.
A751 Test Methods, Practices, and Terminology for Chemi-
Chemical composition is based on standard carbon steel grades
cal Analysis of Steel Products
modified to include microalloying elements. Strength level is
A788/A788M Specification for Steel Forgings, General Re-
specified based on desired mechanical properties in the forg-
quirements
ings. Depending on the forging process, different strength
A921/A921M Specification for Steel Bars, Microalloy, Hot-
classes may be attainable from a single chemical composition.
Wrought, Special Quality, for Subsequent Hot Forging
Conversely, mechanical properties of a given strength class
E10 Test Method for Brinell Hardness of Metallic Materials
may be achieved using different chemical compositions. The
E18 Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness of Metallic Ma-
manufacturer should be consulted if development of chemical
terials
composition is necessary.
E45 Test Methods for Determining the Inclusion Content of
1.3 For the purpose of this specification, forgings with
Steel
maximum section thickness of 4 in. [100 mm] are to be
considered. 3. Terminology
1.4 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S8 are provided for 3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
use when additional controls or requirements are desired. 3.1.1 microalloy forgings—forgings from microalloyed
These shall apply only when specified on the purchase order. steels produced by effectively controlling the thermomechani-
cal components of the forging process to achieve required
1.5 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI
mechanical properties with no post-forging heat treatment.
(metric) units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within
3.1.2 microalloy forging procedure—the written thermo-
the text and tables, SI units are shown in brackets. The values
mechanical processing parameters to be followed during the
stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each
production of a microalloy forging. It would include, but is not
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
limited to: starting stock size; chemical composition, including
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
any optional microalloying additions; reheat practice; forging
with this specification.
temperature range; method of heating; cooling methods; and
1.6 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specifica-
lot size definition.
tion designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-
pound units.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 Orders for material supplied to this specification should
include the information specified in 4.1 of Specification A788/
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A01 on Steel,
Stainless Steel and Related Alloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
A01.06 on Steel Forgings and Billets. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved April 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as A909/A909M – 06. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/A0909_A0909M-06R11. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
A909/A909M−06 (2011)
A788M. The purchaser should refer to Specification A788/ 6.2 Silicon analysis shall be 0.15/0.35 %. Silicon content up
A788M for information not contained in this specification. to 0.80 % maximum may be furnished by agreement between
4.1.1 The type (see 6.1), grade (see 6.1), and the remainder purchaser and producer.
of the chemical composition (see 6.2 to 6.5) should be
6.3 Vanadium, columbium (niobium), titanium, or molyb-
included.
denum may be specified singly or in combination, subject to
4.2 The information contained in 4.2 of Specification A788/ the limits shown in Table 2. The elements and ranges specified
A788M should be specified, as necessary, to adequately shall be by agreement between the purchaser and the producer.
describe the desired material.
6.4 Nitrogenmaybespecifiedasasupplementtovanadium,
4.3 In addition to the requirements of 4.1 and 4.2 of columbium, or titanium. When nitrogen is specified as a
Specification A788/A788M, the following should be included supplement to vanadium, the minimum ratio of vanadium to
in the purchase order, as applicable: nitrogen shall be 4 to 1. The nitrogen content shall not exceed
4.3.1 From Table 1, strength class or method of testing, or 0.03 % and shall be reported.
both, including test location on the forging.
6.5 Sampling for heat and product analysis shall be in
4.3.2 Definition of lot size including the number of me-
accordance with the requirements of Specification A788/
chanical tests to be performed per lot.
A788M. Chemical Analyses shall be in accordance with
4.3.3 Any supplementary requirements.
Specification A751.
5. Materials and Manufacture 7. Metallurgical Requirements
5.1 Melting Practice—The steel shall be produced in accor-
7.1 Grain Size—The steel shall conform to the fine grain
dance with the applicable methods for primary and secondary size requirement of Specification A29/A29M. The grain refin-
melting outlines in Specification A788/A788M.
ing element may be specified in accordance with one of the
following types:
5.2 The steel shall be killed.
7.1.1 Type A—Aluminum—The total aluminum analysis
5.3 Hot Forging—The forging shall be brought as close as
shall be 0.020 % or greater, and shall be reported.
practical to finish size by hot mechanical working. Controlled
7.1.2 Type B—The grain refining element shall be specified
hot working and cooling practices shall be applied to develop
in accordance with 5.1.2.3 of Specification A29/A29M.
specified mechanical properties.
7.2 Microstructure—The microstructure shall consist of a
5.4 Microalloy Forge Procedure—When requested by the
minimum of 90 % ferrite-pearlite or 90 % bainite as agreed
purchaser, a written forge procedure shall be made available to
between producer and purchaser.
the purchaser by the manufacturer.
8. Mechanical Properties
6. Chemical Composition
8.1 The mechanical properties of the forgings shall conform
6.1 Carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur analyses to the requirements listed in Table 1 for the strength class
shallconformtothetableonGradeDesignationsandChemical specified.
Requirements of Hot-Wrought Carbon Steel Bars in Specifi-
8.2 Test specimens shall be prepared for testing from the
cation A576
...

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This test method deals with the acceptance criteria for the magnetic particle examination of forged steel crankshafts and forgings having large main bearing journal or crankpin diameters. Covered here are three classes of forgings, which shall be evaluated under two areas of inspection, namely: major critical areas, and minor critical areas. During inspection, magnetic particle indications shall be classified as: surface indications, which include nonmetallic inclusions or stringers, open or twist cracks, flakes, or pipes; open or pinpoint indications; and non-open indications. Procedures for dimpling, depressing, inspection, and product marking are also mentioned.
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1.2 There are three classes, with acceptance standards of increasing severity:  
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch units.  
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Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Examination of Turbine and Generator Steel Rotor Forgings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The acceptance criteria shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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1.1 This practice for ultrasonic examination covers turbine and generator steel rotor forgings covered by Specifications A469/A469M, A470/A470M, A768/A768M, and A940/A940M. This practice shall be used for contact testing only.  
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1.3 This practice is intended to provide a means of inspecting cylindrical forgings so that the inspection sensitivity at the forging center line or bore surface is constant, independent of the forging or bore diameter. To this end, inspection sensitivity multiplication factors have been computed from theoretical analysis, with experimental verification. These are plotted in Fig. 1 (bored rotors) and Fig. 2 (solid rotors), for a true inspection frequency of 2.25 MHz, and an acoustic velocity of 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s]. Means of converting to other sensitivity levels are provided in Fig. 3. (Sensitivity multiplication factors for other frequencies may be derived in accordance with X1.1 and X1.2 of Appendix X1.)  
FIG. 1 Bored Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging bore surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 2 Solid Forgings
Note 1: Sensitivity multiplication factor such that a 10 % indication at the forging centerline surface will be equivalent to a 1/8 in. [3 mm] diameter flat bottom hole. Inspection frequency: 2.0 MHz or 2.25 MHz. Material velocity: 2.30 in./s × 105 in./s [5.85 cm/s × 105 cm/s].
FIG. 3 Conversion Factors to Be Used in Conjunction with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 if a Change in the Reference Reflector Diameter is Required
1.4 Considerable verification data for this method have been generated which indicate that even under controlled conditions very significant uncertainties may exist in estimating natural discontinuities in terms of minimum equivalent size flat-bottom holes. The possibility exists that the estimated minimum areas of natural discontinuities in terms of minimum areas of the comparison flat-bottom holes may differ by 20 dB (factor of 10) in terms of actual areas of natural discontinuities. This magnitude of inaccuracy does not apply to all results but should be recognized as a possibility. Rigid control of the actual frequency used, the coil bandpass width if tuned instruments are used, and so forth, tend to reduce the overall inaccuracy which is apt to develop.  
1.5 This practice for inspection applies to solid cylindrical forgings having outer diameters of not less than 2.5 in. [64 mm] nor greater than 100 in. [2540 mm]. It also applies to cylindrical forgings with concentric cylindrical bores having wall thicknesses of 2.5 [64 mm] in. or greater, within the same outer diameter limits as for solid cylinders. For solid sections less than 15 in. [380 mm] in diameter and for bored cylinders of less than 7.5 in. [190 mm] wall thickness the transducer used for the inspection will be different than the transducer used for larger sections.  
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This specification covers standards for forged carbon steel piping components, that is, flanges, fittings, valves, and similar parts, for use in pressure systems at ambient and higher-temperature service conditions. Materials shall be subjected to heat treatment (annealing, normalizing, tempering, or quenching). Material shall conform to carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, copper, nickel, chromium, molybdenum and vanadium contents. The forgings shall be subjected to tension, hardness and hydrostatic tests, with the latter applicable when required. Material shall adhere to tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, and hardness requirements. Guidelines for retreatment, repair by welding, and product marking are given.
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1.3 Specification A266/A266M covers other steel forgings and Specifications A675/A675M and A696 cover other steel bars.  
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This specification covers vacuum-treated alloy steel forgings intended for use as turbine rotor disks and wheels. The steel shall be made by the basic electric-furnace process. The molten steel shall be vacuum treated using either the vacuum stream degassing process, vacuum-lift process or ladle degassing process prior to or during the pouring of the ingot in order to remove objectionable gases, particularly hydrogen. The forgings shall receive their hot mechanical work under a press, hammer, or mill of sufficient power to work the metal throughout its section. Before reheating for heat treatment, the forging shall be allowed to cool in a manner to prevent damage and to accomplish transformation. The forgings shall be heated to a suitable temperature for a sufficient length of time for complete austenitization and shall be tempered to develop the specified properties. The forgings shall be preliminarily machined on all surfaces prior to heat treatment and shall be stress relieved after machining. To measure some mechanical properties, the specimens shall be subjected to tension test, impact test, and hardness test. A non-destructive test like an ultrasonic inspection shall be made on all available surfaces to demonstrate freedom from detrimental internal indications.
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This practice covers the examination procedures for the contact, pulse-echo ultrasonic examination of heavy steel forgings by the straight and angle-beam techniques. An ultrasonic, pulsed, reflection type of instrument shall be used and shall provide linear presentation for at least 75% of the screen height. The 5% linearity referred to is descriptive of the screen presentation of amplitude. The electronic apparatus shall contain an attenuator, search units, transducers, couplants, reference blocks, and DGS scales. The forging shall be machined to provide cylindrical surfaces for radial examination in the case of round forgings. The ends of the forgings shall be machined perpendicular to the axis of the forging for the axial examination. Faces of disk and rectangular forgings shall be machined flat and parallel to one another. The procedures to be performed are as follows: ultrasonic examination of the forgings; straight-beam examination with establishment of the instrument sensitivity and calibration either by the reflection, reference-block technique, or DGS method; and angle-beam examination used for rings and hollow forgings.
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4.1 This practice shall be used when ultrasonic inspection is required by the order or specification for inspection purposes where the acceptance of the forging is based on limitations of the number, amplitude, or location of discontinuities, or a combination thereof, which give rise to ultrasonic indications.  
4.2 The ultrasonic quality level shall be clearly stated as order requirements.
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This measurement method covers the procedures for the standard practice of determining the heat stability of steam turbine and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. Surface and test band preparation, and heating and cooling procedures prior to stability measurements are detailed. Interpretation of the results of cold and hot measurements is also described.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the determination of heat stability of steam turbine shafts and rotor forgings to ensure stability at operating temperature. This specification is not ordinarily applicable to generator rotor forgings.  
1.2 This specification is expressed in both inch-pound units and in SI units; however, unless the purchase order or contract specifies the applicable M specification designation (SI units), the inch-pound units shall apply. The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the specification, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM A336/A336M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Forgings for Pressure and High-Temperature Parts

ABSTRACT
This specification deals with ferritic alloy steel forgings for high-pressure and high-temperature parts, such as boilers, pressure vessels, and associated equipment. The steel grades covered here include the following: Grade F1; Grade F11, Classes 1, 2, and 3; Grade F12; Grade F5; Grade F5A; Grade F9; Grade F6; Grades F21 and F22, Classes 1 and 3; Grade F91, Grade F3V; and Grade F22V. Other steel grades may also be treated under this specification. Alloy steels shall be melted, forged, and rough machined at stipulated conditions. Except as permitted for Grade F22V, steel forgings shall be annealed or normalized and tempered, but may alternatively be liquid quenched and tempered as well. Impact and Charpy V-notch tests shall be performed wherein specimens shall conform to specified mechanical requirements such as notch toughness, tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. Materials shall also undergo heat and product analyses and conform to specified chemical requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers ferritic steel forgings for boilers, pressure vessels, high-temperature parts, and associated equipment.  
1.2 Forgings made of steel grades listed in Specification A335/A335M may also be ordered under this specification. The chemical, tensile, heat treatment, and marking requirements of Specification A335/A335M shall apply, except the forging shall conform to the chemical requirements of Tables 1 and 2 of Specification A335/A335M only with respect to heat analysis. On product analysis they may deviate from these limits to the extent permitted in Table 1 of this specification.  
1.3 Supplementary Requirements S1 to S10 are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired. These shall apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.  
1.4 Unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation, the material shall be furnished to the inch-pound units.  
1.5 Specification A336/A336M formerly included austenitic steel forgings, which are now found in Specification A965/A965M.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A275/A275M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Magnetic Particle Examination of Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the procedures for the standard practice of performing magnetic particle examination on steel forgings. The inspection medium shall consist of finely divided ferromagnetic particles, whose size, shape and magnetic properties, both individually and collectively, shall be taken into account. Forgings may be magnetized in the longitudinal or circular direction by employing the surge or continuous current flow methods. Magnetization may be applied by passing current through the piece or by inducing a magnetic field by means of a central conductor, such as a prod or yoke, or by coils. While the material is properly magnetized, the magnetic particles may be applied by either the dry method, wet method, or fluorescent method. The parts shall also be sufficiently demagnetized after inspection so that residual or leakage fields will not interfere with future operations to which the steel forgings shall be used for. Indications to be evaluated are grouped into three broad classes, namely: surface defects, which include laminar defects, forging laps and folds, flakes (thermal ruptures caused by entrapped hydrogen), heat-treating cracks, shrinkage cracks, grinding cracks, and etching or plating cracks; subsurface defects, which include stringers of nonmetallic inclusions, large nonmetallics, cracks in underbeads of welds, and forging bursts; and nonrelevant or false indications, which include magnetic writing, changes in section, edge of weld, and flow lines.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For ferromagnetic materials, magnetic particle examination is widely specified for the detection of surface and near surface discontinuities such as cracks, laps, seams, and linearly oriented nonmetallic inclusions. Such examinations are included as mandatory requirements in some forging standards such as Specification A508/A508M.  
4.2 Use of direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current as the power source for magnetic particle examination allows detection of subsurface discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice2 covers a procedure for magnetic particle examination of steel forgings. The procedure will produce consistent results upon which acceptance standards can be based. This practice does not contain acceptance standards or recommended quality levels.  
1.2 Only direct current or rectified alternating (full or half wave) current shall be used as the electric power source for any of the magnetizing methods. Alternating current is not permitted because its capability to detect subsurface discontinuities is very limited and therefore unsuitable.  
1.2.1 Portable battery powered electromagnetic yokes are outside the scope of this practice.
Note 1: Guide E709 may be utilized for magnetic particle examination in the field for machinery components originally manufactured from steel forgings.  
1.3 The minimum requirements for magnetic particle examination shall conform to practice standards of Practice E1444/E1444M. If the requirements of this practice are in conflict with the requirements of Practice E1444/E1444M, the requirements of this practice shall prevail.  
1.4 This practice and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound units and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable “M” specification designation [SI units], the material shall be furnished to inch-pound units.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices ...

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ASTM
ASTM A473-23a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Forgings

ABSTRACT
This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service. The different solution heat treatment and annealing treatment received by the steel material are presented in details. The steel shall conform to the specified chemical composition and room temperature mechanical requirements. The forgings shall be produced with prolongations for testing, unless otherwise specified. The number of and procedure for tension test for forgings depending on their weight are presented. The tension test specimens shall be taken from the test prolongations or from the forgings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers austenitic, austenitic-ferritic, ferritic, and martensitic stainless steel forgings for general use, and for low- or high-temperature service.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 Supplementary requirements from Specification A788/A788M may be specified when additional testing, inspection, or processing is required.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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