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ASTM D6573/D6573M-01

(Specification)

Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wirebound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.
1.2 Wirebound box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, styles, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification does not cover wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Wirebound boxes in compliance with Hazardous Material Modal Regulations or United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) are found in the Supplementary Requirements.
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques are acceptable and shall be permitted, provided the resulting packaging systems are of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate Practice D 4169 distribution cycle(s) can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.
1.4 Units--The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI values given in brackets are mathematical. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. See IEEE/SI 10 for conversion of units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2001
ICS
55.160 - Cases. Boxes. Crates
Technical Committee
D10 - Packaging
Drafting Committee
D10.12 - Shipping Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids and Related Structures
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6573/D6573M-00e1 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001
Replaced By
ASTM D6573/D6573M-01(2007) - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
Effective Date
01-Apr-2007
Referred By
ASTM D6253-16 - Standard Practice for Treatment and/or Marking of Wood Packaging Materials
Effective Date
10-Oct-2001

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ASTM D6573/D6573M-01 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping BoxesASTM D6573/D6573M-01 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
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ASTM D6573/D6573M-01 - Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 6573/D 6573M – 01
Standard Specification for
1
General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6573/D6573M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wire- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
bound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to A641/A641M SpecificationforZinc−Coated(Galvanized)
as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as Carbon Steel Wire
containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general A777 Specification for Galvanized Round Steel Tying
3
materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for Wire
class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas D996 TerminologyofPackagingandDistributionEnviron-
shipmentsor300lb[136.0kg]forClass3extremedistribution ments
hazard conditions or military contingency purposes. D1990 Practice for Establishing Allowable Properties for
1.2 Wirebound box performance is dependent on its fabri- Visually-Graded Dimension Lumber from In-Grade Tests
cated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, styles, of Full-Size Specimens
and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. D3953 Specification for Strapping, Flat Steel and Seals
This specification does not cover wirebound box performance D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage condi- tainers and Systems
tions. Wirebound boxes in compliance with Hazardous Mate- D6199 Practice for Quality of Wood Members of Contain-
rial Modal Regulations or United States Code of Federal ers and Pallets
Regulations (CFRs) are found in the Supplementary Require- D6254/D6254M Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type
ments. Wood Boxes
1.3 Theuseofotherconstructionmethodsortechniquesare F1667 Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes,
acceptable and shall be permitted, provided the resulting and Staples
packaging systems are of equal or better performance than IEEE/ASTM SI 10 Standard for Use of the International
2
would result from the use of these specified materials and System of Units (SI) (the Modern Metric System)
procedures. The appropriate Practice D4169 distribution 2.2 Federal Specification:
cycle(s) can be used to develop comparative procedures and Fed-Std-123 Federal Standard Marking for Shipment (Civil
4
criteria. Agencies)
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be 2.3 Military Specification:
regarded as standard. The SI values given in brackets are MIL-HDBK-129 Department of Defense Handbook Mili-
5
mathematical. The values stated in each system are not exact tary Marking
equivalents; therefore, each system must be used indepen- 2.4 National Motor Freight Traffıc Association Standard:
6
dently of the other. Combining values from the two systems National Motor Freight Classification
mayresultinnon-conformancewiththestandard.SeeIEEE/SI 2.5 APA—The Engineered Wood Association Standard:
10 for conversion of units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
2
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the ASTM website.
3
Withdrawn.
4
Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Office, Washington, DC 20402.
5
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.12 on Shipping Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,
Containers, Crates, Pallets, Skids, and Related Structures. 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111–5094, Attn: NPODS.
6
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published December 2001. Originally Available from the National Motor Freight Traffic Association, American
e1
publishedasD6573/D6573M–00.LastpreviouseditionD6573/D6573M–00 . Trucking Associations, 2200 Mill Road, Alexandria, VA 22314.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 6573/D 6573M – 01
7
PS1-95 Construction and Industrial Plywood 5.1.5 Weight of contents or load specified in lbs (k
...

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ASTM D6251/D6251M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Wood-Cleated Panelboard Shipping Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication and closure of empty and full wood-cleated, hereafter referred to as wood-cleated, panelboard boxes. These boxes are intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies. The box shall be classified according to box type: Type I; Type II; Type II; and Type IV. According to class: Class 1 and Class 2. According to style: Style A; Style A1; Style B; Style C through K. According to preservative treatment; Treatment A and Treatment B. And according to load type: Type 1; Type 2; and Type 3. Panels shall be fabricated by nailing, stapling, or gluing panelboard to cleats placed. Fastener component test, fastener test for securing cleats to panelboard panels; lateral resistance test; direct withdrawal resistance test; oxine copper preservative test; zinc napthenate preservative test; and preservative dryness test shall be performed to conform to the specified requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication and closure of empty and full wood-cleated, hereafter referred to as wood-cleated, panelboard boxes. These boxes are intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 1000 lb [454 kg] depending on box type (see 10.1).  
1.2 Wood-cleated panelboard shipping box performance is dependent on its fabricated components and subsequent assembly; therefore, a variety of types, classes, styles, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification, however, does not cover wood-cleated panelboard box performance under all atmospheric, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
1.3 If the use of other construction methods or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.17), the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle, specified in Practice D4169, can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI 10 for conversion of units.  
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ASTM D2658-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Fiberboard Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dimensions are important properties in the general construction of a box, and accurate methods of measurement are required for research work, routine control, and acceptance testing for conformance to specifications. For packages to carry and protect their contents effectively and efficiently, boxes and interior components must be properly and consistently sized. Correctly dimensioned and well-made boxes can be more easily set up by hand or be erected using automatic equipment. “Square” boxes (rectangular parallelepipeds) will stack better to accept load and improve stability during storage and shipment.  
4.1.1 Interior dimensions of boxes are critical when the contents of the box are intended to fill or nearly fill the box with little unused side and head space. The inside dimension by tape method are the size values most often cited in box design (see 9.1, and TAPPI T827). The interior size of a box can be estimated from the score to score measurements when the scoring allowance is taken into account (see Appendix X2). The actual inside dimensions can be measured directly using the box gauge method (see 9.2). Either method can be used to measure interior box dimensions.  
4.1.2 Exterior dimensions may be the critical design criteria when attempting to optimize use of the shipping platform area and overall stack height based on transportation and storage limitations. Exterior dimensions are also key design elements when making common footprint boxes.5 The exterior dimensions of a box can be measured directly using the exterior dimensions by tape method (see Appendix X1).  
4.2 Measuring a Lot Quantity of Boxes—This method determines if a lot (that is, production run) is within specified tolerance for each dimension (length, width, and depth as are shown in Practice D5118/D5118M). A minimum of five specimens are measured. The test result for each dimension is the individual measurements of that dimension on all specimens (see 9.3).  
4.3 Measuring Single Bo...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the interior and exterior dimensions of regular slotted or special slotted styles of single-wall corrugated, double-wall corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes.  
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ASTM D5118/D5118M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fabrication of Fiberboard Shipping Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Corrugated and solid fiberboard boxes, sleeves, and liners are used to unitize products into packages of size and shape suitable for manual or mechanical handling and to protect the contents against environmental, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
4.2 This practice covers some of the basic constructions and styles of commercially available fiberboard packaging used to unitize and protect contents. This practice also provides references to aid in box design for performance and for testing boxes to gauge actual performance.  
4.3 Use of Other Specifications—Nothing in this practice shall be construed to prohibit the use of boxes of special design or of fiberboard packages identified by package number in the current Uniform Freight Classification and National Motor Freight Classification when in the experience and judgment of the purchaser, the nature of the articles or material to be shipped justifies such boxes or packages. Some commodities may require less protection while other commodities may require better boxes than are specified herein. Containers for explosives and dangerous articles must also comply with regulations for the Transport of Hazardous Materials (CFR Title 49).  
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FIG. 4 Cover Assembly  
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FIG. 6 Box, Fiberboard; L—Liner  
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SCOPE
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1.3 This practice does not directly cover the adequacy of fiberboard containers under all conditions of exposure to atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage. However, references regarding how to assess the adequacy of container under these conditions are included in the practice.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the distribution system, the packaged product may be stored for a period of time in a manner such that one or more containers are stacked on one another. The bottom package is thus continually subjected to a constant compression load.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard classification will be used to:  
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4.1.2 Lower transport package manufacturing costs.  
4.1.3 Lower cost/lb of packaged resin because of higher net weight/package.  
4.1.4 Reduce environmental impact of pallets and bulk boxes by reducing waste.  
4.1.5 Support reuse of bulk boxes and pallets throughout the supply chain.  
4.1.6 Optimize lifecycle package cost.  
4.1.7 Improve both inbound and outbound freight cost in comparison to non-optimal packaging.  
4.1.8 Lower inventory/storage cost of raw materials (need less on hand).  
4.1.9 Reduce warehouse space for resin storage.  
4.1.10 Reduce forklift trips (carrying higher weight).  
4.1.11 Promote multi-industry usage of common footprint boxes and pallets (examples are the automotive and chemical drum industry).  
4.1.12 Guide the first-time resin packager as to a successful bulk box/pallet unit now in use in the resin industry.  
4.1.13 Optimize net product weight in truckload trailer vans and oversea containers.  
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4.2.1 Resin producers/converters/compounders/customers to compare with their current practice.  
4.2.2 Bulk box manufacturers to recommend a proven cost-effective package for plastic resins in the targeted bulk density range.  
4.2.3 Pallet manufacturers as a common bulk box footprint pallet for the targeted bulk density ranges used by the plastic resin industry.  
4.2.4 Box liner manufacturers to size their liners to a specified volume dimension.  
4.2.5 Warehouses to provide space layout plans based on dimensions of the standard box/pallet unit.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers containers used to hold plastic resins with bulk density (Test Methods D1895) of 27 to 39 lb/ft3 (0.432 to 0.625 g/cm3).  
1.2 This classification does not apply to any plastic resins with bulk density below 27 lb/ft3 (0.432 g/cm3) or above 39lb/ft3  (0.625 g/cm3).  
1.3 This classification does not apply to bulk boxes containing hazardous materials.  
1.4 This classification does not address box/pallet unitization requirements.  
1.5 This classification does not address requirements of plastic bag liners normally placed inside the corrugated bulk box before filling with plastic resin.  
1.6 This classification does not address tamping, shaking, or other compression methods of the resin filled bulk box to condense entrained air and increase headspace in the bulk box.  
1.7 This classification does not address blocking and bracing or other shipping requirements normally associated with bulk box unit deliveries.  
1.8 This classification does not address filled bulk box/pallet unit stack height.  
1.9 This classification does not address international shipping regulations of bulk box/pallet units.  
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Standard Specification for Wirebound Pallet-Type Wood Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wire bound pallet-type wooden boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding a certain weight given. Wire bound pallet-type wooden box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. According to type of material used in the manufacture of wooden boxes, four types are classified: Type I which are made with sheathed lumber, Type II which are made with sheathed lumber and veneer, Type III which are made of sheathed lumber and veneer with two different length sidewalls, and Type IV which are made of sheathed plywood. Four classes have been designated to wooden boxes, according to the number of entry ways: Class 1 which has partial four-way entry base, Class 2 which has two-way entry base, Class 3 which has partial four-way entry base with two different length sidewalls, and Class 4 which has two-way entry base with two different length sidewalls. And for the wooden boxes’ last classification, the way they are treated are described also as follows: Treatment A and B- with water preservative treatment and Treatment C without preservative treatment. All recovered, recycled, or virgin materials used in box manufacture shall meet the requirements of this specification and referenced documents. In addition, materials shall not affect or be affected by the product being packed. To determine the wooden boxes’ performance, the following tests shall be conducted: wood members moisture content test, coating adherence on galvanized wire test, wire tensile strength test, oxine copper preservative test, and zinc napthenate preservative test.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new fully enclosed wirebound pallet-type wood boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 2500 lb [1134 kg] (see 4.1 and 10.1).  
1.2 Wirebound pallet-type wood box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types, classes, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified (see 4). This specification, however, does not cover wirebound pallet-type wood box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions.  
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques is acceptable and permitted (see 5.1.11), provided the resulting packaging systems shall be of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate distribution cycle provided in Practice D4169 can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. See for conversion of units.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6573/D6573M-13(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for General Purpose Wirebound Shipping Boxes

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the fabrication of new wire-bound general purpose panelboard shipping boxes for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of materials and supplies. This specification does not include wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Methods other than those detailed here may be used for the construction of the boxes, provided, that the finished products are of equal or better performance than those produced using the recommended procedures. The boxes are grouped into three types according to the load each box can carry, three classes according to shipment specifications, three styles, and two grades. It is recommended that the boxes be made from recycled materials, lumber, wires, and fasteners that meet the requirements of this specification. Each box side and joint should be assembled according to the recommended procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the fabrication of new wirebound general purpose (GP) panelboard (hereafter referred to as wirebound boxes) shipping boxes intended for use as containers for domestic and overseas shipment of general materials and supplies, not exceeding 500 lb [226.8 kg] for Class 1 domestic, 400 lb [181.4 kg] for Class 2 overseas shipments or 300 lb [136.0 kg] for Class 3 extreme distribution hazard conditions or military contingency purposes.  
1.2 Wirebound box performance is dependent on its fabricated components; therefore, a variety of types of load, classes, styles, and treatments reflecting varied performance are specified. This specification does not cover wirebound box performance under all atmosphere, handling, shipping, and storage conditions. Wirebound boxes in compliance with Hazardous Material Modal Regulations or United States Code of Federal Regulations (CFRs) are found in the Supplementary Requirements.  
1.3 The use of other construction methods or techniques are acceptable and shall be permitted, provided the resulting packaging systems are of equal or better performance than would result from the use of these specified materials and procedures. The appropriate Practice D4169 distribution cycle(s) can be used to develop comparative procedures and criteria.  
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ASTM D5639/D5639M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Selection of Corrugated Fiberboard Materials and Box Construction Based on Performance Requirements

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice assists users in selecting appropriate performance characteristics of corrugated fiberboard or box construction, or both, commensurate with their user’s needs for packing and distribution of goods. This practice describes several attributes of fiberboard and boxes which relate to various hazards encountered in distribution and describes test parameters which may be specified by the user to ensure sufficient strength in the box for containment, storage, handling, transport and protection of contents.  
4.2 The user should specify only those attributes and related tests which are required for performance to the users satisfaction including their operations and distribution cycle(s). When using the carriers’packaging rules as the major basis for developing specifications, the reason for the rule and its function and importance should be understood. As previously stated, rules and regulations may be exceeded and should be when the minimum specifications are inadequate for the full effects of the distribution cycle, etc.. If the user decides to employ box compression strength or a rough handling performance protocol as the overriding specification, it should be noted that all minimum standards required by various organizations shall also be met or surpassed if using the related certificate. These minimum standards can be stated in the box drawing so as to ensure adherence to rules and regulations. If a Box Manufacturer’s Certificate (BMC) is printed on the box, then the ECT or Mullen Burst/Basis Weight values shall meet or exceed the minimum requirements for size and weight of the packaged product.  
4.3 See Appendix X7 for several examples of specification determinations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides information on corrugated fiberboard for the prospective user who wants guidance in selecting attributes of materials and box construction based on performance requirements. These attributes should be part of specifications which establish levels of the qualities a shipping container shall have achieved in order to be acceptable to the purchaser or user. The attributes and qualities should be testable, using standard methods that are recognized by both the buyer and seller. This practice will assist users in developing specifications for corrugated containers through an analysis of performance requirements and subsequent relationships to fiberboard materials and box construction attributes. This practice is meant to complement the box buyer–box manufacturer relationship by having the buyer (user) better understand, discuss, and negotiate needed elements of box design and specification. The full box design process is complex, and it is beyond the scope of this standard.  
1.2 The attributes and their levels should be based on the intended use of the box, including the handling and environment it will encounter. Many packaging rules include detailed descriptions of the materials that may be used and style, closure, or other construction details of allowed shipping containers. These rules are presented as minimum requirements; they may be exceeded for functional reasons, but there is no regulatory reason to do so. Rail and motor freight classifications applicable for surface common carrier transportation have established minimum requirements for certain attributes of corrugated packaging. These may or may not be appropriate for application in the complete distribution system, as they encompass only containerboard or combined corrugated board — not finished boxes — and are not intended to provide for the distribution and storage system beyond the transportation segment.  
1.2.1 The attribute levels contained herein are based on U.S. practice and specifications. Some attributes such as flute dimensions and basis weights may be defined differently in other countries.  
1.3 There are four common methods used for specifying boxes.  
1.3.1 A common approach is to examine boxes cur...

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ASTM
ASTM D6804-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Hand Hole Design in Corrugated Boxes

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It may be desirable at times to provide hand holes in corrugated boxes. Package designers use hand holes to solve ergonomic and handling problems associated with large or awkward containers. This guide provides an aid for proper hand hole design and use.  
4.1.1 Boxes for handling by a single person.  
4.1.2 Boxes that are too large or awkward to be handled well by a single person (4.4.1).  
4.2 Ergonomics:  
4.2.1 In studying and applying ergonomic principles, of primary concern is the need to provide a safe work environment for material handlers who may be required to lift or transport packages. A safe work environment is difficult to define and varies with the package in question. Several ergonomic safety issues involve repetitive motions and spine loading in the lifting process. Other issues involve finger and foot protection.  
4.2.2 In distribution centers or warehouses, low back disorders have been identified as areas of elevated risk. Low back problems continue to represent the most common and costly musculoskeletal disorders in the work place.4  
4.2.3 One method used to reduce the concern of distance of lift (spinal loading) is to bring the reach of the material handler's hands closer to the body. With large or awkward boxes, placing hand holes in a more advantageous position can solve this problem.  
4.2.4 Maximum weight for lifting is not generally specified by safety organizations. However, when considerations of repetition, movement, and other ergonomics are taken into account, a typical maximum load per single person is often limited to 40 to 50 lb per package.  
4.3 NIOSH:  
4.3.1 The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has published Work Practices Guide for Manual Lifting.5 This document may be of assistance in developing proper hand holes and their placement for a specific package.  
4.3.2 Hand holes for single person box handling are generally intended for vertical symmetric lifting with some rotation and ...
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidelines for designing pre-cut apertures intended for use as hand holes in corrugated boxes during manual handling of boxed cargo.  
1.2 Limitations—This standard offers guidance for package development and for subsequent testing of boxes to measure performance. It is not intended to provide specific information on the design of hand holes.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use..  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D6055-96(2019)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Handling of Unitized Loads and Large Shipping Cases and Crates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are designed for use in most cases with the actual equipment to be used in load handling.  
4.2 These test methods may be used in evaluating the shipping unit as to suitability for mechanical handling by standard user-specified load-handling equipment.  
4.3 These test methods will allow the user to determine integrity and stability of the load as well as provide guidance to improve the design of the unit load where deficiencies are found.  
4.4 Damage to products or packages observed during testing may be expected to correlate at least in a qualitative way to damage observed in actual distribution handling systems.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are suitable for testing the integrity of unitized loads and large cases and crates, but not individual drums or palletized drums, as well as the ability of the contents to endure normal handling, using standard mechanical handling equipment. Not all of the test methods are applicable to all products containers and loads. These test methods are applicable to common means of material handling, including pull pack, clamp truck, and spade lift-type handling equipment as follows:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Fork Truck Handling—For testing the ability of the shipping unit to withstand repeated handlings by this test method.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Spade Lift Test—For lifting by spade lift attachment to determine the ability of the handling flap of the case or shipping unit to withstand repeated lifting and handling by this test method.  
1.1.3 Test Method C—Clamp Handling Test—For lifting by hydraulic clamp attachment, to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand squeeze clamp handling consisting of repeated side compression and lifting.  
1.1.4 Test Method D—Push-Pull Handling Test—For testing the ability of a unitized load on a slip-sheet to withstand repeated handling by this test method.  
1.1.5 Test Method E—Grabhook Test—For lifting by grabhooks to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the horizontal pressures of grabhooks.  
1.1.6 Test Method F—Sling Tests—For lifting by wire rope, cable, or woven fiber slings to determine the ability of the shipping unit to withstand the compression of slings.  
1.2 Additional Test Methods:  
1.2.1 Additional test methods that apply to mechanical handling and rough handling tests of unitized loads and large cases and crates include incline impact tests, described in Test Method D880; horizontal impact tests, described in Test Method D4003.  
1.2.2 Practice D4169 provides a series of options for selecting and running performance tests on all types of shipping containers and systems.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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