ASTM D1322-97(2002)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
The smoke point (and Luminometer number with which it can be correlated) is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel.
Note 1—There is good correlation between Luminometer number (Test Method D 1740) and smoke point which is represented in Appendix X1.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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An American National Standard
´1
Designation:D1322–97 (Reapproved 2002)
Designation: 57/95
Standard Test Method for
Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Warnings were moved from notes to section text editorially December 2002.
1. Scope ISO 3014:1993(E) Petroleum Products—Determination of
the Smoke Point of Kerosine
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination
of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel.
3. Terminology
NOTE 1—There is good correlation between Luminometer number
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
(Test Method D1740) and smoke point which is represented inAppendix
3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel—refined petroleum distillate,
X1.
generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 kerosine—refined petroleum distillate, boiling be-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tween 140 and 300°C, generally used in lighting and heating
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
applications.
3.1.3 smoke point—the maximum height, in millimetres, of
2. Referenced Documents
a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
specified design.
D1740 Test Method for Luminometer Number ofAviation
4. Summary of Test Method
Turbine Fuels
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that
Petroleum Products
is calibrated daily against pure hydrocarbon blends of known
2.2 IP Standard:
smoke point. The maximum height of flame that can be
IP 57/95 Smoke Point
achieved with the test fuel without smoking is determined to
the nearest 0.5 mm.
NOTE 2—Only IP 57/95 published in 1995 is equivalent to D1322;
earlier versions of IP 57 were not equivalent.
5. Significance and Use
2.3 ISO Standard:
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative
smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine
fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
PetroleumProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommittee hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the
D02.J0.03 on Combustion and Thermal Properties.
more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke
Current edition approved Nov. 24, 2003. Published October 1997. Originally
point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
approved in 1954. Last previous edition approved in 1996 as D1322–96.
5.2 Thesmokepoint(andLuminometernumberwithwhich
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
it can be correlated) is quantitatively related to the potential
StandardMethodsforAnalysisandTestingofPetroleumandRelatedProducts,
radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.
1995, Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London W1M 8AR, England.
5 Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036. metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D1322–97 (2002)
TABLE 1 Reference Fuel Blends
Standard Smoke Point at
Toluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
101.3 kPa
mm %(v/v) % (v/v)
14.7 40 60
20.2 25 75
22.7 20 80
25.8 15 85
30.2 10 90
35.4 5 95
42.8 0 100
7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous. (Warning—
Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.))
7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels under
test, made up accurately from toluene and 2,2,4-
trimethylpentane,inaccordancewiththecompositionsgivenin
Table 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes.
7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99.75% (m/m). (Warning—
Extremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled. (See Annex
A2.4.))
8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples
8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by the
procedures described in Practice D4057. Use the sample as
received. Allow all samples to come to ambient temperature
(20 6 5°C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy or
appears to contain foreign material, filter through qualitative
filter paper.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical position in a room where it
canbecompletelyprotectedfromdrafts.Carefullyinspecteach
new lamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the air
inlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted and of
FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp propersize.Thegalleryshallbesolocatedthattheairholesare
completely unobstructed.
NOTE 3—Slightvariationsintheseitemsallhaveamarkedeffectonthe
parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for
precision of the result obtained.
correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these com-
9.1.1 Iftheroomisnotcompletelydraft-free,placethelamp
ponents.
in a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistant
6. Apparatus material(notcontainingasbestos),openatthefront.Thetopof
the box shall be at least 150 mm above the top of the chimney
6.1 Smoke Point Lamp, as shown in Fig. 1 and described in
and the inside of the box painted dull black.
detail in Annex A1.
9.2 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous deter-
6.2 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality,
mination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a mixture
having the following characteristics:
of equal volumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol. Allow
Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3
the wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in the oven,
Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4
Weft 40 tex by 2
or use a forced-draft and explosion-proof oven for drying
Picks 6 per centimetre
wicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110°C and store in a
6.3 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A. dessicator until used.
7. Reagents and Materials 10. Calibration of Apparatus
7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade. (Warning— 10.1 Calibrate the apparatus in accordance with 10.2. Reca-
Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.)) librateatregularintervalsofnotmorethansevendaysorwhen
7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum purity there has been a change in the apparatus or operator, or when
99.75% (m/m). (Warning—Flammable, vapor harmful. (See a change of more than 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric
Annex A2.2.)) pressure reading.
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D1322–97 (2002)
10.2 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the reference
fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified in
Section 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the
sample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends having
their smoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.
10.2.1 Determine the correction factor f for the apparatus
from the equation;
~A / A ! 1 ~B / B !
s d s d
f 5 (1)
where:
A = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel
s
blend;
A = thesmokepointdeterminedforthefirstreferencefuel
d
blend;
B = thestandardsmokepointofthesecondreferencefuel
s
blend;
B = the smoke point determined for the second reference
d
fuel blend.
If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactly
matchesthesmokepointdeterminedforareferencefuelblend,
use as the second bracketing reference fuel the reference fuel
blend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one.
Otherwise, use the one with the next closest smoke point.
10.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of the
apparatusisforeachoperatortorunacontrolsampleeachday
the apparatus is in use. Record the results and compare the
average from the data base of the control sample using control
charts or equivalent statistical techniques. If the difference
exceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, then
FIG. 2 Typical Flame Appearances
the apparatus must be recalibrated.
11. Procedure
ends. When the holder is removed, the wick will be at the
correct height in the tube. The tube is then inserted into the
11.1 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick, not less than
candleandscrewedhome.Thecandleisinsertedintothelamp.
125mmlong,inthesampleandplaceitinthewicktubeofthe
11.4 Light the candle and adjust the wick so that the flame
candle. Carefully ease out any twists arising from this opera-
is approximately 10 mm high and allow the lamp to burn for 5
tion. In cases of dispute, or of referee tests, always use a new
min.Raisethecandleuntilasmokytailappears,thenlowerthe
wick, prepared in the manner specified in 9.2.
candle slowly through the following stages of flame appear-
NOTE 4—It is advisable to resoak the burning-end of the wick in the
ance:
sample after the wick is inserted in the wick tube.
11.4.1 Along tip; smoke slightly visible; erratic and jumpy
11.2 Introduce as near to 20 mL of the prepared sample as flame.
available, but not less than 10 mL, at room temperature, into 11.4.2 An elongated, pointed tip with the sides of the tip
the clean, dry candle. appearing concave upward as shown in Fig. 2 (Flame A).
11.3 Placethewicktubeinthecandleandscrewhome.Take 11.4.3 The pointe
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