ASTM D1322-97
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel.
Note 1- There is a good correlation between Luminometer number (Test Method D 1740) and smoke point which is represented in Appendix X1.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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An American National Standard
Designation: D 1322 – 97
Designation: 57/95
Standard Test Method for
Smoke Point of Kerosine and Aviation Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1322; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3.1.1 aviation turbine fuel—refined petroleum distillate,
generally used as a fuel for aviation gas turbines.
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Different grades are characterized by
of the smoke point of kerosine and aviation turbine fuel.
volatility ranges, freeze point, and by flash point.
NOTE 1—There is good correlation between Luminometer number
3.1.2 kerosine—refined petroleum distillate, boiling be-
(Test Method D 1740) and smoke point which is represented in Appendix
tween 140 and 300°C, generally used in lighting and heating
X1.
applications.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.3 smoke point—the maximum height, in millimetres, of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a smokeless flame of fuel burned in a wick-fed lamp of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
specified design.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4. Summary of Test Method
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 The sample is burned in an enclosed wick-fed lamp that
2. Referenced Documents
is calibrated daily against pure hydrocarbon blends of known
2.1 ASTM Standards:
smoke point. The maximum height of flame that can be
D 1740 Test Method for Luminometer Number of Aviation
achieved with the test fuel without smoking is determined to
Turbine Fuels
the nearest 0.5 mm.
D 4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
5. Significance and Use
Petroleum Products
2.2 IP Standard:
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative
IP 57/95 Smoke Point
smoke producing properties of kerosines and aviation turbine
fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the
NOTE 2—Only IP 57/95 published in 1995 is equivalent to D1322;
hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the
earlier versions of IP 57 were not equivalent.
more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke
2.3 ISO Standard:
point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.
ISO 3014:1993(E) Petroleum Products—Determination of
5.2 The smoke point (and Luminometer number with which
the Smoke Point of Kerosine
it can be correlated) is quantitatively related to the potential
radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel.
3. Terminology
Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section
parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for
correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these com-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-2 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
ponents.
D02.J0.07on Combustion Characteristics.
Current edition approved June 10, 1997. Published October 1997. Originally
6. Apparatus
published as D 1322 – 54T. Last previous edition D 1322 – 96.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. 6.1 Smoke Point Lamp, as shown in Fig. 1 and described in
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
detail in Annex A1.
Standard Methods for Analysis and Testing of Petroleum and Related Products,
6.2 Wick, of woven solid circular cotton of ordinary quality,
1995, Institute of Petroleum, 61 New Cavendish St., London W1M 8AR, England.
having the following characteristics:
Available from American National Standards Institute, 11 W. 42nd St., 13th
Floor, New York, NY 10036.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D1322–97
TABLE 1 Reference Fuel Blends
Standard Smoke Point at
Toluene 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
101.3 kPa
mm %(v/v) % (v/v)
14.7 40 60
20.2 25 75
22.7 20 80
25.8 15 85
30.2 10 90
35.4 5 95
42.8 0 100
NOTE 6—Warning: Extremely flammable, vapor harmful if inhaled.
(See Annex A2.4.)
8. Sampling and Preparation of Samples
8.1 It is recommended samples shall be taken by the
procedures described in Practice D 4057. Use the sample as
received. Allow all samples to come to ambient temperature
(20 6 5°C), without artificial heating. If the sample is hazy or
appears to contain foreign material, filter through qualitative
filter paper.
9. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Place the lamp in a vertical position in a room where it
can be completely protected from drafts. Carefully inspect each
new lamp to ensure that the air holes in the gallery and the air
inlets to the candle holder are all clean, unrestricted and of
proper size. The gallery shall be so located that the air holes are
completely unobstructed.
NOTE 7—Slight variations in these items all have a marked effect on the
precision of the result obtained.
9.1.1 If the room is not completely draft-free, place the lamp
in a vertical position in a box constructed of heat-resistant
material (not containing asbestos), open at the front. The top of
FIG. 1 Smoke Point Lamp
the box shall be at least 150 mm above the top of the chimney
and the inside of the box painted dull black.
9.2 Extract all wicks, either new or from a previous deter-
Casing 17 ends, 66 tex by 3
Filling 9 ends, 100 tex by 4 mination, for at least 25 cycles in an extractor, using a mixture
Weft 40 tex by 2
of equal volumes of toluene and anhydrous methanol. Allow
Picks 6 per centimetre
the wicks to dry partially in a hood before placing in the oven,
6.3 Pipettes or Burettes, Class A.
or use a forced-draft and explosion-proof oven for drying
wicks, or both. Dry for 30 min at 100 to 110°C and store in a
7. Reagents and Materials
dessicator until used.
7.1 Toluene, ASTM Reference Fuel grade.
10. Calibration of Apparatus
NOTE 3—Warning: Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.1.)
10.1 Calibrate the apparatus in accordance with 10.2. Reca-
7.2 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (isooctane), minimum purity
librate at regular intervals of not more than seven days or when
99.75 % (m/m).
there has been a change in the apparatus or operator, or when
NOTE 4—Warning: Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.2.)
a change of more than 0.7 kPa occurs in the barometric
pressure reading.
7.3 Methanol (methyl alcohol), anhydrous.
10.2 Calibrate the apparatus by testing two of the reference
NOTE 5—Warning: Flammable, vapor harmful. (See Annex A2.3.)
fuel blends specified in 7.4, using the procedure specified in
7.4 Reference Fuel Blends, appropriate to the fuels under Section 11 and, if possible, bracketing the smoke point of the
test, made up accurately from toluene and 2,2,4- sample. If this is not possible, use the two test blends having
trimethylpentane, in accordance with the compositions given in their smoke points nearest to the smoke point of the sample.
Table 1, by means of calibrated burettes or pipettes. 10.2.1 Determine the correction factor f for the apparatus
7.5 Heptane, minimum purity 99.75 % (m/m). from the equation;
NOTICE: This standard has either been superceded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D1322–97
~A / A ! 1 ~B / B !
11.4.1 A long tip; smoke slightly visible; erratic and jumpy
s d s d
f 5 (1)
flame.
11.4.2 An elongated, pointed tip with the sides of the tip
where:
appearing concave upward as shown in Fig. 2 (Flame A).
A = the standard smoke point of the first reference fuel
s
11.4.3 The pointed tip just disappears, leaving a very
blend;
slightly blunted flame as shown in Fig. 2 (Flame B). Jagged,
A = the smoke point determined for the first reference fuel
d
erratic, luminous flames are sometimes observed near the true
blend;
flame tip; these shall be disregarded.
B = the standard smoke point of the second reference fuel
s
11.4.4 A well rounded tip as shown in Fig. 2 (Flame C).
blend;
Determine the height of Flame B to the nearest 0.5 mm. Record
B = the smoke point determined for the second reference
d
the height observed.
fuel blend.
11.4.4.1 To eliminate errors due to parallax, the eye of the
If the smoke point determined for the test fuel exactly
observer shall be slightly to one side of the centreline, so that
matches the smoke point determined for a reference fuel blend,
a reflected image of the flame is seen on the scale on one side
use as the second bracketing reference fuel the reference fuel
of the central vertical white line, and the flame itself is seen
blend with the next higher smoke point, if there is one.
against the other side of the scale. The reading for both
Otherwise, use the one with the next closest smoke point.
observations shall be identical.
10.3 An alternative approach to confirm calibration of the
11.5 Make three separate observations of the flame height at
apparatus is for each operator to run a control sample each day
the smoke point by repeating the flame-appearance sequence
the apparatus is in use. Record the results and compare the
specified in 11.4. If these values vary over a range greater than
average from the data base of the control sample using control
1.0 mm, repeat the test with a fresh sample and another wick.
charts or equivalent statistical techniques. If the difference
11.6 Remove the candle from the lamp, rinse with heptane,
exceeds the control limits or when new apparatus is used, then
and purge with air to make ready for re-use.
the apparatus must be recalibrated.
12. Calculation
11. Procedure
12.1 Calculate the smoke point, to the nearest 0.1 mm, from
11.1 Soak a piece of extracted and dried wick, not less than
the equation:
125 mm long, in the sample and place it in the wick tube of the
candle. Carefully ease out any twists arisin
...
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