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ASTM E816-05

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers

Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers

SCOPE
1.1 This test method has been harmonized with, and is technically equivalent to, ISO 9059.
1.2 Two types of calibrations are covered by this test method. One is the calibration of a secondary reference pyrheliometer using an absolute cavity pyrheliometer as the primary standard pyrheliometer, and the other is the transfer of calibration from a secondary reference to one or more field pyrheliometers. This test method proscribes the calibration procedures and the calibration hierarchy, or traceability, for transfer of the calibrations.Note 1
It is not uncommon, and is indeed desirable, for both the reference and field pyrheliometers to be of the same manufacturer and model designation.
1.3 This test method is relevant primarily for the calibration of reference pyrheliometers with field angles of 5 to 6, using as the primary reference instrument a self-calibrating absolute cavity pyrheliometer having field angles of about 5. Pyrheliometers with field angles greater than 6.5 shall not be designated as reference pyrheliometers.
1.4 When this test method is used to transfer calibration to field pyrheliometers having field angles both less than 5 or greater than 6.5, it will be necessary to employ the procedure defined by Angstrom and Rodhe.
1.5 This test method requires that the spectral response of the absolute cavity chosen as the primary standard pyrheliometer be nonselective over the range from 0.3 to 10-m wavelength. Both reference and field pyrheliometers covered by this test method shall be nonselective over a range from 0.3 to 4-m wavelength.
1.6 The primary and secondary reference pyrheliometers shall not be field instruments and their exposure to sunlight shall be limited to calibration or intercomparisons. These reference instruments shall be stored in an isolated cabinet or room equipped with standard laboratory temperature and humidity control.Note 2
At a laboratory where calibrations are performed regularly, it is advisable to maintain a group of two or three secondary reference pyrheliometers that are included in every calibration. These serve as controls to detect any instability or irregularity in the standard reference pyrheliometer.
1.7 This test method is applicable to calibration procedures using natural sunshine only.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2005
ICS
27.160 - Solar energy engineering
Technical Committee
G03 - Weathering and Durability
Drafting Committee
G03.09 - Radiometry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E816-95(2002) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Replaced By
ASTM E816-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
Effective Date
01-Dec-2010
Referred By
ASTM E772-15(2021) - Standard Terminology of Solar Energy Conversion
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1362-15(2019) - Standard Test Methods for Calibration of Non-Concentrator Photovoltaic Non-Primary Reference Cells
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM E2527-15(2019) - Standard Test Method for Electrical Performance of Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Modules and Systems Under Natural Sunlight
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G207-11(2019)e1 - Standard Test Method for Indoor Transfer of Calibration from Reference to Field Pyranometers
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM E1125-16(2020) - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Primary Non-Concentrator Terrestrial Photovoltaic Reference Cells Using a Tabular Spectrum
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM G90-23 - Standard Practice for Performing Accelerated Outdoor Weathering of Materials Using Concentrated Natural Sunlight
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005
Referred By
ASTM E824-10(2018)e1 - Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers
Effective Date
01-Oct-2005

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ASTM E816-05 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference PyrheliometersASTM E816-05 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
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ASTM E816-05 - Standard Test Method for Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference Pyrheliometers
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E816–05
Standard Test Method for
Calibration of Pyrheliometers by Comparison to Reference
1
Pyrheliometers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E816; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Accurateandprecisemeasurementofthedirect(beam)radiationcomponentofsunlightarerequired
in (1) the calibration of reference pyranometers by the shading disk or optical occluding methods, (2)
determination of the energy collected by concentrating solar collectors, including exposure levels
achievedinuseofPracticeG90dealingwithFresnel-reflectingconcentratortestmachines,and (3)the
assessment of the direct beam for energy budget analyses, geographic mapping of solar energy, and
asanaidinthedeterminationoftheconcentrationofaerosolandparticulatepollution,andwatervapor
effects.
ThistestmethodrequirescalibrationtotheWorldRadiometricReference(WRR),maintainedbythe
World Meteorological Organization (WMO), Geneva. The Intercomparison of Absolute Cavity
Pyrheliometers, also calledAbsolute Cavity Radiometers, on which the WRR depends, is covered by
procedures adopted by WMO and by various U.S. Organizations who occasionally convene such
intercomparisonsforthepurposeoftransferringtheWRRtotheUnitedStates,andtomaintainingthe
WRR in the United States. These procedures are not covered by this test method.
1. Scope 1.4 When this test method is used to transfer calibration to
field pyrheliometers having field angles both less than 5° or
1.1 This test method has been harmonized with, and is
greater than 6.5°, it will be necessary to employ the procedure
technically equivalent to, ISO9059.
2
defined by Angstrom and Rodhe.
1.2 Two types of calibrations are covered by this test
1.5 This test method requires that the spectral response of
method. One is the calibration of a secondary reference
the absolute cavity chosen as the primary standard pyrheliom-
pyrheliometer using an absolute cavity pyrheliometer as the
eter be nonselective over the range from 0.3 to 10-µm
primarystandardpyrheliometer,andtheotheristhetransferof
wavelength. Both reference and field pyrheliometers covered
calibration from a secondary reference to one or more field
by this test method shall be nonselective over a range from 0.3
pyrheliometers. This test method proscribes the calibration
to 4-µm wavelength.
procedures and the calibration hierarchy, or traceability, for
1.6 The primary and secondary reference pyrheliometers
transfer of the calibrations.
shall not be field instruments and their exposure to sunlight
NOTE 1—It is not uncommon, and is indeed desirable, for both the
shall be limited to calibration or intercomparisons. These
reference and field pyrheliometers to be of the same manufacturer and
reference instruments shall be stored in an isolated cabinet or
model designation.
room equipped with standard laboratory temperature and
1.3 Thistestmethodisrelevantprimarilyforthecalibration
humidity control.
of reference pyrheliometers with field angles of 5 to 6°, using
NOTE 2—At a laboratory where calibrations are performed regularly, it
as the primary reference instrument a self-calibrating absolute
is advisable to maintain a group of two or three secondary reference
cavity pyrheliometer having field angles of about 5°. Pyrheli-
pyrheliometers that are included in every calibration. These serve as
ometers with field angles greater than 6.5° shall not be
controls to detect any instability or irregularity in the standard reference
designated as reference pyrheliometers.
pyrheliometer.
1.7 This test method is applicable to calibration procedures
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G03 on
using natural sunshine only.
Weathering and Durability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G03.09
on Radiometry.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2005. Published November 2005. Originally
2
Angstrom, A., and Rodhe, B., “Pyrheliometric Measurements with Special
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E816–95(2002).
DOI: 10.1520/E0816-05. Regard to the Circumsolar Sky Radiation,” Tellus, Vol 18, 1966, pp. 25–33.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E816–05
2. Referenced Documents 3.1.7 reference pyrheliometer—pyrheliometers of any cat-
3
egory serving as a reference in calibration transfer procedures.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
They are selected and well-tested instruments (see Table2 of
E772 Terminology Relating to Solar Energy Conversion
ISO9060), that have a
...

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4.1 Though the sun trackers employed, the number of instantaneous readings, and the data acquisition equipment used will vary from instrument to instrument and from laboratory to laboratory, this test method provides for the minimum acceptable conditions, procedures, and techniques required.  
4.2 While the greatest accuracy will be obtained when calibrating pyrheliometers with a self-calibrating absolute cavity pyrheliometer that has been demonstrated by intercomparison to be within ±0.5 % of the mean irradiance of a family of similar absolute instruments, acceptable accuracy can be achieved by careful attention to the requirements of this test method when transferring calibration from a secondary reference to a field pyrheliometer.  
4.3 By meeting the requirements of this test method, traceability of calibration to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) can be achieved through one or more of the following recognized intercomparisons:  
4.3.1 International Pyrheliometric Comparison (IPC) VII, Davos, Switzerland, held in 1990, and every five years thereafter, and the PMO-2 absolute cavity pyrheliometer that is the primary reference instrument of WMO.6  
4.3.2 Any WMO-sanctioned intercomparison of self-calibrating absolute cavity pyrheliometers held in WMO Region IV (North and Central America).  
4.3.3 Any sanctioned or non-sanctioned intercomparison held in the United States the purpose of which is to transfer the WRR from the primary reference absolute cavity pyrheliometer maintained as the primary reference standard of the United States by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Solar Radiation Facility in Boulder, CO.7  
4.3.4 Any future intercomparisons of comparable reference quality in which at least one self-calibrating absolute cavity pyrheliometer is present that participated in IPC VII or a subsequent IPC, and in which that pyrheliometer is treated as the intercomparison's reference instrument.  
4.3.5 Any of the absolute radiometers p...
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1.1 This test method has been harmonized with, and is technically equivalent to, ISO 9059.  
1.2 Two types of calibrations are covered by this test method. One is the calibration of a secondary reference pyrheliometer using an absolute cavity pyrheliometer as the primary standard pyrheliometer, and the other is the transfer of calibration from a secondary reference to one or more field pyrheliometers. This test method prescribes the calibration procedures and the calibration hierarchy, or traceability, for transfer of the calibrations.
Note 1: It is not uncommon, and is indeed desirable, for both the reference and field pyrheliometers to be of the same manufacturer and model designation.  
1.3 This test method is relevant primarily for the calibration of reference pyrheliometers with field angles of 5° to 6°, using as the primary reference instrument a self-calibrating absolute cavity pyrheliometer having field angles of about 5°. Pyrheliometers with field angles greater than 6.5° shall not be designated as reference pyrheliometers.  
1.4 When this test method is used to transfer calibration to field pyrheliometers having field angles both less than 5° or greater than 6.5°, it will be necessary to employ the procedure defined by Angstrom and Rodhe.2  
1.5 This test method requires that the spectral response of the absolute cavity chosen as the primary standard pyrheliometer be nonselective over the range from 0.3 μm to 10 μm wavelength. Both reference and field pyrheliometers covered by this test method shall be nonselective over a range from 0.3 μm to 4 μm wavelength.  
1.6 The primary and secondary reference pyrheliometers shall not be field instruments and their exposure to sunlight shall be limited to calibration or intercomparisons. These reference instruments shall be stored in an isolated cabinet or room equipped with standard laboratory temperature and humidity control.
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Standard Practice for Estimation of UV Irradiance Received by Field-Exposed Products as a Function of Location

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Products exposed outdoors degrade due to primarily three stress factors: sunlight, temperature and moisture. The rate of property change is a function of time and stressors’ intensity.  
5.2 Whereas the UV irradiance calculated in this practice is independent of material, it is especially relevant to polymeric materials exposed outdoors as the combined action of UV radiation and oxygen is often the dominant factor leading to their degradation. Therefore, estimating UV irradiance is an important parameter to assess the service life of products.  
5.3 UV radiant dosage is often more important to determine in the correlation with the amount of degradation than total solar radiant dosage or duration of time. The comparison of UV radiant dosage from one location to another may be used to normalize degradation results.  
5.4 Measured UV irradiance data are scarce compared to total solar irradiance data. Many locations that monitor solar resource data only collect data for total solar radiation. This practice allows the user to estimate the amount of UV irradiance from the amount of total solar irradiance for any site.
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1.1 This practice describes methods to estimate the total solar ultraviolet irradiance on a horizontal surface as a function of Air Mass and geographic location.  
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1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E824-10(2018)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transfer of Calibration From Reference to Field Radiometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The methods described represent the preferable means for calibration of field radiometers employing standard reference radiometers. Other methods involve the employment of an optical bench and essentially a point source of artificial light. While these methods are useful for cosine and azimuth correction analyses, they suffer from foreground view factor and directionality problems. Transfer of calibration indoors using artificial sources is not covered by this test method.  
5.2 Traceability of calibration of global pyranometers is accomplished when employing the method using a reference global pyranometer that has been calibrated, and is traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR). For the purposes of this test method, traceability shall have been established if a parent instrument in the calibration chain participated in an International Pyrheliometric Comparison (IPC) conducted at the World Radiation Center (WRC) in Davos, Switzerland. Traceability of calibration of narrow- and broad-band radiometers is accomplished when employing the method using a reference ultraviolet radiometer that has been calibrated and is traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or other national standards organizations. See Zerlaut4 for a discussion of the WRR, the IPC's and their results.  
5.2.1 The reference global pyranometer (for example, one measuring hemispherical solar radiation at all wavelengths) shall have been calibrated by the shading-disk or component summation method against one of the following instruments:
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1.3 The calibration covered by this test method employs the use of natural sunshine as the source.  
1.4 Calibrations of field radiometers may be performed at tilt as well as horizontal (at 0° from the horizontal to the earth). The essential requirement is that the reference radiometer shall have been calibrated at essentially the same tilt from horizontal as the tilt employed in the transfer of calibration.  
1.5 The primary reference instrument shall not be used as a field instrument and its exposure to sunlight shall be limited to calibration or intercomparisons.
Note 1: At a laboratory where calibrations are performed regularly it is advisable to maintain a group of two or three reference radiometers that are included in every calibration. These serve as controls to detect any instability or irregularity in the standard reference instrument.  
1.6 Reference standard instruments shall be stored in a manner as to not degrade their calibration.  
1.7 The method of calibration specified for total solar pyranometers shall be traceable to the World Radiometric Reference (WRR) through the calibration methods of the reference standard instruments (Test Methods G167 and E816), and the method of calibration specified for narrow- and broad-band ultraviolet radiometers shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), or other internationally recognized national standards laboratories (Test Method G138).  
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4.1 The design of a photovoltaic module or system intended to provide safe conversion of the sun's radiant energy into useful electricity must take into consideration the possibility of partial shadowing of the module(s) during operation. This test method describes a procedure for verifying that the design and construction of the module provides adequate protection against the potential harmful effects of hot spots during normal installation and use.  
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FIG. 1 Hot Spot Effect  
4.5 Bypass diodes, if present, as shown in Fig. 2, begin conducting when a series-connected string in a module is in reverse bias, thereby limiting the power dissipation in the reduced-output cell.  
FIG. 2 Bypass Diode Effect  
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1.1 This test method provides a procedure to determine the ability of a photovoltaic (PV) module to endure the long-term effects of periodic “hot spot” heating associated with common fault conditions such as severely cracked or mismatched cells, single-point open circuit failures (for example, interconnect failures), partial (or nonuniform) shadowing, or soiling. Such effects typically include solder melting or deterioration of the encapsulation, but in severe cases could progress to combustion of the PV module and surrounding materials.  
1.2 There are two ways that cells can cause a hot spot problem: either by having a high resistance so that there is a large resistance in the circuit, or by having a low resistance area (shunt) such that there is a high current flow in a localized region. This test method selects cells of both types to be stressed.  
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4.1 The design of a photovoltaic module or system intended to provide safe conversion of the sun's radiant energy into useful electricity must take into consideration the possibility of hazard should the user come into contact with the electrical potential of the module or system. In addition, the insulation system provides a barrier to electrochemical corrosion, and insulation flaws can result in increased corrosion and reliability problems. These test methods describe procedures for verifying that the design and construction of the module provides adequate electrical isolation through normal installation and use. At no location on the module should the PV-generated electrical potential be accessible, with the obvious exception of the output leads. This isolation is necessary to provide for safe and reliable installation, use, and service of the photovoltaic system.  
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SCOPE
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5.1 Photovoltaic modules are electrical dc sources. dc sources have unique considerations with regards to arc formation and interruption, as once formed, the arc is not automatically interrupted by an alternating current. Solar modules are energized whenever modules in the string are illuminated by sunlight, or during fault conditions.  
5.2 With the rapid increase in the number of photovoltaic system installations, this guide attempts to increase awareness of methods to reduce the risk of fire from photovoltaic systems.  
5.3 This guide is intended for use by module manufacturers, panel assemblers, system designers, installers, and specifiers.  
5.4 This guide may be used to specify minimum requirements. It is not intended to capture all conditions or scenarios which could result in a fire.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes basic principles of photovoltaic module design, panel assembly, and system installation to reduce the risk of fire originating from the photovoltaic source circuit.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to cover all scenarios which could lead to fire. It is intended to provide an assembly of generally accepted practices.  
1.3 This guide is intended for systems which contain photovoltaic modules and panels as dc source circuits, although the recommended practices may also apply to systems utilizing ac modules.  
1.4 This guide does not cover fire suppression in the event of a fire involving a photovoltaic module or system.  
1.5 This guide does not cover fire emanating from other sources.  
1.6 This guide does not cover mechanical, structural, electrical, or other considerations key to photovoltaic module and system design and installation.  
1.7 This guide does not cover disposal of modules damaged by a fire, or other material hazards related to such modules.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2939-13(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Reporting Conditions and Expected Capacity for Photovoltaic Non-Concentrator Systems

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice can be used to determine an expected capacity for an existing or a proposed photovoltaic system in a particular location during a specified period of time (see data collection period in Test Method E2848).  
5.2 The expected capacity calculated in accordance with this practice can be compared with the capacity measured according to Test Method E2848 when the RC are the same.  
5.3 The comparison of expected capacity and measured capacity can be used as a criterion for plant acceptance.  
5.4 The user of this practice must select the performance simulation period over which the reporting conditions and expected capacity will be derived. Seasonal variations will likely cause both of these to change with differing performance simulation periods.  
5.5 When this practice is used in conjunction with Test Method E2848, the performance simulation period and the data collection period must agree. If they do not agree, the comparison between expected and measured capacity will not be meaningful.  
5.6 Historical or measured5 plane-of-array irradiance, ambient air temperature, and wind speed data can be used to select reporting conditions and calculate expected capacity. If historical data are used, the data collection period should match the time period of the measured data in terms of season and length.  
5.7 The simulated power output that is used to calculate the expected capacity should be derived from a performance model designed to represent the photovoltaic system which will be reported per Test Method E2848.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures for determining the expected capacity of a specific photovoltaic system in a specific geographical location that is in operation under natural sunlight during a specified period of time. The expected capacity is intended for comparison with the measured capacity determined by Test Method E2848.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use with Test Method E2848 as a procedure to select appropriate reporting conditions (RC), including solar irradiance in the plane of the modules, ambient temperature, and wind speed needed for the photovoltaic system capacity measurement.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E781-86(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Evaluating Absorptive Solar Receiver Materials When Exposed to Conditions Simulating Stagnation in Solar Collectors with Cover Plates

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Although this practice is intended for evaluating solar absorber materials and coatings used in flat-plate collectors, no single procedure can duplicate the wide range of temperatures and environmental conditions to which these materials may be exposed during in-service conditions.  
4.2 This practice is intended as a screening test for absorber materials and coatings. All conditions are chosen to be representative of those encountered in solar collectors with single cover plates and with no added means of limiting the temperature during stagnation conditions.  
4.3 This practice uses exposure in a simulated collector with a single cover plate. Although collectors with additional cover plates will produce higher temperatures at stagnation, this procedure is considered to provide adequate thermal testing for most applications.
Note 1: Mathematical modeling has shown that a selective absorber, single glazed flat-plate solar collector can attain absorber plate stagnation temperatures as high as 226 °C (437 °F) with an ambient temperature of 37.8 °C (100 °F) and zero wind velocity, and a double glazed one as high as 245 °C (482 °F) under these conditions. The same configuration solar collector with a nonselective absorber can attain absorber stagnation temperatures as high as 146 °C (284 °F) if single glazed, and 185 °C (360 °F) if double glazed, with the same environmental conditions (see “Performance Criteria for Solar Heating and Cooling Systems in Commercial Buildings,” NBS Technical Note 1187).4  
4.4 This practice evaluates the thermal stability of absorber materials. It does not evaluate the moisture stability of absorber materials used in actual solar collectors exposed outdoors. Moisture intrusion into solar collectors is a frequent occurrence in addition to condensation caused by diurnal breathing.  
4.5 This practice differentiates between the testing of spectrally selective absorbers and nonselective absorbers.  
4.5.1 Testing Spectrally Selective...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test procedure for evaluating absorptive solar receiver materials and coatings when exposed to sunlight under cover plate(s) for long durations. This practice is intended to evaluate the exposure resistance of absorber materials and coatings used in flat-plate collectors where maximum non-operational stagnation temperatures will be approximately 200 °C (392 °F).  
1.2 This practice shall not apply to receiver materials used in solar collectors without covers (unglazed) or in evacuated collectors, that is, those that use a vacuum to suppress convective and conductive thermal losses.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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