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ASTM D7407-07(2020)

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Determining the Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes

Standard Guide for Determining the Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes

ABSTRACT
This guide discusses the relevancy of applicable test methods, including the materials and conditions involved, in obtaining the vapor transmission in geomembranes. This guide does not purport to critique barrier system permeability, nor does it address transmission through seams. The guide assumes the material being examined exhibits Fickian diffusion behavior. The tests discussed here evaluate gas and vapor transfer through semi-permeable and permeable geomembranes. The data is important for design of containment systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is used as a discussion of the relevancy of several methods to obtain the vapor transmission of geomembranes.  
1.2 This guide discusses applicable test methods, test materials, and conditions.  
1.3 The guide assumes the material being measured exhibits Fickian behavior.  
1.4 This guide does not purport to critique barrier system permeability.  
1.5 The guide does not address transmission through seams.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2020
ICS
59.080.70 - Geotextiles
Technical Committee
D35 - Geosynthetics
Drafting Committee
D35.10 - Geomembranes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM F1927-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate, Permeability and Permeance at Controlled Relative Humidity Through Barrier Materials Using a Coulometric Detector
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM F1249-20 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020

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ASTM D7407-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Determining the Transmission of Gases Through GeomembranesASTM D7407-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Determining the Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
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ASTM D7407-07(2020) - Standard Guide for Determining the Transmission of Gases Through Geomembranes
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7407 − 07 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Guide for
Determining the Transmission of Gases Through
1
Geomembranes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7407; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E96/E96MTest Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
Materials
1.1 This guide is used as a discussion of the relevancy of
F1249Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate
several methods to obtain the vapor transmission of geomem-
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated
branes.
Infrared Sensor
1.2 This guide discusses applicable test methods, test
F1769 Test Method for Measurement of Diffusivity,
materials, and conditions.
Solubility, and Permeability of Organic Vapor Barriers
3
Using a Flame Ionization Detector (Withdrawn 2004)
1.3 Theguideassumesthematerialbeingmeasuredexhibits
Fickian behavior. F1927TestMethodforDeterminationofOxygenGasTrans-
mission Rate, Permeability and Permeance at Controlled
1.4 This guide does not purport to critique barrier system
Relative Humidity Through Barrier Materials Using a
permeability.
Coulometric Detector
1.5 Theguidedoesnotaddresstransmissionthroughseams.
3. Terminology
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 Definitions of terms applying to this guide appear in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Terminology D4439.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 atmosphere for testing geosynthetics, n—air main-
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
tained at a relative humidity between 50 to 70 % and a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
temperature of 21 6 2°C (70 6 4°F).
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4. Summary of Guide
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.1 This guide gives commentary as to the relevancy of
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
severalmethodstoobtainFickiandiffusionthroughageomem-
brane. The tests evaluate gas and vapor transfer through
2. Referenced Documents
semi-permeable and permeable geomembranes. The data is
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
important for design of containment systems.
D1434TestMethodforDeterminingGasPermeabilityChar-
acteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
5. D1434 Test Method for Determining Gas Permeability
D3985Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission Rate
Characteristics of Plastic Film and Sheeting
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Coulometric
5.1 This test method covers the estimation of the steady-
Sensor
state rate of transmission of a gas through plastics in the form
D4439Terminology for Geosynthetics
of film, sheeting, laminates, and plastic-coated papers or
fabrics. This test method provides for the determination of (1)
gastransmissionrate(GTR),(2)permeance,and,inthecaseof
1
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD35onGeosynthetics
homogeneous materials, (3) permeability.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D35.10 on Geomembranes.
5.2 Two procedures are provided: M, Manometric and V,
Current edition approved May 1, 2020. Published May 2020. Originally
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7407–07 (2012).
Volumetric.
DOI: 10.1520/D7407-07R20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the ASTM website. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7407 − 07 (2020)
TABLE 1 Grouping of Test Methods for Measuring Gas
5.3 This is an old test which relies of the physical measure-
Transmission with Respect to Application
ment of gas through a geomembrane with respect to log time.
ASTM Volatile Organic
This test has poor accuracy and takes a very long time.
Oxygen OTRM Vapor MVTR Methane
Method OTM
D1434 yes no no yes
6. D3985 Test Method for Oxygen Gas Transmission
D3985 yes no no no
E96/E96M no yes no no
Rate Through Plastic F
...

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5.1 Use of the SIM decreases the time required for creep to occur and the obtaining of the associated data.  
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1.1 This test method is an index test used to measure the force required to continue or propagate a tear in woven or nonwoven geotextiles by the trapezoid method. While useful for quality control and acceptance testing, the trapezoid tear test does not provide all the information needed for all design applications and other test methods should be used.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pore size characteristics of geotextiles using an optical method and image analysis.  
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5.1 With the increased use of geomembranes as a barrier material to restrict liquid migration from one location to another, a need has been created for standardized tests by which the continuity of the installed geomembrane, including the seams, can be evaluated. This practice is intended to meet such a need whenever the subgrade soil is nonconductive, or a geomembrane is installed on a nonconductive material.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice describes standard procedures for using a conductive geotextile with electrical methods to locate leaks in exposed geomembranes and geomembranes covered with water or earth materials containing moisture.  
1.2 This standard practice provides guidance for the use of appropriate conductive geotextile used in leak location surveys on geomembranes. This guide includes all types of conductive geotextiles with sufficient conductivity for the particular electrical leak location method. A conductive geotextile is applicable to all types of geoelectric surveys when there is otherwise not a conductive layer under the geomembrane.  
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1.5 Warning—The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location could use high voltages, resulting in the potential for electrical shock or electrocution. This hazard might be increased because operations might be conducted in or near water. In particular, a high voltage could exist between the water or earth material and earth ground, or any grounded conductor. These procedures are potentially VERY DANGEROUS, and can result in personal injury or death. Because of the high voltage that could be involved, and the shock or electrocution hazard, do not come in electrical contact with any leak unless the excitation power supply is turned off. The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures must be taken to protect the leak location operators as well as other people at the site.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method is an index test which provides a procedure for determining the strength of an individual geogrid junction, also called a node. The test is configured such that a single rib is pulled from its junction with a rib(s) transverse to the test direction to obtain the maximum force, or strength of the junction. The procedure allows for the use of two different clamps with the appropriate clamp selected to minimize the influence of the clamping mechanism on the specific type of geogrid to be tested.  
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ASTM D7864/D7864M-15(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Aperture Stability Modulus of Geogrids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The aperture stability modulus is a measure of the in-plane shear modulus, which is a function of other geogrid characteristics, most notably junction stability, flexural rib stiffness, and rib tensile modulus.  
5.2 The test data can be used in conjunction with interpretive methods to evaluate the geogrid aperture stability at various traffic loads and base/subgrade conditions.
Note 1: Aperture stability modulus is referenced in the FHWA Geosynthetics Design and Construction Guidelines (2008) as an input parameter for the design of geogrid-reinforced unpaved roads using punched and drawn biaxial geogrids. Geogrids of different manufacturing process and material composition may use this property in calibration and validation of their material within the associated design.  
5.3 This test method is not intended for routine acceptance testing of geogrid. This test method should be used to characterize geogrid intended for use in applications in which aperture stability is considered relevant.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for measuring the Aperture Stability Modulus of a geogrid. (The terms “Secant Aperture Stability Modulus,” “Torsional Rigidity Modulus,” “In-plane Shear Modulus,” and “Torsional Stiffness Modulus” have been used in the literature to describe this same property.)  
1.2 This test method is intended to determine the in-plane stability of a geogrid by clamping a center node and measuring the stiffness over an area of the geogrid. This test method is applicable for various types of geogrid.  
1.3 This test method is intended to provide characteristic properties for design. The test method was developed for pavement and subgrade improvement calibrated design methods requiring input of aperture stability modulus.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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