ASTM D4435-08
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
Standard Test Method for Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Rock bolts are used for support in a variety of mining and civil engineering situations. The pull test may be used to provide a quantitative measure of the relative performance of different anchor systems in the same rock type. Anchor systems may be different mechanical anchors or different bond materials or lengths for grouted anchors. Such data can be used to choose an anchor type and determine bolt length, spacing, and size.
The objective of the method is to measure anchor performance, and not the performance of the rock bolt itself. Thus, to ensure that the bolt response during the test is minimal and predictable, high strength, short-length (6 to 8 ft (1.8 to 2.5 m)) bolts have been specified. The bolt should be just long enough to ensure that no failure of the rock mass occurs.
Ideally, the rock bolt anchor should fail by shear at the anchor-rock interface or bond. Therefore, the local characteristics of the rock, such as roughness and induced fractures, are significant factors in the anchor strength. To obtain realistic strength values, the test holes should be drilled using the same methods as the construction rock bolt holes.
Rocks with significant time-dependent behavior, such as rock salt or shale, may respond to the anchor system itself and change the anchor strength. In these cases, consideration should be given to testing bolts over a period of time.
In establishing a testing program, the following factors should be considered:
Anchor pull tests should be conducted in all rock types in which construction bolts will be installed. If the rock is anisotropic, for example, bedded or schistose, the tests should be conducted in various orientations relative to the anisotropy, including those at which the construction bolt may be installed.
In each rock type, at each orientation, and for each anchor system, a sufficient number of tests should be conducted to determine the average bolt capacities within a fixed uncertainty at the 95 % confidence ...
SCOPE
1.1 The objective of this test method is to measure the working and ultimate capacities of a rock bolt anchor. This method does not measure the entire roof support system. This method also does not include tests for pretensioned bolts or mine roof support system evaluation.
1.2 This test method is applicable to mechanical, cement grout, resin, (epoxy, polyester, and the like), or other similar anchor systems.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D 6026.
1.4.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard is beyond its scope.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D4435 − 08
StandardTest Method for
1
Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D4436 Test Method for Rock Bolt Long-Term Load Reten-
tion Test
1.1 The objective of this test method is to measure the
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
working and ultimate capacities of a rock bolt anchor. This
Data
method does not measure the entire roof support system. This
D6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Log-
method also does not include tests for pretensioned bolts or
ging: Mechanical Caliper
mine roof support system evaluation.
1.2 This test method is applicable to mechanical, cement 3. Terminology
grout, resin, (epoxy, polyester, and the like), or other similar
3.1 See Terminology D653 for general definitions.
anchor systems.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
3.2.1 displacement—The movement of the rock bolt head.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
3.2.2 failure—the inability of the anchor system or rock to
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
sustain increased load without rapidly increasing deformation.
and are not considered standard.
In some instances, the peak load itself cannot be sustained.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
3.2.3 load—the total axial force on the rock bolt.
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
3.2.4 pressure, stress—the force per unit area.
Practice D6026.
1.4.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, 3.2.5 ultimate capacity—the maximum load sustained by
calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the anchor system.
theaccuracytowhichthedatacanbeappliedindesignorother
3.2.6 working capacity—the load on the anchor system at
uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this
which significantly increasing displacement begins.
standard is beyond its scope.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 A rock bolt is installed in the same manner and in the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- same material as its intended construction use. The bolt is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pulled hydraulically and the displacement of the bolt head is
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. measured concurrently. The bolt is pulled until the anchor
systemorrockfails.Theultimateandworkingcapacitiesofthe
2. Referenced Documents
bolt are calculated from the plot of load versus displacement.
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
5. Significance and Use
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids 5.1 Rock bolts are used for support in a variety of mining
3
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies and civil engineering situations. The pull test may be used to
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as provide a quantitative measure of the relative performance of
Used in Engineering Design and Construction differentanchorsystemsinthesamerocktype.Anchorsystems
may be different mechanical anchors or different bond materi-
als or lengths for grouted anchors. Such data can be used to
1
Thistestmethodisunder the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeD18onSoiland
choose an anchor type and determine bolt length, spacing, and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008. Published July 2008. Originally approved
size.
in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D4435 – 04. DOI: 10.1520/
D4435-08.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or For additional information see, “Suggested Method for Determining the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Strength of a Rock Bolt Anchor (Pull Test),”Suggested Methods for Rock Bolt
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Testing, International Society for Rock Mechanics Commission on Standardization
the ASTM website. of Laboratory and Field Tests, 1974.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4435 − 08
5.2 The objective of the method is to me
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D4435–04 Designation: D 4435 – 08
Standard Test Method for
1
Rock Bolt Anchor Pull Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 The objective of this test method is to measure the working and ultimate capacities of a rock bolt anchor. This method does
not measure the entire roof support system. This method also does not include tests for pretensioned bolts or mine roof support
system evaluation.
1.2 This test method is applicable to mechanical, cement grout, resin, (epoxy, polyester, and the like), or other similar anchor
systems.
1.3The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D 6026.
1.4.1 The method used to specify how data are collected, calculated, or recorded in this standard is not directly related to the
accuracy to which the data can be applied in design or other uses, or both. How one applies the results obtained using this standard
is beyond its scope.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements forAgencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used
in Engineering Design and Construction
D4436Method for Rock BoltAnchor Long Term Retention Tests 4436 Test Method for Rock Bolt Long-Term Load Retention
Test
D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
D6167Guide 6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging: Mechanical Caliper
3. Terminology
3.1See Terminology D653
3.1 See Terminology D 653 for general definitions.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 displacement—The movement of the rock bolt head.
3.2.2 failure—the inability of the anchor system or rock to sustain increased load without rapidly increasing deformation. In
some instances, the peak load itself cannot be sustained.
3.2.3 load—the total axial force on the rock bolt.
3.2.4 pressure, stress—the force per unit area.
3.2.5 ultimate capacity—the maximum load sustained by the anchor system.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.12 on Rock Mechanics.
Current edition approved July 1, 2004.2008. Published July 2004.2008. Originally approved in 1984. Last previous edition approved in 19982004 as D4435–84(1998).
D 4435 – 04.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4435–08
3.2.6 working capacity—the load on the anchor system at which significantly increasing displacement begins.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A rock bolt is installed in the same manner and in the same material as its intended construction use. The bolt is pulled
hydraulically and the displacement of the bolt head is measured concurrently. The bolt is pulled until the anchor system or rock
fails. The ultimate and working capacities of the bolt are calculated from the plot of load versus displacement.
5. Significance and Use
3
5.1 Rockboltsareusedforsupportinavarietyofminingandcivilengineeringsituations. .Thepulltestma
...
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