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ASTM D7223-05

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel

Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.
1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviation turbine fuel for civil use in the certification of aircraft. The specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of this aviation fuel from the refinery to the aircraft.
1.3 This specification does not include the fuels that are commonly used in aviation turbine engines. Those are listed in Specification D 1655.
1.4 The aviation turbine fuel defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2005
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0 - Aviation Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7223-09 - Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
Effective Date
01-Dec-2009
Referred By
ASTM D4529-17 - Standard Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combustion of Aviation Fuels
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005

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ASTM D7223-05 - Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine FuelASTM D7223-05 - Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
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ASTM D7223-05 - Standard Specification for Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation: D7223 – 05
Standard Specification for
Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies
Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method
in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid
fuel under contract.
Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
1.2 This specification defines one specific type of aviation
D1322 Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosine and
turbine fuel for civil use in the certification of aircraft. The
Aviation Turbine Fuel
specificationcanbeusedasastandardindescribingthequality
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
of this aviation fuel from the refinery to the aircraft.
D1840 TestMethodforNaphthaleneHydrocarbonsinAvia-
1.3 This specification does not include the fuels that are
tion Turbine Fuels by Ultraviolet Spectrophotometry
commonly used in aviation turbine engines. Those are listed in
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
Specification D1655.
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
1.4 The aviation turbine fuel defined by this specification
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically
D2624 TestMethodsforElectricalConductivityofAviation
designed and certified for this fuel.
and Distillate Fuels
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D2887 Test Method for Boiling Range Distribution of
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Petroleum Fractions by Gas Chromatography
standard.
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-
2. Referenced Documents
line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels
(Potentiometric Method)
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3241 Test Method for Thermal Oxidation Stability of
D56 Test Method for Flash Point by Tag Closed Cup Tester
Aviation Turbine Fuels (JFTOT Procedure)
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
D3242 Test Method for Acidity in Aviation Turbine Fuel
Atmospheric Pressure
D3338 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Pe-
tion of Aviation Fuels
troleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D3828 Test Methods for Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
Cup Tester
ration
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
D445 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
and Opaque Liquids (and Calculation of Dynamic Viscos-
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
ity)
Petroleum Products
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
D4294 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum and Petroleum
(Lamp Method)
Products by Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spec-
trometry
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D4529 Test Method for Estimation of Net Heat of Combus-
D02.J0 on Aviation Fuels.
tion of Aviation Fuels
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2005. Published January 2006. DOI: 10.1520/
D7223-05.
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Method)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7223 – 05
Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test) 5.2.1.5 55 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phe-
D5001 Test Method for Measurement of Lubricity ofAvia- nol, plus 15 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol,
tion Turbine Fuels by the Ball-on-Cylinder Lubricity remainder as monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols.
Evaluator (BOCLE) 5.2.1.6 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phe-
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing nol, 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl-tertiary-butyl
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels phenols.
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod- 5.2.2 Metal Deactivator Additive (MDA), in amount not to
ucts (Mini Method) exceed 2.0 mg/L (not including weight of solvent) on initial
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in fuel manufacture at the refinery. Higher initial concentrations
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel are permitted in circumstances where copper contamination is
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence suspected to occur during distribution. Cumulative concentra-
D5972 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels tion of MDA when retreating the fuel shall not exceed
(Automatic Phase Transition Method) 5.7 mg/L:
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and 5.2.2.1 N,N-disalicylidene-1,2-propane diamine.
Fuel Systems 5.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Additive—Stadis 450 not to
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to exceed 3 mg/L.
Determine Conformance with Specifications 5.2.3.1 When loss of fuel conductivity necessitates retreat-
ment with electrical conductivity additive, the following con-
3. General
centration limits apply:
At Manufacture:
3.1 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
Stadis 450 3 mg/L, max
the required properties of aviation certification turbine fuel at
Retreatment:
the time and place of delivery.
Stadis 450 cumulative total 5 mg/L, max
5.2.4 Leak Detection Additive—Tracer A (LDTA-A) may
4. Classification
be added to the fuel in amounts not to exceed 1 mg/kg.
4.1 Onetypeofaviationturbinefuelisprovided,asfollows:
5.2.5 Other additives are permitted. These include fuel
4.1.1 Jet C-1—A relatively wide boiling range volatile
system icing inhibitor and special purpose additives such as
distillate.
biocides.The quantities and types must be declared by the fuel
supplier and agreed to by the purchaser. Only additives
5. Materials and Manufacture
approved by the aircraft certifying authority are permitted in
5.1 Aviation turbine fuel, except as otherwise specified in
the fuel on which an aircraft is operated.
this specification, shall consist of blends of refined hydrocar-
5.2.5.1 Biocidaladditivesareavailableforcontrolledusage.
bons derived from conventional sources including crude oil,
Where such an additive is used in the fuel, the approval status
natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil
of the additive and associated conditions must be checked for
sands. The use of jet fuel blends, containing components from
the specific aircraft and engines to be operated.
other sources, is only permitted on a specific, individual basis
5.2.5.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor:
(see Annex A1 on fuels from non-conventional sources in
(1) Diethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (DIEGME), con-
Specification D1655).
forming to the requirements of Specification D4171, Type III,
5.1.1 Fuels used in engines and aircraft are ultimately
may be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %.
approved by the certifying authority subsequent to formal
(2) Test Method D5006 may be used to determine the
submission of evidence to the authority as part of the type
concentration of DIEGME in aviation fuels.
certification program for that aircraft and engine model.
5.3 Guidance material is presented in Appendix X3 of
Additives to be used as supplements to an approved fuel must
Specification D1655 concerning the need to control processing
also be similarly approved on an individual basis (see Speci-
additives in jet fuel production.
fication D1655).
5.2 Additives—May be added to this aviation turbine fuel in
6. Detailed Requirements
the amount and of the composition specified in the following
3 6.1 The aviation turbine fuel shall conform to the require-
list of approved material:
ments prescribed in Table 1.
5.2.1 Antioxidants—In amounts not to exceed 24.0 mg/L
6.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less
active ingredients (not including weight of solvent):
than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance
5.2.1.1 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol.
shall be made for the precision of the test methods. To
5.2.1.2 2,6-ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol.
determine conformance to the specification requirement, a test
5.2.1.3 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol.
resultmayberoundedtothesamenumberofsignificantfigures
5.2.1.4 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary-butyl phenol, plus
25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary-butyl phenols.
Stadis 450 is a registered trademark marketed by Innospec Inc., Innospec
Supporting data (Guidelines for Approval or Disapproval of Additives) have Manufacturing Park, Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK.
been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Tracer A (LDTA-A) is a registered trademark of Tracer Research Corp., 3755
Research Report D02-1125. N. Business Center Dr., Tucson, AZ 85705.
D7223 – 05
A
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements of Aviation Certification Turbine Fuel
B
Property Jet C-1 ASTM Test Method
Acidity, total mg KOH/g max 0.10 D3242
Aromatics, vol % min/max 8 to 25 D1319
C
Sulfur, mercaptan , weight % max 0.003 D3227
Sulfur, total weight % max 0.30 D1266, D2622, D4294 or D5453
Distillation temperature, °C (°F):
D
Initial boiling point, temperature min/max 70/100 (158/212) D2887, D86
D
5 % recovered, temperature min/max 80/110 (176/230) D2887, D86
D
10 % recovered, temperature min/max 90/120 (194/248) D2887, D86
D
20 % recovered, temperature min/max 105/140 (221/284) D2887, D86
D
50 % recovered, temperature min/max 150/195 (302/383) D2887, D86
D
90 % recovered, temperature min/max 215/255 (419/491) D2887, D86
D
Final boiling point, temperature min/max 240/290 (464/554) D2887, D86
Flash Point, °C (°F) report D56, D3828
Density at 15°C, kg/m 750 to 840 D1298, D4052
E
Vapor pressure
F
at 25°C, kPa (psi) report 3.0 (0.44) to 5.5 (0.80) D5191
F
at 38°C, kPa (psi) report 5.6 (0.8) to 8.2 (1.2) D5191
F
at 50°C, kPa (psi) min/max 10.0 (1.45) to 12.5 (1.82) D5191
F
at 100°C, kPa (psi) report 56 (8.1) to 60 (8.7) D5191
G
Freezing point, °C max -35 D2386, D5972
2 H
Viscosity at -20°C, mm /s max 8.0 D445
I
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 42.8 D4529, D3338,or D4809
One of the following requirements shall be met:
(1) Smoke point, mm, or min 25 D1322
(2) Smoke point, mm, and min 18 D1322
Naphthalenes, vol, % max 3.0 D1840
Copper strip, 2 h at 100°C max No. 1 D130
Thermal stability:
J K
Filter pressure drop, mm Hg max 25 D3241
Tube deposit less than 3 D3241
Existent gum, mg/100 mL max 7 D381
Water reaction:
Interface rating max 1b D1094
L L
Lubricity – BOCLE WSD, mm max 0.85 D5001
Additives: see 5.2
Electrical conductivity, pS/m required 50 to 450 D2624
Other optional
A
For compliance of test results against the requirements of Table 1, see 6.2.
B
The test methods indicated in this table are referred to in Section 10.
C
The mercaptan sulfur determination may be waived if the fuel is considered sweet by the doctor test described in Test Method D4952.
D
If Test Method D2887 is used, use correlation procedure (Appendix X5) in Test Method D2887 to convert D2887 temperatures to D86 equivalent temperatures. Both
minimums and maximums shall be met.
E
Absolute vapor pressure is the primary property to be controlled; Cyclohexane and toluene, as cited in 7.2 and 7.7 of Test Method D5191, shall be used as calibrating
reagents. 1.0 kPa = 0.145 psi.
F
Record absolute vapor pressure.
G
Test Method D5972 may produce a higher (warmer) result than that from Test Method D2386. In case of dispute, Test Method D2386 shall be the referee method.
H 2
1mm /s=1cSt.
I
Use either Eq 1 or Table 1 in Test Method D4529 or Eq 2 in Test Method D3338. Test Method D4809 may be used as an alternative. In case of dispute, Test Method
D4809 shall be used.
J
Preferred SI units are 3.3 kPa, max.
K
Thermal stability test (JFTOT) shall be conducted for 2.5 h at a control temperature of 260°C. Tube deposits shall always be reported by the Visual Method: a rating
by the Tube Deposit Rating (TDR) optical density method is desirable but not mandatory. No peacock or abnormal colored tube deposits are permitted.
L
Lubricity test can be waved with purchaser’s agreement.
as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple determina- No substance of known dangerous toxicity under usual condi-
tions are made, the average result, rounded according to tions of handling and use shall be present, except as permitted
Practice E29, shall be used. in this specification.
6.3 If any additives are used, the aviation turbine fuel shall
8. Sampling
conform to the Table 2 listed requirements.
8.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-
7. Workmanship, Finish and Appearance
dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-
7.1 The aviation turbine fuel herein specified shall be dures in Practice D4057.
visually free of undissolved water, sediment, and suspended 8.2 A number of jet fuel properties including thermal
matter.Theodorofthefuelshallnotbenauseatingorirritating. stability, water separation, electrical conductivity, and others
D7223 – 05
TABLE 2 Detailed Requirements for Additives in Aviation Turbine Fuels
Fuel Performance Enhancing Additive Dosage
A,B C
Antioxidants 24.0 mg/L max
One of the following:
2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol
2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol
2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl-phenol
75 % minimum, 2,6 ditertiary-butyl phenol plus
25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butyl-phenols
55 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
15 % minimum 2,6 ditertiary-butyl-4-methyl phenol,
remainder as monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary-butyl phenols
72 % minimum 2,4 dimethyl-6-tertiary-butyl phenol plus
28 % maximum mo
...

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Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1322-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.  
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.  
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8147-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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